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The Turkmen of Iran: A Brief Research Report

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2022

William Irons
William Irons*
Affiliation:
University of Michigan
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Extract

The Turkmen inhabit a portion of the Central Asian steppe extending cast from the Caspian Sea to the Amu Darya, a region divided among three countries--Iran, Afghanistan, and the Soviet Union. The central part of this area is the Kara Kum, or “black sand,” a vast, largely uninhabited desert. The majority of the Turkmen are concentrated in two somewhat more fertile regions bordering the Kara Kum. One area consists of the banks of the Amu Darya; the other is a long strip of plains and low mountains, lying south of the Kara Kum and separating it from the Iranian Plateau (see Map below). The Turkmen number about a million and a half, with approximately a million living in the Soviet Union, and roughly a quarter of a million each in Iran and Afghanistan.

Type
Research Article
Information
Iranian Studies , Volume 2 , Issue 1 , Winter 1969 , pp. 27 - 38
Copyright
Copyright © Association For Iranian Studies, Inc 1969

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References

Selected Bibliography

Barthold, V. V. “A History of the Turkmen People” in Four Studies on Central Asia, (by the same author) vol. III, , V. and Minorsky, T. (translators), E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1962.Google Scholar
Kononov, A. (ed.), Shajara-yi Tarākimah, U. S. S. R. Academy of Sciences, Moscow and Leningrad, 1958, (Russian and Turkmen).Google Scholar
Konig, W. Die Achal-Teke: zur Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft einer Turkmenen-Gruppe im XIX Jahrhundert, Akademie-Verlag, Berlin, 1962.Google Scholar
Marvin, C. Merv, The Queen of the Word and the Man-Stealing Turcomans, W. H. Allen and Co., London, 1881: this book is a good summary of material from travel journals, and provides a good starting point for an exploration of the numerous, voluminous, and frequently jejune nineteenth-century travel accounts dealing with the Turkmen.Google Scholar
Vambery, A. Travels in Central Asia: Being the Account of a Journey from Teheran Across the Turkoman Desert on the Eastern Shore of the Caspian to Khiva, Bokhara, and Samarcand, Performed in the Year 1863. Harper and Brothers, New York, 1865: Part II of this book is a description of the peoples of Central Asia without the numerous irrelevant digressions that characterize most travel accounts, and, therefore, other than Marvin's Merv provides the best that can be gained from the nineteenth-century English sources on the Turkmen.Google Scholar
Mo'tadel, Atu'ollah “An Analysis of Economic and Social Factors Related to Innovation of a Recommended Agricultural Practice in the Turkoman Tribal Community of Iran”, unpublished Master's thesis, Cornell University, 1962.Google Scholar
Okazaki, Shoko The Development of Large-Scale Farming in Iran: The Case of the Province of Gorgan, I.A.E.A. Occasional Papers Series, No. 3, The Institute of Asian Economic Affairs, Tokyo, 1968.Google Scholar
Rabino, H. L. Mazāndarān and Astarābād, Luzac and Co., London, 1928. Chapters 8-11. pp. 67-104.Google Scholar
Yate, C. E. Khurasan and Sistan, Willian Blackwood and Sons, London, 1900, chapters 14 and 15, pp. 212-281: by the standards of nineteenth-century travel accounts, these chapters constitute an unusually good and accurate description of the Turkmen of the Gorgan Plain.Google Scholar
Mīrzā Bābā Valad-i Mīrzā Safar ‘Alī Bustāmī, Ti'dād-i Naufūs-i ‘Astarābād, 3 Muharram 1296/1878, Manuscript 4330, National Malik Library, Tehran.Google Scholar
Mu'īnī, Asad'ullāh Jughrāfīyā va Jughrāfīyā-yi Tārīkhī-yi Gurgān va Dasht, Tehran, ‘Isfand 1344 Hijrī Shamsī/1966Google Scholar
Karīm, Hūshang Pūr “Turkumanhā-yi Īrān”, Hunar va Mardum, Ministry of Culture, Tehran, ‘Isfand 1344 va Farvardīn 1345/1966. pp. 28-42Google Scholar
Karīm, Hūshang Pūr “Turkumanhā-yi Īrān, 2,” Hunar va Mardum, Ministry of Culture, Tehran, ‘Āzar 1345/1966, pp. 22-34.Google Scholar
Karīm, Hūshang Pūr “Turkumanhā-yi Īrān; Barrasī-i Zamīnahā-yi “Ijtimā'ī, 3” Hunar va Mardum, Ministry of Culture, Tehran, ‘Ābān va ‘Āzar 1346/1967, pp. 48-64.Google Scholar
Saulat Nidhām, Muhammad ‘Alī Qūrkhānchī Nukhbah-yi Sifīyah, 1321/1903-04, Manuscript 690, Library of the National Assembly, Tehran.Google Scholar
Saulat Nidhām, Muhammad ‘Alī Qūrkhānchī Nukhbah-yi Kāmrafī, 1327/1909-10, Manuscript 3935, National Malik Library, Tehran.Google Scholar
Shūqī, Abbās Dasht-i Gurgān, Tehran, ‘Ābān 1314 Hijrī Shamsī/1936.Google Scholar
Barthold, V. V. “A History of the Turkmen People” in Four Studies on Central Asia, (by the same author) vol. III, , V. and Minorsky, T. (translators), E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1962.Google Scholar
Kononov, A. (ed.), Shajara-yi Tarākimah, U. S. S. R. Academy of Sciences, Moscow and Leningrad, 1958, (Russian and Turkmen).Google Scholar
Konig, W. Die Achal-Teke: zur Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft einer Turkmenen-Gruppe im XIX Jahrhundert, Akademie-Verlag, Berlin, 1962.Google Scholar
Marvin, C. Merv, The Queen of the Word and the Man-Stealing Turcomans, W. H. Allen and Co., London, 1881: this book is a good summary of material from travel journals, and provides a good starting point for an exploration of the numerous, voluminous, and frequently jejune nineteenth-century travel accounts dealing with the Turkmen.Google Scholar
Vambery, A. Travels in Central Asia: Being the Account of a Journey from Teheran Across the Turkoman Desert on the Eastern Shore of the Caspian to Khiva, Bokhara, and Samarcand, Performed in the Year 1863. Harper and Brothers, New York, 1865: Part II of this book is a description of the peoples of Central Asia without the numerous irrelevant digressions that characterize most travel accounts, and, therefore, other than Marvin's Merv provides the best that can be gained from the nineteenth-century English sources on the Turkmen.Google Scholar
Mo'tadel, Atu'ollah “An Analysis of Economic and Social Factors Related to Innovation of a Recommended Agricultural Practice in the Turkoman Tribal Community of Iran”, unpublished Master's thesis, Cornell University, 1962.Google Scholar
Okazaki, Shoko The Development of Large-Scale Farming in Iran: The Case of the Province of Gorgan, I.A.E.A. Occasional Papers Series, No. 3, The Institute of Asian Economic Affairs, Tokyo, 1968.Google Scholar
Rabino, H. L. Mazāndarān and Astarābād, Luzac and Co., London, 1928. Chapters 8-11. pp. 67-104.Google Scholar
Yate, C. E. Khurasan and Sistan, Willian Blackwood and Sons, London, 1900, chapters 14 and 15, pp. 212-281: by the standards of nineteenth-century travel accounts, these chapters constitute an unusually good and accurate description of the Turkmen of the Gorgan Plain.Google Scholar
Mīrzā Bābā Valad-i Mīrzā Safar ‘Alī Bustāmī, Ti'dād-i Naufūs-i ‘Astarābād, 3 Muharram 1296/1878, Manuscript 4330, National Malik Library, Tehran.Google Scholar
Mu'īnī, Asad'ullāh Jughrāfīyā va Jughrāfīyā-yi Tārīkhī-yi Gurgān va Dasht, Tehran, ‘Isfand 1344 Hijrī Shamsī/1966Google Scholar
Karīm, Hūshang Pūr “Turkumanhā-yi Īrān”, Hunar va Mardum, Ministry of Culture, Tehran, ‘Isfand 1344 va Farvardīn 1345/1966. pp. 28-42Google Scholar
Karīm, Hūshang Pūr “Turkumanhā-yi Īrān, 2,” Hunar va Mardum, Ministry of Culture, Tehran, ‘Āzar 1345/1966, pp. 22-34.Google Scholar
Karīm, Hūshang Pūr “Turkumanhā-yi Īrān; Barrasī-i Zamīnahā-yi “Ijtimā'ī, 3” Hunar va Mardum, Ministry of Culture, Tehran, ‘Ābān va ‘Āzar 1346/1967, pp. 48-64.Google Scholar
Saulat Nidhām, Muhammad ‘Alī Qūrkhānchī Nukhbah-yi Sifīyah, 1321/1903-04, Manuscript 690, Library of the National Assembly, Tehran.Google Scholar
Saulat Nidhām, Muhammad ‘Alī Qūrkhānchī Nukhbah-yi Kāmrafī, 1327/1909-10, Manuscript 3935, National Malik Library, Tehran.Google Scholar
Shūqī, Abbās Dasht-i Gurgān, Tehran, ‘Ābān 1314 Hijrī Shamsī/1936.Google Scholar