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The Safavid-Qizilbash Ecumene and the Formation of the Qizilbash-Alevi Community in the Ottoman Empire, c. 1500–c. 1700

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2022

Rıza Yıldırım
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Abstract

Alevis, the largest religious minority of Turkey, also living in Europe and the Balkans, are distinguished from both Sunnis and Shiʿites by their latitudinarian attitude toward Islamic Law. Conceptualizing this feature as “heterodoxy,” earlier Turkish scholarship sought the roots of Alevi religiosity in Turkish traditions which traced back to Central Asia, on the one hand, and in medieval Anatolian Sufi orders such as the Yasawi, Bektashi, Qalandari, and Wafaʾi, on the other. A new line of scholarship has critiqued the earlier conceptualization of Alevis as “heterodox” as well as the assumption of Central Asian connections. In the meantime, the new scholarship too has focused on medieval Anatolian Sufi orders, especially the Bektashi and Wafaʾi, as the fountainhead of Alevi tradition. Critically engaging with both scholarships, this paper argues that it was the Safavid-Qizilbash movement in Anatolia, Azerbaijan, and Iran rather than medieval Sufi orders, that gave birth to Alevi religiosity.

Keywords

AleviQizilbashSafavidsBektashiTurkomanOttomansSufi Orders
Type
Articles
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Iranian Studies , Volume 52 , Issue 3-4: Special Section: Commercial, Confessional, and Military Encounters in Ottoman-Iranian Borderlands in the Early Modern Period , July 2019 , pp. 449 - 483
Copyright
Copyright © Association For Iranian Studies, Inc 2019

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Footnotes

The author would like to express his gratitude to Devin J. Stewart, Fariba Zarinebaf, Amelia Gallagher, and the anonymous reviewers of Iranian Studies for their constructive and thought-provoking comments on the earlier drafts of this paper.

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