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Who Has the Biggest Bulls? Royal Power and the Persepolis Apadāna

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2022

Janett Morgan
Janett Morgan*
Affiliation:
Royal Holloway, University of London
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Abstract

Relationships between power and architecture are a feature of all great civilizations and the Achaemenid world was no exception to this. The architecture of Achaemenid buildings and their relief sculpture was designed to reflect and reinforce the power and status of the Great King. At the heart of this visual program lay the audience hall (apadāna) at Persepolis. In seeking to explain and understand the messages written into this building, we tend to approach the structure as a completed work and view it from the last point in its lifecycle. As a result, we focus on its tribute procession relief and allow ideas of empire to dominate our gaze. This limits our ability to understand how and why the building’s intended audience and message of power might have diverged at different stages in its construction. This article re-examines the art and architecture of the audience hall at Persepolis and redirects the viewer’s gaze to the images of bulls rather than the tribute procession. In focusing on the role of bulls in the scheme of decoration, the article presents a more nuanced reading of the building in its historical, social and architectural context. It shows how Darius I used the Persepolis apadāna to display his authority to rule and to assert the primacy of his status amongst his fellow elites.

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Iranian Studies , Volume 50 , Issue 6: Visualizing Iran: From Antiquity to the Present , November 2017 , pp. 787 - 817
Copyright
Copyright © Association For Iranian Studies, Inc 2017

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Footnotes

I would like to thank Dr. Yuka Kadoi, Dr. Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones and Dr. Nacim Pak-Shiraz for inviting me to speak at The Visual World of Persianate Culture, and thank the delegates at the conference for their helpful comments on my paper. I am also immensely grateful to Ranin Kazemi, Ali Gheissari and Marina Debattista for their support and encouragement and to my two anonymous reviewers for their apt and wise comments on the earlier drafts of this article.

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