¹ On the role of the hand press in early Islamic printing, see Green, Nile, “Journeymen, Middlemen: Travel, Trans-Culture and Technology in the Origins of Muslim Printing,” International Journal of Middle East Studies 41, no. 2 (2009)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, and Green, Nile, “Persian Printing and the Stanhope Revolution” Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 30, no. 2 (2010).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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⁴ Senefelder, A Complete Course of Lithography, 7, 31.

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⁷ On Mirza Saleh's travels, see Green, “Journeymen, Middlemen”; Green, Nile, “Among the Dissenters: Reciprocal Ethnography in Nineteenth Century Inglistan,” Journal of Global History, 4, no. 2 (2009).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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¹⁰ Se´rullaz, Maurice, Eugène Delacroix: Dessins, aquarelles et lavis (Paris, 1900), 9.Google Scholar The slave was also famously made much of in Morier's Hajji Baba fictionalization of Abu al-Hasan's visit to England: see Morier, James, The Adventures of Hajji Baba of Ispahan in England (London, 1856)Google Scholar, chapter 24. On related printing developments in Brussels, where lithography was introduced in 1815, see Meijer, Rob, “The Beginnings of Lithography in Brussels,” Quaerendo, 33, no. 3–4 (2003).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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¹² Senefelder, A Complete Course of Lithography. The original German Vollständiges Lehrbuch der Steindruckerei was published a year earlier in 1818.

¹³ Shīrāzī, Mīrzā Sāleh, Majmū'eh-ye Safarnāmehhā-ye Mīrzā˙ Sāleh-e Shīrāzī, ed. by Gholām ˙Hossein Mīrzā ˙Sāleh (Tehran, 1364/1985), 355–357.Google Scholar

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¹⁶ der Putten, Jan van, “Printing in Riau, Two Steps Toward Modernity,” Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, 153, no. 4 (1997): 717–736CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Proudfoot, Ian, “A Formative Period in Malay Book Publishing,” Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 59, no. 2 (1986): 101–132.Google Scholar

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¹⁸ Zellich, Notice historique, 43–46.

¹⁹ Reed, Christopher A., Gutenberg in Shanghai: Chinese Print Capitalism, 1876–1937 (Honolulu, 2004), 28Google Scholar, 30, 61.

²⁰ Bābāzādeh, Tārīkh-e chāp dar Īrān, p.21 (citing Sa‘īd Nafīsī) and Qāssemī, Sargozasht-e Matbū ‘āt, vol. 1, 191–194. However, Golpāyegānī claims ‘Abbas Mirza sent not Mirza Saleh but Mirza Ja‘far Tabrizi to learn the technique in Russia in 1825. See Golpāyegānī, Tārīkh-e Chāp, 14.

²¹ Gulbon, Mohammad, ed., Safarnāmeh-ye Khosrow Mīrzā be-Pīterizbūrgh va Tārīkh-e Zindegānī-ye ‘Abbās Mīrzā Nā’ib al-Saltāneh be-Qalam-e Hājjī Mīrzā Mas‘ūd (Tehran, 1349/1970), 249–253.Google Scholar On wider Russo-Persian relations in this period, see Ādamiyyat, Fereydun, Amīr Kabīr va Īrān (Tehran, 1385s/2007), 472–513Google Scholar and Atkin, Muriel, Russia and Iran, 1780–1828 (Minneapolis, 1980).Google Scholar

²² Translated from the direct quotation in Ardakānī, Hossein Mahbūbī-ye, Tārīkh-e Mu‘assesāt-e Tamaddonī-ye Jadīd dar Īrān, 3 vols (Tehran, 1354/1975), vol. 1, 214.Google Scholar I am grateful to Ulrich Marzolph for directing me to this source.

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³⁵ Cf. Chalcraft, John, “The End of Guilds in Egypt: Restructuring Textiles in the Long Nineteenth Century,” in Crafts and Craftsmen of the Middle East: Fashioning the Individual in the Muslim Mediterranean, ed. by Faroqhi, Suraiya and Deguilhem, Randi (London, 2005).Google Scholar

³⁶ Twyman (2001), 40–42. In view of our earlier point on the connections between lithography and ethnography, it is noteworthy that Hullmandel's own output included the plates for Orlowski and Swebach's Costume of Persia (1821).

³⁷ Twyman (2001), 59, n. 107.

³⁸ Proudfoot, Ian, “Lithography at the Crossroads of the East,” Journal of the Printing Historical Society, 27 (1998): 116.Google Scholar

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⁴³ Twyman, “Lithographic Stone.”

⁴⁴ Ball, Valentine, A Manual of the Geology of India, pt.3, Economic Geology (Calcutta, 1881), 556.Google Scholar

⁴⁵ Ball, A Manual of the Geology of India, 558.

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⁴⁷ British Library, IOR/F/4/1480/58338 (March 1833–June 1834), 85–91.

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⁵⁸ Gulbon, Safarnāmeh-ye Khosrow, 320–322; on Russian mining technology and its instruction in Saint Petersburg, see p. 44.

⁵⁹ Ādamiyyat, Amīr Kabīr va Īrān, 472–473. On trade and industrial developments in the region more generally, see Ali Kazembeyki, Mohammad, Society, Politics and Economics in Māzandarān, Iran, 1848–1914 (London, 2003).Google Scholar

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⁶³ Zellich, Notice historique, 53.

⁶⁴ On the discovery of the Châteauroux quarry, see “Rapport sur le concours relatif à la découverte et 1’exploitation de carrières de pierres lithographiques,” Le Lithographe, 1 (1838): 236–237.Google Scholar

⁶⁵ The Mineral Industry, vol. 7 (1899), 478Google Scholar; Zellich, Notice historique, 59–67. On Bemrose, see Bassett, Herbert, Men of Note in Finance and Commerce: A Biographical Business Directory (London, 1900), 35.Google Scholar

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⁶⁷ For relevant nineteenth century surveys, see Burnham, Sarah Maria, History and Uses of Limestones and Marbles, with Forty-Eight Chromolithographs (Boston, 1883), 246–251Google Scholar on Iran.

⁶⁸ Ādamiyyat, Amīr Kabīr va Īrān, 378, 380. Cf. the translation of European scientific works (particularly on anatomy) that characterized early Urdu lithography in Calcutta from the late 1820s, albeit under colonial patronage. For details, see Garcin de Tassy, M., Histoire de la littérature hindoui et hindoustani (Paris, 1839), vol. 1, 556.Google Scholar

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⁷⁰ Shaw, “Calcutta: Birthplace of the Indian Lithographed Book,” 98–99, quoting an 1824 letter from Calcutta lithographer James Rind, and fig. 3.

⁷¹ Reed, Gutenberg in Shanghai, 30. On the press, see Twyman, Lithography 1800–1850, 64.

⁷² Senefelder, A Complete Course of Lithography, p. 198.

⁷³ On Calcutta, see Shaw, “Calcutta: Birthplace of the Indian Lithographed Book,” 89–111; on Russia, see Twyman (2001), 18.

⁷⁴ On these places, see Butler, R., “Australia's First Lithographs,” Australia Connoisseur and Collector, 3 (1982): 94–99Google Scholar; Haider, Syed Jalaluddin, “Munshi Nawal Kishore (1836–1895): Mirror of Urdu Printing in British India,” Libri, 31, no. 3 (1981): 227–237Google Scholar; Proudfoot, “Lithography at the Crossroads of the East,” 113–131; Stark, An Empire of Books.

⁷⁵ For an overview, see Green, “Journeymen, Middlemen.”

⁷⁶ “Persian Newspaper and Translation,” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 5, no. 2 (1839): 362Google Scholar (Persian), 369 (English).

⁷⁷ Qāssemī, Sargozasht-e Matbū, 192–194. Golpāyegānī, Tārīkh-e Chāp, 14, claims ‘Abbas Mirza sent not Mirza Saleh but Mirza Ja‘far Tabrizi to learn the technique in Russia in 1825. For clarification, see Marzolph, Narrative Illustration, 256–257.

⁷⁸ On ‘Mirza Jaffier’ translating scripture in Saint Petersburg in the mid-1820s, see Bullen, George, Catalogue of the Library of the British and Foreign Bible Society (London, 1857), 5, 80, 244.Google Scholar On his earlier efforts in this vein, see Twelfth Report of the British and Foreign Bible Society for the Year 1816 (London, 1816).Google Scholar

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⁸¹ Note that an earlier typographic Qor'an had been issued in Tehran in 1826.

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⁸⁴ Griffiths, D. N., “Prayer-Book Translations in the Nineteenth Century,” The Library, sixth series, 6, no. 1 (1984): 3, 15.Google Scholar Mirza Saleh himself recorded the fact that Watts had printed such works: Shīrāzī, Majmū'eh-ye Safarnāmehhā-ye, 345.

⁸⁵ Binning, , A Journal of Two Years’ Travel, vol. 1, 312.Google Scholar

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⁸⁷ Marzolph, Narative Illustration; Marzolph, Ulrich and Mohammadī, Mohammad Hādī, Ālbom-e Shāhnāmeh: Tasvīrhā-e Chāp-e Sangī-ye Shāhnāmeh-ye Ferdowsī (Tehran, 1384/2005)Google Scholar; Robinson, Basil, “The Teheran Nizami of 1848 and Other Qajar Lithographed Books,” in Islam in the Balkans/Persian Art and Culture in the 18th and 19th Centuries, ed. by Scarce, J. M. (Edinburgh, 1979).Google Scholar

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⁹⁰ Thanks to Ian Proudfoot for this information.

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⁹³ Shaw, “Calcutta: Birthplace of the Indian Lithographed Book,” 99–102.

⁹⁴ The portraits are reprinted in Gulbon, Safarnāmeh-ye Khosrow, 150, 156, 159, 167, 195.

⁹⁵ Sérullaz, Eugène Delacroix, 9.

⁹⁶ Mumford, Ian, “Lithography for Maps: From Senefelder to Hauslab,” Journal of the Printing Historical Society, 27 (1998): 69–88Google Scholar; Pearson, Karen Severud, Lithographic Maps in Nineteenth Century Geographical Journals (Madison, WI, 1978).Google Scholar

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¹⁰⁰ Ādamiyyat, Amīr Kabīr va Īrān, 381.

¹⁰¹ Zellich, Notice historique. On the role of earlier printers' travels in the dissemination of printing in Europe, see Griffin, Clive, Journeymen-Printers, Heresy, and the Inquisition in Sixteenth-Century Spain (Oxford, 2005)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Green, “Journeymen, Middlemen” for the Middle East.

¹⁰² Golpāyegānī, Tārīkh-e Chāp, 15.

¹⁰³ Ādamiyyat, Amīr Kabīr va Īrān, 381.

¹⁰⁴ Ādamiyyat, Amīr Kabīr va Īrān, 382.

¹⁰⁵ A reprinted early copy (referred to as Akhbār-e Vaqā'ī‘ or “Current News”) was published as “Persian Newspaper and Translation,” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 5, no. 2 (1839): 355–371.Google Scholar Two original issues (with the simple heading Akhbār) from Rabī‘ II 1253 (July 1837) are found in the British Library, OIOC Or. Mic. 4776. For a secondary account of the papers, see Hāshemī, Mohammad Sadr-e, Tārīkh-e Jarāyed va Majallāt-e Īrān, 4 vols (Isfahan, 1363–64/1984–85), vol. 1, 2.Google Scholar The secondary literature usually refers to his newspaper under the title Kāghaz-e Akhbār (literally “Newspaper”), which he used in his travelogue to describe English publications.

¹⁰⁶ Shīrāzī, Majmū'eh-ye Safarnāmehhā-ye, 278.

¹⁰⁷ “Anecdote of Abbas Mirza,” The Times, 12 April 1819.

¹⁰⁸ Hāshemī, , Tārīkh-e Jarāyed, vol. 1, 3–5.Google Scholar

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¹¹⁴ Clair, Colin, Early Printing in Malta (Amsterdam, 1969), 31.Google Scholar On Saleh's meeting with Hannah More, see Green, “Among the Dissenters.”

¹¹⁵ Note, however, that New York's first newspaper, The Gazette, was founded as early as 1725.

¹¹⁶ The combined cost of the press and printer's salary was recorded as $1,000. For full details, see the report in the Church Missionary Society's Missionary Register, vol. 14 (1826), 382. Note that after Force's death, publication was interrupted until the paper's revival in 1830. For a wider discussion, see Bourgault, Louise M., Mass Media in Sub-Saharan Africa (Bloomington, IN, 1995), chapter 1Google Scholar; Burrowes, Carl P., Power and Press Freedom in Liberia, 1830–1970: The Impact of Globalization and Civil Society on Media–Government Relations (Trenton, NJ, 2004)Google Scholar, chapter 1.

¹¹⁷ Most recently, Matthee, Rudi, The Pursuit of Pleasure: Drugs and Stimulants in Iranian History, 1500–1900 (Princeton, NJ, 2005).Google Scholar