Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-fscjk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T13:48:16.444Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Seasonal Changes in Carbohydrate and Nitrogen Concentrations in Oregon and California Populations of Brazilian Egeria (Egeria densa)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Toni G. Pennington  and
Mark D. Sytsma
Toni G. Pennington*
Affiliation:
Center for Lakes and Reservoirs, Environmental Sciences and Management, Portland State University, P.O. Box 751-ESR, Portland, OR 97207
Mark D. Sytsma
Affiliation:
Center for Lakes and Reservoirs, Environmental Sciences and Management, Portland State University, P.O. Box 751-ESR, Portland, OR 97207
*
Corresponding author's E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) reserves support growth, formation of reproductive structures, and sprouting of plant tissues, and nitrogen (N) is essential for amino acid synthesis and photosynthetic enzyme production. Timing of weed management to periods when these critical resources are most limiting might improve efficacy. We examined seasonal changes in carbohydrate and nitrogen concentrations in Brazilian egeria (Egeria densa), a common submersed aquatic weed, from two locations in the United States. Plants were collected from a coastal Oregon reservoir and from California's Central Valley in the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta. Starch comprised between 35 to 51% of the TNC in lower stems and root crowns. Seasonal changes in resource concentrations were not consistent between years within a population or for the same plant part between different populations. Lowest TNC concentrations were observed earlier in the growing season (March) in Disappointment Slough than in Big Creek (May to June). Conversely, highest concentrations were observed in October in Disappointment Sough and from August to March in Big Creek. Nitrogen concentrations were highest in stem tips in both populations, with more distinct seasonal changes in the California population. These data suggest western populations of E. densa might exhibit less-discernible low points in root crown and lower stem energy storage for targeting management activities to vulnerable phenological stages. Brazilian egeria has high phenological plasticity despite its low genetic diversity and lack of specialized reproductive and perennating structures, which allows the plant to invade and dominate submersed plant communities in areas with mild winters.

Keywords

Brazilian egeria, Egeria densa Planch. ELDDEInvasivemacrophytelow pointsphenologystarch
Type
Research
Information
Invasive Plant Science and Management , Volume 2 , Issue 2 , April 2009 , pp. 120 - 129
Copyright
Copyright © Weed Science Society of America 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Literature Cited

Barbour, M. G., Burk, J. H., and Pitts, W. D. 1987. Terrestrial Plant Ecology. 2nd ed. Menlo Park, CA Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Co. 634.Google Scholar
Barko, J. W. and Smart, R. M. 1981a. Sediment-based nutrition of submersed macrophytes. Aquat. Bot 10:339–352.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barko, J. W. and Smart, R. M. 1981b. Comparative influences of light and temperature on the growth and metabolism of selected submersed freshwater macrophytes. Ecol. Monogr 51:219–235.Google Scholar
Best, E. P. H. and Dassen, J. H. A. 1987. A seasonal study of growth characteristics and the levels of carbohydrates and proteins in Elodea nuttallii, Polygonum amphibium and Phragmites australis. Aquat. Bot 28:353–372.Google Scholar
Best, E. P. H., Woltman, H., and Jacobs, F. H. H. 1996. Sediment-related growth limitation of Elodea nuttallii as indicated by a fertilization experiment. Freshw. Biol 36:33–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bloom, A. J., Chapin, F. S. III, and Mooney, H. A. 1985. Resource limitation in plants: an economic analogy. Ecol. Syst 16:363–392.Google Scholar
[CDBW] California Department of Boating and Waterways 2003. Addendum to 2001 Egeria densa Control Program Environmental Impact Report. Sacramento, CA State of California—The Resources Agency. 80.Google Scholar
[CDWR] California Department of Water Resources 1995. Delta Atlas. Sacramento, CA CDWA. http://rubicon.water.ca.gov/delta_atlas.fdr/datp.html. Accessed: May 20, 2008.Google Scholar
Carter, M. C. A. and Sytsma, M. D. 2001. A comparison of the genetic structure of Oregon and South American populations of Egeria densa Planchon. Biol. Invasions 3:113–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Center, T. D. 1994. Biological control of weeds: water hyacinth and water lettuce. Pages 481–521. In Rosen, D., Bennett, F. D., and Capinera, J. L. Pest Management in the Subtropics: Biological Control a Florida Perspective. Andover, England Intercept, Ltd.Google Scholar
Chapin, F. S. III, Schulze, E., and Mooney, H. A. 1990. The ecology and economics of storage in plants. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst 21:423–447.Google Scholar
Cheng, L. and Dong, S. 2001. Effects of nitrogen fertilization on reserve nitrogen and carbohydrate status and regrowth performance of pear nursery plants. Acta Hort 564:51–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chow, P. S. and Landhäusser, S. M. 2004. A method for routine measurements of total sugar and starch content in woody plant tissues. Tree Physiol 24:1129–1136.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dahlgren, R., Van Nieuwenhuyse, E., and Litton, G. 2004. Transparency tube provides reliable water-quality measurements. Calif. Agric 58:149–153.Google Scholar
Duarte, C. M. 1992. Nutrient concentration of aquatic plants: patterns across species. Limnol. Oceanogr 37:882–889.Google Scholar
Dubois, M., Gilles, K. A., Hamilton, J. K., Rebers, P. A., and Smith, F. 1956. Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. Anal. Chem 28:350–356.Google Scholar
Getsinger, K. D. 1982. The life cycle and physiology of the submersed angiosperm Egeria densa Planch. in Lake Marion, South Carolina. Ph.D. dissertation. Clemson, SC Clemson University. 104.Google Scholar
Getsinger, K. D. and Dillon, C. R. 1984. Quiescence, growth and senescence of E. densa in Lake Marion. Aquat. Bot 20:329–338.Google Scholar
Greulich, S. and Bornette, G. 2003. Being evergreen in an aquatic habitat with attenuated seasonal contrasts—a major competitive advantage? Plant Ecol 167:9–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heard, T. A. and Winterton, S. L. 2000. Interactions between nutrient status and weevil herbivory in the biological control of water hyacinth. J. Appl. Ecol 37:117–127.Google Scholar
Hirose, T. and Werger, M. J. A. 1987. Maximizing daily canopy photosynthesis with respect to the leaf nitrogen allocation pattern in the canopy. Oecologia 72:520–526.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kabeya, D. and Sakai, S. 2005. The relative importance of carbohydrate and nitrogen for the resprouting ability of Quercus crispula seedlings. Ann. Bot 96:479–488.Google Scholar
Kimbel, J. C. 1982. Factors influencing potential interlake colonization by Myriophyllum spicatum. Aquat. Bot 14:295–307.Google Scholar
Kimbel, J. C. and Carpenter, S. R. 1981. Effects of mechanical harvesting on Myriophyllum spicatum L. growth and carbohydrate allocation to the roots and shoots. Aquat. Bot 11:121–127.Google Scholar
Kirk, J. T. O. 1994. Light and photosynthesis in aquatic ecosystems. 2nd ed. Cambridge, UK Cambridge University Press. 509.Google Scholar
Kratzer, C. R., Dileanis, P. D., Zamora, C., Silva, S. R., Kendall, C., Bergamaschi, B. A., and Dahlgren, R. A. 2004. Sources and transport of nutrients, organic carbon, and chlorophyll a in the San Joaquin River upstream of Vernalis, California, during summer and fall, 2000 and 2001. Sacramento, CA U.S. Geological Survey. Water-Resources Investigations Report 03-4127. 124.Google Scholar
Linde, A. F., Janisch, T., and Smith, D. 1976. Cattail—the significance of its growth, phenology and carbohydrate storage to its control and management. Technology Bulletin 94. Madison, WI Department of Natural Resources. 27.Google Scholar
Luu, K. T. and Getsinger, K. D. 1990. Seasonal biomass and carbohydrate allocation in waterhyacinth. J. Aquat. Plant Manag 28:3–10.Google Scholar
Madsen, J. 1997. Seasonal biomass and carbohydrate allocation in a southern population of Eurasian watermilfoil. J. Aquat. Plant Manag 35:15–21.Google Scholar
Madsen, J. and Owens, C. S. 1998. Seasonal biomass and carbohydrate allocation in dioecious Hydrilla. J. Aquat. Plant Manag 36:138–145.Google Scholar
McMahon, R. F., Hunter, R. D., and Russell-Hunter, W. D. 1974. Variation in aufwuchs at six freshwater habitats in terms of carbon biomass and of carbon ∶ nitrogen ratio. Hydrobiologia 53:67–72.Google Scholar
Mooney, H. A., Fichtner, K., and Schulze, E-D. 1995. Growth photosynthesis and storage of carbohydrates and nitrogen in Phaseolus lunatus in relation to resource availability. Oecologia 104:17–23.Google Scholar
Nichols, D. S. and Keeney, D. R. 1976. Nitrogen nutrition of Myriophyllum spicatum: variation of plant tissue nitrogen concentration with season and site in Lake Wingra. Freshw. Biol 6:137–144.Google Scholar
Oki, Y. and Une, K. 1989. Relationship between occurrence of aquatic weeds and water quality in the natural water body. Weed Res., Japan 34:97–98.Google Scholar
[Oregon DEQ] Department of Environmental Quality 2007. Oregon Department of Environmental Quality Laboratory Analytical Storage and Retrieval (LASAR). http://deq12.deq.state.or.us/lasar2. Accessed: May 10, 2007.Google Scholar
Pearcy, R. W., Ehleringer, J., Mooney, H. A., and Rundel, P. W. 1996. Plant Physiological Ecology: Field Methods and Instrumentation. London, UK Chapman and Hall. 472.Google Scholar
Pedersen, M. F. 1995. Nitrogen limitation of photosynthesis and growth: comparison across aquatic plant communities in a Danish estuary (Roskilde Fjord). Ophelia 41:261–272.Google Scholar
Pennington, T. G. 2007. Seasonal changes in allocation, growth, and photosynthetic responses of the submersed macrophyte Egeria densa Planch. (Hydrocharitaceae) from Oregon and California. Ph.D Dissertation. Portland, OR Portland State University. 153.Google Scholar
Perkins, M. A. and Sytsma, M. D. 1987. Harvesting and carbohydrate accumulation in Eurasian watermilfoil. J. Aquat. Plant Manag 25:57–62.Google Scholar
Rose, R., Rose, C. L., Omi, S. K., Forry, K. R., Durall, D. M., and Bigg, W. L. 1991. Starch determination by perchloric acid vs. enzymes: evaluating the accuracy and precision of six colorimetric methods. J. Agric. Food Chem 39:2–11.Google Scholar
Rufty, T. W. Jr, Huber, S. C., and Volk, R. J. 1988. Alterations in leaf carbohydrate metabolism in response to nitrogen stress. Plant Physiol 88:725–730.Google Scholar
Shulters, M. V. 1974. Lakes of Oregon. Vol. 2. Benton, Lincoln and Polk Counties. Prepared by United States Department of the Interior, Geological Survey. In cooperation with the Oregon State Engineer.Google Scholar
Spencer, D. F. and Ksander, G. G. 2004. Do tissue carbon and nitrogen limit population growth of weevils introduced to control water hyacinth at a site in the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta, California? J. Aquat. Plant Manag 42:45–48.Google Scholar
Spencer, D. F., Ryan, F. J., and Ksander, G. G. 1997. Construction costs for some aquatic plants. Aquat. Bot 56:203–214.Google Scholar
Titus, J. E. and Adams, M. S. 1979. Comparative carbohydrate storage and utilization patterns in the submersed macrophytes, Myriophyllum spicatum and Vallisneria americana. Am. Midl. Nat 102:263–272.Google Scholar
Tucker, C. S. and Debusk, T. A. 1981. Seasonal growth of Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms: relationship to protein, fiber, and available carbohydrate content. Aquat. Bot 11:137–141.Google Scholar
[USDA–NRCS] United States Department of Agriculture–Natural Resources Conservation Service 2007. The PLANTS Database. National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. http://plants.usda.gov. Accessed: March 8, 2007.Google Scholar
Volenec, J. J., Ourry, A., and Joern, B. C. 1996. A role for nitrogen reserves in forage regrowth and stress tolerance. Physiol. Plantarum 97:185–193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weldon, L. W. and Blackburn, R. D. 1968. Herbicidal treatment effect on carbohydrate levels of alligatorweed. Weed Sci 16:66–69.Google Scholar
Wetzel, R. G. 2001. Limnology: Lake and River Ecosystems. 3rd ed. City, CA Academic Press. 1006.Google Scholar
Woolf, T. E. and Madsen, J. D. 2003. Seasonal biomass and carbohydrate allocation patterns in Southern Minnesota curlyleaf pondweed populations. J. Aquat. Plant Manag 41:113–118.Google Scholar
Wyka, T. and Galen, C. 2000. Current and future costs of reproduction in Oxytropis sericeae, a perennial plant from the Colorado Rocky Mountains, USA. Arct., Antarct., Alp. Res 32:438–448.Google Scholar