Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rdxmf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T16:58:04.446Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Guest Editor's Introduction: The Shahnameh of Ferdowsi as World Literature

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2022

Franklin Lewis
Franklin Lewis*
Affiliation:
Persian Language and Literature in the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations at the University of Chicago
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Articles
Information
Iranian Studies , Volume 48 , Issue 3: The Shahnameh of Ferdowsi as World Literature , May 2015 , pp. 313 - 336
Copyright
Copyright © Association For Iranian Studies, Inc 2015

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abdullaeva, Firuza, and Melville, Charles. “Shahnama: The Millenium of an Epic Masterpiece.” Iranian Studies 43, no. 1 (2010): 1–11. doi:10.1080/00210860903451188 doi: 10.1080/00210860903451188CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Afshār, Iraj. Ketābshenāsi-ye Ferdowsi va Shāhnāmeh: Az Āghāz-e Neveshteh-hā-ye Pazhuheshi tā 1385. 3rd ed. Tehran: Markaz-e Pazhuheshi-ye Mirās-e Maktub, 1390/2011. The first edition appeared as Ketābshenāsi-ye Ferdowsi: Fehrest, Āsār va Tahqiqāt darbāreh-ye Ferdowsi va Shāhnāmeh. Tehran: Enteshārāt-e Anjoman-e Āsār-e Melli, 1347/1968, and a second revised edition (bā tajdid-e nazar),with the same title and publisher in 2535/1976. Citations herein all refer to the third edition.Google Scholar
Amanat, Abbas. “Introduction: Iranian Identity Boundaries: A Historical Overview.” In Iran Facing Others: Identity Boundaries in Historical Perspective, edited by Amanat, Abbas and Vejdani, Farzin, 1–33. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amin-Riāhi, Mohammad. Ferdowsi (Zendegi, Andisheh va Sheʿr-e U). Tehran: Tarh-e Now, 1375/1996.Google Scholar
Apter, Emily. Against World Literature: On the Politics of Untranslatability. London: Verso, 2013.Google Scholar
Arnold, Matthew. “The Study of Poetry” [General Introduction]. In The English Poets. Selections with Critical Introductions by Various Writers, edited by Ward, Thomas Humphry, Vol. 1, xvii–xlvii. London: Macmillan, 1880.Google Scholar
Arnold, Matthew. “Suhrab and Rustum. An Episode.” In The Oxford Authors Matthew Arnold, edited by Alliott, Miriam and Super, Robert, 186–207. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986.Google Scholar
Atkinson, James. Soohrab, A Poem: From the Original Persian of Firdousee. 2nd rev. ed. Calcutta: Fort William College, 1828.Google Scholar
Āyati, ʿAbd al-Hamid, ed. and trans. Shāhnāmeh-ye Ferdowsi: Tahrir-e ʿArabi az Fath ben ʿAli Bondāri-ye Esfahāni. Tehran: Anjoman-e Āsār va Mafākher-e Farhangi, 1380/2001.Google Scholar
Bahār, Mehrdād. Az Ostureh tā Tārikh. Tehran: Nashr-e Chashmeh, 1997.Google Scholar
Bahār, Mehrdād. Pazhuheshi dar Asātir-e Irān. Tehran: Enteshārāt-e Tus, 1983.Google Scholar
Baldick, Julian. Homer and the Indo-Europeans: Comparing Mythologies. London: I. B. Tauris, 1994.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Banani, Amin. “Ferdowsi and the Art of Tragic Epic.” In Persian Literature, edited by Yarshater, Ehsan, 109–119. N.p.[New York]: Bibliotheca Persica, 1988.Google Scholar
Banani, Amin. “Reflections on Re-reading the Iliad and the Shahnameh.” In The Necklace of the Pleiades: 24 Essays on Persian Literature, Culture and Religion, edited by Lewis, Franklin and Sharma, Sunil, 63–68. Leiden: Leiden University Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Bashiri, Iraj. Firdowsi's Shahname: 1000 Years After. Dushanbe: The Supreme Soviet of Tajikistan, 1994.Google Scholar
Bāstāni Pārizi, Mohammad Ebrāhim. Shāhnāmeh: Ākhar-ash Khvosh Ast. Tehran: Enteshārāt-e ʿAtāʾi, 1371/1992.Google Scholar
Birus, Hendrik. “The Goethean Concept of World Literature and Comparative Literature.” CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 2, no. 4 (2000). doi: 10.7771/1481-4374.1090.Google Scholar
Browne, Edward G. A Literary History of Persia, vol 2: From Firdawsí to Sa‘dí. New York: Charles Scribners and Sons, 1906.Google Scholar
Canby, , Shahnama of Shah Tahmasp: The Persian Book of Kings. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art and Yale University Press, 201.Google Scholar
Clinton, Jerome. The Tragedy of Sohráb and Rostám: From the Persian National Epic, the Shahname of Abdol-Qasem Ferdowsi. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1987, rev. ed. 1996.Google Scholar
Clinton, Jerome. In the Dragon's Claws: The Story of Rostam and Esfandiyar from the Persian Book of Kings. Washington, DC: Mage, 1999.Google Scholar
Damrosch, David. What is World Literature? Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davidson, Olga. Poet and Hero in the Persian Book of Kings. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1994. 2nd ed. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda, 2006.Google Scholar
Davis, Dick. Epic and Sedition: The Case of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1992.Google Scholar
Davis, Dick. “In the Enemy's Camp: Homer's Helen and Ferdowsi's Hojir.” Iranian Studies 25, no. 3–4 (1992): 17–26. doi: 10.1080/00210869208701777CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, Dick. The Legend of Seyavash. London: Penguin, 1992.Google Scholar
Davis, Dick. Shahnameh. The Persian Book of Kings. New York: Penguin, 2006.Google Scholar
Dickson, Martin B., and Welch, Stuart Cary. The Houghton Shahnameh. 2 vols. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981.Google Scholar
Dustkhvāh, Jalil. Hamāseh-ye Irān: Yādmāni az Farāsu-ye Hezāreh-hā. Tehran: Āgāh, 1380/2001.Google Scholar
Dustkhvāh, Jalil. Farāyand-e Takvin-e Hamāseh-ye Irān. Tehran: Daftar-e Pazhuhesh-hā-ye Farhangi, 1384/2005.Google Scholar
Eslāmi-Nadushan, Mohammad-ʿAli. Zendegi va Marg-e Pahlavānān dar Shāhnāmeh. N.p. [Tehran]: Anjoman-e Āsār-e Melli, 1348/1969.Google Scholar
Ferdowsi, Abu al-Qāsem. Shāhnāmeh. Ferdowsi's Shahnameh; a revision of Vullers's edition, newly collated with MSS., with the Persian translation of the Latin notes. Edited by Nafisi, Saʻid. 10 vols. Tehran: Beroukhim, 1313–1315/1934–36.Google Scholar
Ferdowsi, Abu al-Qāsem. Shāhnāmeh-ye Hakim Abu al-Qāsem Ferdowsi. Edited by Dabir-Siāqi, Mahmoud. 6 vols. Tehran: Ketābforushi-ye Hāj Mohammad-ʻAli ʻElmi, 1335/1956.Google Scholar
Ferdowsi, Abu al-Qāsem. Shax-nāme: Kriticheskij Tekst. Edited by Bertel’s, A.E., et al. 9 vols. Moscow: Izdatel'stvo Nauka, 1960–71.Google Scholar
Ferdowsi, Abu al-Qāsem. Shāhnāmeh-ye Ferdowsi: Tashih-e Enteqādi, Moqaddameh-ye Tahlili, Nokteh-hā-ye Nowyāfteh. Edited by Jeyhuni, Mostafā. 5 vols. Isfahan: Goruh-e Enteshārāt-e Shāhnāmeh-pazhuhi, 1379/2001.Google Scholar
Ferdowsi, Abu al-Qāsem. Shāhnāmeh-ye Ferdowsi: Chāp-e ʿAksi az Noskheh-ye Khatti-ye Ketābkhāneh-ye Britāniā. Edited by Omidsalar, Mahmoud and Afshār, Iraj. Tehran: Talāyeh, 1384/2005.Google Scholar
Ferdowsi, Abu al-Qāsem. Shahnameh. Edited by Khaleghi-Motlagh, Djalal. 8 vols. New York: Bibliotheca Persica, 1987–2008. [cited as SN in the notes by vol:page, line no.].Google Scholar
Ferdowsi, Abu al-Qāsem. Shāhnāmeh: Sorudeh-ye Hakim Abu al-Qāsem Ferdowsi. Edited by Omidsalar, Mahmoud, Afshār, Iraj, and Motallebi-Kāshāni, Nāder. Tehran: Talāyeh, 1389/2010.Google Scholar
Geizer, A. “The First Biographical Data about Firdowsi in Europe.” In Firdowsi's Shahname: 1000 Years After, edited by Bashiri, Iraj, 279–285. Dushanbe: The Supreme Soviet of Tajikistan, 1994.Google Scholar
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von. Goethes sämtliche Werke, Jubiläums-Ausgabe in 40 Bänden, edited by von der Hellen, Eduard, and Walzel, O., Vol. 38. Stuttgart: J. G. Cotta, 1912.Google Scholar
Gottheil, Richard, ed. Persian Literature. 2 vols. In the series Oriental Literature. Revised ed. New York: The Colonial Press, 1900.Google Scholar
Hanaway, William. “Epic Poetry.” In Persian Literature, edited by Yarshater, Ehsan, 96–108. N.p. [New York]: Bibliotheca Persica, 1988.Google Scholar
Hanaway, William Jr. “The Iranian Epics.” In Heroic Epic and Saga: An Introduction to the World's Great Folk Epics, edited by Oinas, Felix, 76–98. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1978.Google Scholar
Hariri, Nāser, ed. Marg dar Shāhnāmeh. N.p.: Nashr-e Āvishan, 1377/1998.Google Scholar
Hillenbrand, Robert, ed. Shahnama: The Visual Language of the Persian Book of Kings. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2004.Google Scholar
Jamāli, Kāmrān. Ferdowsi va Humer. Tehran: Espark 1368/1989.Google Scholar
Jason, Heda. Ethnopoetry: Form, Content, Function. Bonn: Linguistica Biblica, 1977.Google Scholar
Jones, Sir William. Poems Consisting Chiefly of Translations from the Asiatick Languages.To Which are Added Two Essays. 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1777 (1st ed. 1772).Google Scholar
Jones, Sir William. The Works of Sir William Jones. Edited by Teignmouth, Lord, vol. 2. London: Printed for John Stockdale and John Walker, 1807.Google Scholar
Kazzāzi, Mir Jalāl al-Din. Tondbādi az Konj: Gozāreshi az Dāstān-e Rostam va Sohrāb-e Shāhnāmeh. Tabriz: Āydin, 1386/2007.Google Scholar
Kermode, Frank. The Classic: Literary Images of Permanence and Change. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1983.Google Scholar
Khaleghi-Motlagh, Djalal. “Asadī Ṭūsī.” In Encyclopaedia Iranica, 2/5, pp. 699–700. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/asadi-tusi (accessed September 2, 2014).Google Scholar
Khaleghi-Motlagh, Djalal [Jalāl Khāleqi-Motlaq]. “Hamāseh-sarā-ye Bāstān.” In Gol-e Ranj-hā-ye Kohan: Bargozideh-ye Maqālāt darbāreh-ye Shāhnāmeh-ye Ferdowsi, 19–35. Tehran: Nashr-e Markaz, 1372/1993.Google Scholar
Khaleghi-Motlagh, Djalal. “Ferdowsi, Abu'l-Qāsem i. Life,” and “Ferdowsi, Abu'l-Qāsem ii. Hajw-nāma.” In Encyclopaedia Iranica, 9/5, pp. 514–523 and 523–524. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ferdowsi-i and http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ferdowsi-ii (accessed September 1, 2014).Google Scholar
Khaleghi-Motlagh, Djalal [Jalāl Khaleqi-Motlaq]. Shāhnāmeh az Dastnevis tā Matn: Jostār-hāʾi dar Moʿarrefi va Arzyābi-ye Dastnevis-hā-ye Shāhnāmeh va Ravesh-e Tashih-e Enteqādi-ye Matn. Tehran: Markaz-e Pazhuheshi-ye Mirās-e Maktub, 2011.Google Scholar
Khaleghi-Motlagh, Djalal. Women in the Shāhnāmeh. Translated by Brigitte, Neuenschwander. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, 2012.Google Scholar
Khatibi, Abu al-Fazl. Darbāreh-ye Shāhnāmeh. Tehran: Markaz-e Nashr-e Dāneshgāhi, 1364/1985.Google Scholar
Kiā, Khojasteh. Shāhnāmeh-ye Ferdowsi va Terāzhedi-ye Āteni. Tehran: ʿElmi va Farhangi, 1369/1990.Google Scholar
Lacy, Tim. The Dream of a Democratic Culture: Mortimer J. Adler and the Great Books Idea. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lentz, T., and Khaleghi-Motlagh, Dj.. “Bāysonḡorī Šāh-nāma.” In Encyclopaedia Iranica, 4/1, pp. 9–11. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/baysongori-sah-nama (accessed September 25, 2014).Google Scholar
Levine, Lawrence. The Opening of the American Mind: Canons, Culture, and History. Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1996.Google Scholar
Levy, Rueben. The Epic of the Kings; Shah-nama, The National Epic of Persia. London: Routledge and K. Paul, 1967.Google Scholar
Lewis, Franklin. “Classical Persian.” In Oxford Guide to Literature in English Translation, edited by Peter France, 611–615. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Lewis, Franklin. “Shahnama.” In The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought, edited by Bowering, Gerhard, 492–493. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2013.Google Scholar
Loloi, Parvin. “Šāh-nāma Translations iii. Into English.” In Encyclopaedia Iranica, online edition, 2014, available at http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/sah-nama-translations-iii-English (accessed September 25, 2014).Google Scholar
Macan, Turner, ed. The Shah nameh; An Heroic Poem, Containing the History of Persia from Kioomurs to Yesdejird by Abool Kasim Firdousee. 4 vols. Calcutta: Baptist Mission Press, 1829.Google Scholar
Marzolph, Ulrich. “Illustrated Persian Lithographic Editions of the Shahnameh.” Edebiyat 13, no. 2 (2002): 177–198. doi: 10.1080/0364650032000143238CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marzolph, Ulrich. Narrative Illustration in Persian Lithographed Books. Leiden: Brill, 2001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marzolph, Ulrich. “The Shahnameh in Print: The Lithographed Editions of the Persian National Epic.” http://persianacademy.ir/UserFiles/File/SG/01/SG-01-22.pdf.Google Scholar
Meisami, J. S. “Genres of Court Literature.” In General Introduction to Persian Literature, edited by de Bruijn, J. T. P., 233–269. London: I. B. Tauris, 2009.Google Scholar
Meisami, J. S. “The Past in Service of the Present: Two Views of History in Medieval Persia.” Poetics Today 14, no. 2 (Summer 1993): 247–275.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Melville, Charles, ed. Shahnama Studies I. Cambridge: The Centre of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies, University of Cambridge, 2006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Melville, Charles, and van den Berg, Gabrielle, eds. Shahnama Studies II: The Reception of Firdausi's Shahnama. Leiden: Brill, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meskub, Shāhrokh. Armaghān-e Mur. Jostāri dar Shāhnāmeh. Tehran: Nashr-e Ney, 1384/2005.Google Scholar
Meskub, Shāhrokh. Moqaddamehʾi bar Rostam va Esfandyār. Tehran: Amir Kabir, 1342/1963.Google Scholar
Meskub, Shāhrokh, ed. Tan-e Pahlavān va Ravān-e Kheradmand:Pazhuhesh-hā-ye Tāzeh dar Shāhnāmeh. Tehran: Tarh-e Now, 1374/1996.Google Scholar
Mohl, Jules, ed. and trans. Le livre des rois. 7 vols. Paris: Imprimerie royale, 1838–78.Google Scholar
Morrissey, Lee, ed. Debating the Canon. A Reader from Addison to Nafisi. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mufti, Aamir R. “Orientalism and the Institution of World Literatures.” Critical Inquiry 36, no. 3 (Spring 2010): 458–493. doi: 10.1086/653408. doi: 10.1086/653408CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nöldeke, Theodor. “Das iranische Nationalepos.” In Grundriß der iranischen Philologie, vol. 2, edited by Geiger, Wilhelm and Kuhn, Ernst, 130–211. Strassburg: Karl J. Trübner, 1896–1904; reprinted separately as Das iranische nationalepos. Berlin and Leipzig: Vereinigung wissenschaftlicher verleger, 1920. See also the English translation, The Iranian National Epic, or, the Shahnamah, translated by Leonid Bogdanov. Bombay: Executive Committee of the K.R. Cama Oriental Institute, 1930.Google Scholar
Omidsalar, Mahmoud. Jostār-hā-ye Shāhnāmeh-shenāsi va Mabāhes-e Adabi. Tehran: Bonyād-e Mowqufāt-e Doktor Mahmud Afshār, 1381/2002.Google Scholar
Omidsalar, Mahmoud. Poetics and Politics of Iran's National Epic, The Shāhnāmeh. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 2011.Google Scholar
Omidsalar, Mahmoud. Iran’s Epic and America’s Empire: A Handbook for a Generation in Limbo. Santa Monica, CA: Afshar Publishing, 2012.Google Scholar
Özgüdenli, Osman G. “Šāh-nāma Translations i. Into Turkish.” In Encyclopaedia Iranica, online edition, 2006. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/sah-nama-translations-i-into-turkish (accessed September 26, 2014).Google Scholar
Pizer, John. The Idea of World Literature: History and Pedagogical Practice. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Pizer, John. “Goethe's ‘World Literature’ Paradigm and Contemporary Cultural Globalization.” Comparative Literature 52, no. 3 (Summer, 2000): 213–227.Google Scholar
Puhvel, Jaan. Comparative Mythology. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987.Google Scholar
Qazvini, Mohammad. Yāddāsht-hā-ye Qazvini. Edited by Afshār, Iraj. 10 vols. 3rd printing. Tehran: Enteshārāt-e ʿElmi, 1984.Google Scholar
Rahimi, Mostafā. Terāzhedi-ye Qodrat dar Shāhnāmeh. Tehran: Nilufar, 1369/1990.Google Scholar
Rastegār-Fasāʾi, Mansur, ed. Matn-shenāsi-ye Shāhnāmeh-ye Ferdowsi. Tehran: Markaz-e Pazhuheshi-ye Mirās-e Maktub, 1385/2006.Google Scholar
Ravānshir, F. M. Hamāseh-ye Dād: Bahsi dar Mohtavā-ye Siāsi-ye Shāhnāmeh-ye Ferdowsi. Tehran: Enteshārāt-e Hezb-e Tudeh-ye Irān, 1359/1980.Google Scholar
Ringgren, Helmer. Fatalism in Persian Epics. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1952.Google Scholar
Rubanovich, Julia. “Tracking the Shahnama Tradition in Medieval Persian Folk Prose.” In Shahnama Studies II, edited by Melville, Charles and van den Berg, G. R., 11–34. Leiden: Brill, 2012.Google Scholar
Rypka, Jan. History of Iranian Literature. Edited by Jahn, Karl. Dordrecht: D. Reidel, 1968.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Safā, Zabihollāh. Hamāseh-sarāʾi dar Irān. Tehran: Amir Kabir, 1352/1973.Google Scholar
Schmidt, Jan. “The Reception of Firdausi's Shahnama among the Ottomans.” In Shahnama Studies II: The Reception of Firdausi's Shahnama, edited by Melville, Charles and van den Berg, Gabrielle, 121–139. Leiden: Brill, 2011.Google Scholar
Shahbazi, A. Shapur. “Ferdowsī, Abu'l-Qāsem iii. Mausoleum,” and “Ferdowsī, Abu'l-Qāsem iv. Millenary Celebration.” In Encyclopaedia Iranica, 9/5, pp. 524–527, and pp. 527–530. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ferdowsi-iii and http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ferdowsi-iv (accessed August 10, 2014).Google Scholar
Shahbazi, A. Shapur. Ferdowsī: A Critical Biography. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, and Harvard University Center for Middle Eastern Studies, 1991.Google Scholar
Shamisā, Sirus. Dāstān-e Rostam va Esfandyār (Hamrāh bā Mabāhesi dar Āʾin-e Mehr). Tehran: Nashr-e Mitrā, 1376/1997.Google Scholar
Sheʿār, Jaʿfar, and Anvari, Hasan. Ghamnāmeh-ye Rostam va Sohrāb az Shāhnāmeh-ye Ferdowsi. Tehran: Nashr-e Nāsher, 1363/1984.Google Scholar
Sheʿār, Jaʿfar, and Anvari, Hasan. Razmnāmeh-ye Rostam va Esfandyār az Shāhnāmeh-ye Ferdowsi. Tehran: Nashr-e Nāsher, 1363/1984.Google Scholar
Shreve Simpson, Mariana. “Šāh-nāma iv. Illustrations.” In Encyclopaedia Iranica, online edition, 2013. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/sah-nama-iv-illustrations (accessed September 20, 2014).Google Scholar
Sirjāni, Saʿidi. Bichāreh Esfandyār. Bethesda, MD: Iranbooks, 1371/1992.Google Scholar
Sotudeh, Gholām-Rezā, ed. Namiram az in Pas keh Man Zendeh-am: Majumuʿeh-ye Maqālāt-e Kongereh-ye Jahāni-ye Bozorgdāsht-e Ferdowsi. Tehran: Enteshārāt-e Dāneshgāh-e Tehrān, 1374/1995.Google Scholar
Tafazzoli, Ahmad. “Bonyād-e Šāh-nāma-ye Ferdowsi.” In Encyclopaedia Iranica, 4/4, p. 361. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bonyad-e-sah-nama-ye-ferdowsi-research-institute (accessed September 25, 2014).Google Scholar
Taqizādeh, Sayyed Hasan. Ferdowsi va Shāhnāmeh-ye U: Sharh-e Hāl-e Ferdowsi az Ma'khaz-e Shāhnāmeh, Moqaddameh-ye Qadim-e Shāhnāmeh, Tahqiq darbāreh-ye Shāhnāmeh. Edited by Yaghmā’i, Habib. Tehran: Anjoman-e Āsār-e Melli, 1970.Google Scholar
Twain, Mark. Mark Twain's Speeches. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1910.Google Scholar
Veit, Walter. “Goethe's Fantasies of the Orient.” Eighteenth-Century Life 26, no. 3 (Fall 2002): 164–180. doi: 10.1215/00982601-26-3-164CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Von Grunebaum, G. E. “Firdausī’s Concept of History.” In Islam: Essays in the Nature and Growth of a Cultural Tradition, 168–184. Chicago: The American Anthropological Association, 1955 (The American Anthropologist 57, no. 2, pt. 2, Memoir no. 81 [April 1955]).Google Scholar
Vullers, Joannes A. Firdusii: Liber regum que inscribitur Schahname, 3 vols. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1877–84.Google Scholar
Warner, Arthur G. and Warner, Edmond. The Sháhnáma of Firdausí. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, 1905–25.Google Scholar
Welch, Stuart Carey. A King's Book of Kings: The Shah-namah of Shah Tahmasp. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1972.Google Scholar
Wolff, Fritz. Glossar zu Firdosis Schahname. Berlin: Notgemeinschaft der Deutsche Wissenschaften and the Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft, at the Reichsdruckerei, 1935.Google Scholar
Yāhaqqi, Mohammad-Jaʿfar. Sugnāmeh-ye Sohrāb. Tehran: Enteshārāt-e Tus, 1368/1990.Google Scholar
Yamamoto, Kumiko. The Oral Background of Persian Epics: Storytelling and Poetry. Leiden: Brill, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zahiremāmi, Parisā. “Hezāre-ye Ferdowsi: Farhang-pirā’i va Hoviyat-ārā’i.” Irānnāmeh 27, no. 1 (Bahār 1391/Spring 2012): 3–25.Google Scholar