Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7fkt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T23:41:16.311Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Jewish Communities of Central Asia in the Medieval and Early Modern Periods

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2022

Albert Kaganovitch
Albert Kaganovitch*
Affiliation:
Judaic Studies Program, University of Manitoba
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

When the Jews first settled in Central Asia is uncertain, but circumstantial evidence clearly indicates that this happened at least two and a half thousand years ago. In the first millennium AD, the Jews lived only in cities no farther than 750 km east of the Caspian sea (in the eighth–eleventh centuries the sea was called Khazarian). Only later did they migrate to the central part of the region, to cities like Samarkand and Bukhara. It is possible that Jews from Khazaria joined them, since they already had tight trade connections with Central Asia and China. There is no trace of evidence regarding the existence of Jews in the entirety of Central Asia in the early sixteenth century. At the very end of the sixteenth century Bukhara became the new ethnoreligious center of the Jews in that region. In the first half of the nineteenth century, thanks to European travelers visiting Central Asia at that time, the term “Bukharan Jews” was assigned to this sub-ethnic Jewish group. Drawing on a wide range of primary and secondary source materials, this article aims to prove that the presence of Jews in Central Asia was not continuous, and therefore the modern Bukharan Jews are not descendants of the first Jewish settlers there. It also attempts to determine where Central Asia’s first Jewish population disappeared to.

Keywords

Central AsiaKhazariaKhorasanKhorezmBukharaMashhadSamarkandJewsTen Lost TribesSilk ProductionJudeo-Persian
Type
Regular Articles
Information
Iranian Studies , Volume 52 , Issue 5-6: Special Section: Saʿdi at Large , November 2019 , pp. 923 - 946
Copyright
Copyright © Association For Iranian Studies, Inc 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adler, Marcus Nathan. “Chinese Jews.” Jewish Quarterly Review 13, no. 1 (1900): 18–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adler, Elkan Nathan. Jews in Many Lands. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America, 1905.Google Scholar
Adler, Elkan Nathan. “The Persian Jews: Their Books and Their Ritual.” The Jewish Quarterly Review 10, no. 4 (1898): 584–625.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amitin-Shapiro, Zalman. “Predanie o postroike pervoi sinagogi v Bukhare” [Предание о постройке первой синагоги в Бухаре]. Sbornik nauchnogo kruzhka pri Vostochnom fakul’tete SAGU, vypusk 1, 3–8. Tashkent: SAGU, 1928.Google Scholar
Artamonov, Mikhail. Istoriia khazar [История хазар]. Leningrad: Izdatel’stvo Gosudarstvennogo Ermitazha, 1960.Google Scholar
Al-Istakhri. “Kniga putei i stran” [Книга путей и стран]. In Materialy po istorii turkmen i Turkmenii, ed. Semen Volin, Aleksandr Romaskevich and Aleksandr Iakubovskii, vol. 1, 167–81. Moscow: Akademiia nauk SSSR, 1939.Google Scholar
Bacher, Wilhelm. “Judaeo-Persian.” The Jewish Encyclopedia, vol. 7, 318–24. New York: The Jewish Encyclopedia, 1906.Google Scholar
Bartold, Vasilii. Sochineniia [Сочинения], vols. 1–9. Moscow: Nauka, 1963–77.Google Scholar
Bell, John. “Travels from St. Petersburg in Russia to Various Parts of Asia.” In A General Collection of the Best and Most Interesting Voyages and Travels in All Parts of the World, ed. Pinkerton, John, vol. 7, 415. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees and Orme, and Brown, 1811.Google Scholar
Benite, Zvi Ben-Dor. The Ten Lost Tribes: A World History. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benjamin of Tudela, The Itinerary of Rabbi Benjamin of Tudela. Trans. Asher, A. London: A. Asher, 1840.Google Scholar
Ben-Zvi, Yitzhak. ‘Alilot dam ve-gzirot shemed ba-Mashhad be-salmes ve-nehirot ba-me’a ha-19. Yerushalayim: Mekhkarym ve-mokorot, 1966.Google Scholar
Biruni, Abureikhan. Izbrannye proizvedeniia: Pamiatniki minuvshikh pokolenii [Избранные произведения: Памятники минувших поколений]. Tashkent: Akademiia nauk, 1957.Google Scholar
Brodovskii, Mikhail. Tekhnicheskie proizvodstva v Turkestanskom krae [Технические производства в Туркестанском крае]. St. Petersburg: Tipografiia V. Timakova, 1875.Google Scholar
Buchanan, Claudius. Christian Researches in Asia. London: Ward & Co. Paternoster Row, 1849.Google Scholar
Budrin, Vasilii. “Russkie v Bukhare v 1820 g. [Русские в Бухарев 1820г.].” In Spravochnaia knizhka Orenburgskogo kraia na 1871g., 1–45. Orenburg: Gubernskii statisticheskii komitet, 1871.Google Scholar
Bulliet, Richard W. The Patricians of Nishapur: A Study in Medieval Islamic Social History. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1972.Google Scholar
Burnashev, Timofei. “Puteshestviia ot Sibirskoi linii do goroda Bukhary v 1794 I obratno v 1795” [Путешествия от Сибирской линии до города Бухары в 1794 и обратно в 1795]. Sibirskii vestnik, part 2, section 2 (1818): 247–84.Google Scholar
Burnes, Alexander. Travels into Bokhara, Being the Account of a Journey from India to Cabool, Tartary and Persia. London: John Murray, 1834.Google Scholar
Cansdale, Lena. “Jews on the Silk Roads.” In Worlds of the Silk Roads: Ancient and Modern, ed. Christian, David and Benjamin, Craig, 23–30. Brepols: Macquarie University Press, 1996.Google Scholar
Dale, Stephen Frederic. Indian Merchants and Eurasian Trade, 1600–1750. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dale, Stephen Frederic. The Muslim Empires of the Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Davidovich, Elena. Istoriia monetnogo dela Srednei Azii XVII–XVIII vv.: Zolotye i serebrianye monety Dzhanidov [История монетного дела Средней Азии XVII–XVIII вв.: Золотые и серебряные монеты Джанидов]. Dushanbe: Izdatel’stvo AN Tadzhikskoi SSR, 1964.Google Scholar
De Clavijo, Ruy González. Narrative of the Embassy of Ruy Gonzalez de Clavijo to the Court of Timour at Samarcand, A.D. 1403–1406. London: Hakluyt Society, 1859.Google Scholar
Dunlop, Douglas M. The History of the Jewish Khazars. New York: Schocken, 1967.Google Scholar
Efremov, Fillip. Deviatiletnee stranstvovanie i prikliucheniia v Bukharii, Khive, Persii i Indii i vozvrashchenie ottuda cherez Angliiu v Rossiiu [Девятилетнее странствование и приключения в Бухарии, Хиве, Персии и Индии и возвращение оттуда через Англию в Россию]. Kazan: Kazanskii Universitet, 1811.Google Scholar
Elomari, Ibn Fadlallah. “Otryvki iz sochineniia Elomari” [Отрывки из сочинения Эломари]. In Sbornik materialov, otnosiashchikhsia k istorii Zolotoi Ordy, ed. Tizengauzen, Vladimir, vol. 1, 205–51. St. Petersburg: Imperatorskaia Akademiia nauk, 1884.Google Scholar
Ershov, S.A. “Nekotorye itogi arkheologicheskogo izucheniia nekropolia s ossuarnymi zakhoroneniiami v raione Bairam-Ali (raskopki 1954–1956)” [Некоторые итоги археологического изучения некрополя с оссуарными захоронениями в районе Байрам-Али (раскопки 1954–1956)]. In Trudy instituta istorii, arkheologii i etnografii Turkmenskoi SSR, vol. 5, 160–204. Ashkhabad: AN Turkmenskoi SSR, 1959.Google Scholar
Eversmann, E. “Embassy to Bucharia by Dr. Everesmann, Physician, and Mr. Jakovlew, Secretary to the Embassy.” In Russian Missions into the Interior of Asia, ed. Phillips, R., 11–61. London: R. Phillips, 1823.Google Scholar
Fischel, Walter J. “The Jews of Central Asia (Khorasan) in Medieval Hebrew and Islamic Literature.” Historia Judaica 7 (1945): 29–50.Google Scholar
Fischel, Walter. “The Rediscovery of the Medieval Community at the Fīrūzkūh in Central Afghanistan.” Journal of the American Oriental Society 85, no. 2 (1965): 148–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Floor, Willem. The Persian Textile Industry in Historical Perspective 1500–1925. Paris: L’Harmattan, 2002.Google Scholar
Foltz, Richard. “Judaism and the Silk Route.” The History Teacher 32, no. 1 (1998): 9–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibb, H.A.R., trans. and ed. The Travels of Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, A.D. 1325–1354, vol. 3. London: Hakluyt Society 1971.Google Scholar
Gil, Moshe. Jews in Islamic Countries in the Middle Ages. Leiden: Brill, 2004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gil, Moshe. “The Radhanite Merchants and the Land of Radhan.” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 17, no. 3 (1974): 299–328.Google Scholar
Golden, Peter B. “The Conversion of the Khazars to Judaism.” In The World of the Khazars, ed. Golden, Peter B., Ben-Shammai, Haggai, and Róna-Tas, András, 123–62. Leiden: Brill, 2007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grekov, Boris, and Iakubovskii, Aleksandr. Zolotaia orda i eё padenie [Золотая орда и её падение]. Moscow: AN SSSR, 1950.Google Scholar
haKohen, Joseph. Emeq ha-Bakha. Published and explained by M. Letteris. Krakow: Josef Fischer and Faust’s Buchhandlung, 1895.Google Scholar
Hanway, Jonas. A Historical Account of the British Trade over the Caspian Sea: With the Journal of Travels from London through Russia into Persia. London: Mr. Dodsley, Mr. Nourse, Mr. Millar, Mr. Vaillant, 1753.Google Scholar
Hafiz-i Tanysh Bukhari. Sharaf-nama-yi shakhi [Шараф-нама-йишахи]. Moscow: Nauka, 1983.Google Scholar
Higgins, Iain Macleod. Writing East: The “Travels” of Sir John Mandeville. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1997.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The History of al-Tabari, vol. XXIII: The Zenith of the Marwanid House, trans. and annotated by Hinds, Martin. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1990.Google Scholar
The History of al-Tabari, vol. XXVI: The Waning of the Umayyad Caliphate, trans. and annotated by Hillenbrand, Carole. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989.Google Scholar
Hondamir, Muhammad. “Habib-us-Siyar” [Хабиб-ус-Сияр]. In Materialy po istorii turkmen i Turkmenii, ed. Aleksandr Romaskevich, Aleksandr Iakubovskii, Vasilii Struve, Aleksandr Borovkov and Pavel Ivanov, vol. 2, 39–52. Moscow: Akademiia nauk SSSR, 1938.Google Scholar
Hudud al-Alam, The Regions of the World, trans. and explained by Minorsky, Vladimir, ed. Bosworth, C. Edmund. Cambridge: Gibb Memorial Trust, 1982.Google Scholar
Iakubovskii, Aleksandr. “Feodal’noe obshchestvo Srednei Azii i ego torgovlia s Vostochnoi Evropoi v X-XV vv.” [Феодальное общество Средней Азии и его торговля с Восточной Европой в XV вв.]. In Materialy po istorii Uzbekskoi, Tadzhikskoi i Turkmenskoi SSR, vypusk 3, 1–60. Leningrad: Trudy istoriko-arkheograficheskogo instituta i instituta vostokovedeniia AN SSSR, 1932.Google Scholar
Ibn al-Assir. “al-Kamil fi-t-tarih” in Materialy po istorii turkmen i Turkmenii. Ed. Semen Volin, Aleksandr Romaskevich and Aleksandr Iakubovskii, vol. 1, 358–409. Moscow: Akademiia nauk SSSR, 1939.Google Scholar
Ibn al-Faqih. “On the Radhaniya.” In Ibn Fadlan and the Land of Darkness: Arab Travellers in the Far North, trans. Lunde, Paul and Stone, Caroline, 113–14. London: Penguin Books, 2012.Google Scholar
Ibn Hawqal, “On Khwarazm and Its Trade.” In Ibn Fadlan and the Land of Darkness: Arab Travellers in the Far North, trans. Lunde, Paul and Stone, Caroline, 173–4. London: Penguin Books, 2012.Google Scholar
Khurradadhbih, Ibn, “On the Routes of the Radhaniya and the Rus.” In Ibn Fadlan and the Land of Darkness: Arab Travellers in the Far North, trans. Lunde, Paul and Stone, Caroline, 111–12. London: Penguin Books, 2012.Google Scholar
Inostrantsev, Konstantin. “O domusul’manskoi kul’ture Khivinskogo oazisa” [О домусульманской культуре Хивинского оазиса]. Zhurnal Ministerstva narodnogo prosveshcheniia XXXI (February 1911): 284–318.Google Scholar
Izzut-Oollah, Meer. Travels in Central Asia by Meer Izzut-Oollah in the Years 1812–1813. Calcutta: Foreign Department Press, 1872.Google Scholar
Jenkinson, Anthony. “The Voyages and Travels of Mr. Anthony Jenkinson from Russia to Boghar or Bokhara in 1557.” In A General Collection of the Best and Most Interesting Voyages and Travels in All Parts of the World, ed. Pinkerton, John, 320–94. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees and Orme, and Brown, 1811.Google Scholar
Kaganovitch, Albert. Druz’ia ponevole: Rossiia i bukharskie evrei, 1800–1917 [Друзья поневоле: Россия и бухарские евреи, 1800–1917]. Moscow: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 2016.Google Scholar
Katz, David S. “The Chinese Jews and the Problem of Biblical Authority in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century England.” English Historical Review 105, no. 417 (October 1990): 893–919.Google Scholar
Khoroshkhin, Aleksandr. “Narody Srednei Azii” [Народы Средней Азии]. In Materialy dlia statistiki Turkestanskogo kraia, ed. Maev, Nikolai, vol. 3, 303–330. St. Petersburg: Turkestanskii statisticheskii komitet, 1874.Google Scholar
Klevan, Avraham. Le-toldot ha-Yehudim be-‘Asyah ha-tikhona be-me'ot ha-teshaʻ ʻeśreh ṿeha-ʻeśrim. Yerushalayim: Mekhon Ben-Tsevi, 1989.Google Scholar
Kovalev, Roman K. “Creating Khazar Identity through Coins: The Special Issue Dirhams of 837/8.” In East Central and Eastern Europe in the Early Middle Ages, ed. Curta, Florin, 220–53. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Kulik, Alexander. “The Jews of Slavia Graeca: the Northern Frontier of Byzantine Jewry?” In Jews in Byzantium: Dialectics of Minority and Majority Cultures, ed. Bonfil, Robert, Irshai, Oded, Stroumsa, Guy and Talgam, Rina, 297–316. Boston, MA: Brill, 2012.Google Scholar
Lansdell, Henry. Russian Central Asia: Including Kuldja, Bokhara, Khiva and Merv. Boston, MA: Houghton, Mifflin, and Company, 1885.Google Scholar
Larner, John. “Plucking Hairs from the Great Cham’s Beard: Marco Polo, Jan de Langhe, and Sir John Mandeville.” In Marco Polo and the Encounter of East and West, ed. Akbari, Suzanne Conklin and Iannucci, Amilcare, 133–55. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2008.Google Scholar
Laufer, Berthold. “A Chinese-Hebrew Manuscript, a New Source for the History of the Chinese Jews.” The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures 46, no. 3 (1930): 189–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leslie, Donald Daniel. The Survival of the Chinese Jews: The Jewish Community of Kaifeng. Leiden: Brill, 1972.Google Scholar
Le Strange, G. The Lands of the Eastern Caliphate: Mesopotamia, Persia and Central Asia from the Moslem Conquest to the Time of Timur. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1905.Google Scholar
Levi, Scott Cameron. The Indian Diaspora in Central Asia and Its Trade, 1550–1900. Leiden: Brill, 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levy, Azarya. “‘Eduiot ve-t’eudot le-toldot Yehude Mashhad.” Pe’amim, no. 6 (1980): 57–73.Google Scholar
Livshits, V[ladimir] A., and Osmanova, Z[amira] I. “New Parthian Inscriptions from Old Merv.” In Irano-Judaica III, ed. Shaked, Shaul and Netzer, Amnon, 99–105. Jerusalem: Ben-Zvi Institute, 1994.Google Scholar
Loeb, Laurence D. “Dhimmi Status and Jewish Roles in Iranian Society.” In Jews among Muslims Communities in the Precolonial Middle East, ed. Deshen, Shlomo and Zenner, Walter P., 247–60. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1996.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mandeville, John. Travels of Sir John Mandeville. London: Macmillan and Co., 1905.Google Scholar
Margoliouth, D.S., “Judaeo-Persian Document from Dandan-Uiliq.” In Aurel Stein, M., Ancient Khotan: Detailed Report of Archaeological Explorations in Chinese Turkestan, vol. 1, 570–4. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1907.Google Scholar
Massa, Isaac Abrahamszoon. Kratkoe izvestie o Moskovii v nachale XVII veka [Краткое известие о Московии в начале XVII века]. Moscow: gosudarstvennoe social’no-ekonomicheskoe izdatel’stvo, 1937.Google Scholar
Al-Mas‘udi, Muruj al-dhahab. Trans. de Meynard, Barbier and de Courteille, Pavet. Paris: Impr. Impériale, 1861.Google Scholar
Matthee, Rudolph P. The Politics of Trade in Safavid Iran: Silk for Silver, 1600–1730. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Moreen, Vera B. “The Status of Religious Minorities in Safavid Iran 1617–61.” Journal of Near Eastern Studies 40, no. 2 (April 1981): 119–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Al-Muqaddasī. “Aḥsan al-taqāsim fī maʿrifat al-aqālīm.” In Materialy po istorii turkmen i Turkmenii, ed. Semen Volin, Aleksandr Romaskevich and Aleksandr Iakubovskii, vol. 1, 184–209. Moscow-Leningrad: Akademiia nauk SSSR, 1939.Google Scholar
Muraviёv, Nikolai. Puteshestvie v Turkmeniiu i Khivuv 1819 i 1820-kh godakh [Путешествие в Туркмению и Хиву в 1819 и 1820-х годах]. Moscow: Tipografiia Avgusta Semёna, 1822.Google Scholar
Naimark, Aleksandr. “Sledy evreiskoi kul’tury v Sogde” [Следы еврейской культуры в Согде]. Vestnik evreiskogo universiteta 11 (1996): 75–83.Google Scholar
“Nekotorye svedeniia o Bukharii” [Некоторые сведения о Бухарии]. Otechestvennye zapiski 14 (June 1821): 295–318.Google Scholar
Netzer, Amnon. Otsar kitve ha-yad shel Yehude Paras be-Mekhon Ben-Tsevi. Yerushalayim: Mekhon Ben-Tsevi, 1985.Google Scholar
Neubauer, А. “Jews in China.” Jewish Quarterly Review 8, no. 1 (October 1895): 123–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newman, Andrew J. Safavid Iran: Rebirth of a Persian Empire. London: I.B. Tauris, 2006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Obruchev, Vladimir. Po goram i pustyniam Srednei Azii. Moscow: AN SSSR, 1948.Google Scholar
“Pietro Della Valle’s Travels in Persia.” In A General Collection of the Best and Most Interesting Voyages and Travels in All Parts of the World, ed. Pinkerton, John, vol. 9, 1–137. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees and Orme, and Brown, 1811.Google Scholar
Poiarkov, Fёdor. “Karakirgizskie legendy, skazki i verovaniia” [Каракиргизские легенды, сказки и верования]. In Pamiatnaia knizhka i adres-kalendar’ Semirechenskoi oblasti na 1900 g., 1–42. Vernyi: Oblastnoe pravlenie, 1900.Google Scholar
Pozailov, Giora. Mi-bukh’arah li-Yerushalayim. Yerushalayim: Misgav Yerushalayim, 1995.Google Scholar
Pritsak, Omeljan. “Historical and Geographical Evaluation of the Schechter Text.” In Khazarian Hebrew Documents of the Tenth Century, ed. Golb, Norman and Pritsak, Omeljan, 125–44. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1982.Google Scholar
Rabin, Yahuda Kohen. “Biografiah le-hdh’’g daiyn ve-rav r’ashi le-ir Bukhara ve-‘agafe’’h le-sefaradim ve-ashkenazim ke-mohr’’r Khizkiah ha-kohen Rabin zats’’l.” Ha Ma’asaf 6 (1983): 543–8.Google Scholar
Rabinowitz, Louis. Jewish Merchant Adventurers: A Study of the Radanites. London: Goldston, 1948.Google Scholar
Rezakhani, Khodadad. “The Road That Never Was: The Silk Road and Trans-Eurasian Exchange.” Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 30, no. 3 (2010): 420–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schechter, S[olomon]. “An Unknown Khazar Document.” Jewish Quarterly Review 3, no. 2 (October 1912): 181–219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schreiner, Martin. “Les Juifs dans Al-Beruni.” Revue des etudes juives 12 (1886): 258–66.Google Scholar
Shaked, Shaul. “Tmi’a ‘o Hishtamrut: Yehude Kaifeng ‘al pi t’eudot ha’eda.” In Satri nidaḥim: Yehudim ʻim zehuyot ḥavuyot, ed. Elqayam, Avi and Kaplan, Yosef, 345–51. Yerushalayim: Mekhon Ben-Tsevi, 2016.Google Scholar
“Shelkovodstvo v Ferganskoi oblasti” [Шелководство в Ферганской области]. In Ezhegodnik Ferganskoi oblasti, vol. 1, 159–249. Novyi Margelan: Ferganskii oblastnoi statisticheskii komitet, 1902.Google Scholar
Slousch, Nahum. “Les Juifs à Boukhara.” Revue du Monde Musulman 7 (1909): 402–13.Google Scholar
Sobolev, Leonid. “Geograficheskie i statisticheskie svedeniia o Zeravshanskom okruge” [Географические и статистические сведения о Зеравшанском округе]. Zapiski Imperatorskogo Russkogo geograficheskogo obshchestva po otdeleniiu statistiki 4 (1874):161–454.Google Scholar
Stocqueler, Joachim Hayward. The Oriental Interpreter and Treasury of East India Knowledge: Companion to the Handbook of British India. London: C. Cox, 1848.Google Scholar
Subkhankulov, Abdulnasyr. “Iz zamechanii poruchika Subkhankulova [1809]” [Из замечаний поручика Субханкулова [1809]. In Valikhanov, Chokan, Sobranie sochinenii, vol. 3, 101–3. Alma-Ata: AN Kazakhskoi SSR, 1964.Google Scholar
Sukhareva, Olga. Bukhara XIX–nachalo XX veka: Pozdnefeodal’nyi gorod i ego naselenie [Бухара XIX–начало XX века]. Moscow: Nauka, 1966.Google Scholar
Sukhareva, Olga. Kvartal’naia obshchina pozdnefeodal’nogo goroda Bukhary [Квартальная община позднефеодального города Бухары]. Moscow: Nauka, 1976.Google Scholar
Timokhin, Dmitrii. “Uchastie Dzhuchi-khana v voennoi kampanii protiv Khorezmiiskoi derzhavy (1219–1221) po arabsko-persidskim istochnikam” [Участие Джучи-хана в военной кампании против Хорезмийской державы (1219–1221) по арабско-персидским источникам]. Zolotoordynskaia tsivilizatsiia 9 (2016): 44–56.Google Scholar
Tolstov, Sergei. Drevnii Khorezm [ Древний Хорезм]. Moscow: MGU, 1948.Google Scholar
Tolstov, Sergei. “Novogodnii prazdnik ‘kalandas’ u khorezmiiskikh khristian nachala XI veka” [Новогодний праздник ‘каландас’ у хорезмийских христиан начала XI века]. Sovetskaia etnografiia 2 (1946): 87–108.Google Scholar
“Torgovye snosheniia Moskovskogo gosudarstva s narodami Srednei Azii XVI–XVII vv.” [Торговые сношения Московского государства с народами Средней Азии XVI–XVII вв.]. In Materialy po istorii Uzbekskoi, Tadzhikskoi i Turkmenskoi SSR, vypusk 3, 97–279. Leningrad: Trudy istoriko-arkheograficheskogo instituta i instituta vostokovedeniia AN SSSR, 1932.Google Scholar
Tzanaki, Rosemary. Mandeville’s Medieval Audiences: A Study on the Reception of the Book of Sir John Mandeville (1371–1550). Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2003.Google Scholar
Utas, Bo. “The Jewish-Persian Fragment from Dandān-Uiliq.” Orientalia Suecana 17 (1968): 123–36.Google Scholar
Vambery, Arminius. Travels in Central Asia. London: John Murray, 1864.Google Scholar
Verblovski, Rafael Yehuda Tsvi. “Al Yehudei Kaifeng, motsaam ve-nosakh tfilatam.” Pe’amim 78 (1998): 44–60.Google Scholar
Viatkin, Vasilii. “Samarkandskie legendy” [Самаркандские легенды]. In Spravochnaia knizhka Samarkandskoi oblasti za 1897, ed. Virskii, Mikhail, vypusk 5, 224–40. Samarkand: Oblastnoe pravlenie, 1897.Google Scholar
Vladimirskii letopisets. Polnoe sobranie russkih letopisei [Владимирский летописец. Полное собрание русских летописей], vol. 30, ed. Tikhomirov, Mikhail. Moscow: Nauka, 1965.Google Scholar
Wolff, Joseph. Narrative of a Mission of Bokhara: In the Year 1843–1845, 4th ed. London: John W. Parker, West Strand, 1846.Google Scholar
Wolff, Joseph. Researches and Missionary Labours among the Jews, Mohammedans and Other Sects. London: James Nisbet & Co., 1835.Google Scholar
Wong, Fook-Kong, and Yasharpour, Dalia. The Haggadah of the Kaifeng Jews of China. Leiden: Brill, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zand, Michael. “Bukharan Jews.” In Encyclopedia Iranica, vol. 4, 530–45. London: Encyclopedia Iranica, 1990.Google Scholar
Zand, Michael. “Evreisko-persidskaia literatura” [Еврейско-персидская литература]. In Kratkaia Evreiskaia Entsiklopediia, ed. Oren, Itskhak and Zand, Mikhael, vol. 2, 445–7. Jerusalem: Obshchestvo po issledovaniiu evreiskikh obshchin, 1982.Google Scholar
Zand, Michael. “Hityashvut ha-Yehudim be-‘Asiah ha-tikonah be-iyme kedem vebe-iyme ha-beinaiym ha-mukdamim.” Pe’amim 35 (1988): 4–23.Google Scholar
Zarubin, Ivan. “Ocherk razgovornogo iazyka samarkandskikh evreev” [Очерк разговорного языка самаркандских евреев]. In Iran, ed. Bartold, Vasilii, vol. 2, 95–125. Leningrad: AN SSSR, 1928.Google Scholar
Ziiaev, Khamid. Ekonomicheskie sviazi Srednei Azii s Sibir'iu v XVI–XIX vv.[Экономические связи Средней Азии с Сибирью в XVI–XIX вв.]. Tashkent: Fan, 1983.Google Scholar
Zuckerman, Constantin. “On the Date of the Khazars’ Conversion to Judaism and the Chronology of the Kings of the Rus Oleg and Igor.” Revue des Études Byzantines 53 (1995): 237–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar