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Invasive Forb, Annual Grass, and Exotic Shrub Competition with Three Sagebrush-Steppe Growth Forms: Acquisition of a Spring 15N Tracer

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Eamonn D. Leonard ,
Thomas A. Monaco ,
John M. Stark  and
Ron J. Ryel
Eamonn D. Leonard
Affiliation:
Department of Wildland Resources, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322
Thomas A. Monaco*
Affiliation:
USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Forage Range Research Lab, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322
John M. Stark
Affiliation:
Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322
Ron J. Ryel
Affiliation:
Department of Wildland Resources, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322
*
Corresponding author's E-mail: [email protected]
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Abstract

Understanding competition for soil nitrate between common shrub-steppe, potential reclamation species, and common invasive species is necessary to identify mechanisms associated with ecosystem invasion and can assist with developing weed management scenarios. We designed a field experiment to evaluate the differential competitive effects of the invasive annual grass downy brome, the invasive biennial forb dyer's woad, and the reclamation shrub prostrate kochia, on nitrate acquisition of the perennial grass crested wheatgrass, the native forb western yarrow, and the native shrub big sagebrush. Individual plants were grown in two-plant neighborhoods, and a K15NO3 tracer was injected into the soil between plants and recovered from leaf material after 5 to 11 d. We also evaluated neighbor effects on shoot and root growth, leaf carbon : nitrogen ratio, and leaf nitrogen concentrations to better understand how these traits are associated with differences in nitrate acquisition and nitrogen allocation among the three growth forms. Nitrate acquisitions by crested wheatgrass and western yarrow were significantly lower when competing with downy brome than with dyer's woad and prostrate kochia; however, competitors had similar, negative effects on nitrate acquisition by big sagebrush. Nitrate acquisition ratios between competing neighbors revealed that: (1) the grasses always acquired more nitrate than neighbors of a different growth form, (2) western yarrow was equally competitive with dyer's woad and prostrate kochia, and (3) all neighbors acquired more nitrate than big sagebrush. More successful competition for nitrate in the grasses was associated with greater specific root length. Compared to species of the same respective growth form, the two invasive weeds (downy brome and dyer's woad) and prostrate kochia always had significantly lower leaf carbon : nitrogen ratio, and greater leaf nitrogen concentration, which have been broadly correlated with leaf lifespan and nutrient use efficiency, and indicate differing strategies to persist in the semiarid shrub-steppe ecosystems.

Keywords

Big sagebrush, Artemisia tridentat (Beetle & A. Young) Welshcrested wheatgrass, Agropyron cristatum (L.) GaertnerDowny brome, Bromus tectorum L. BROTEdyer's woad, Isatis tinctoria L. ISATIprostrate kochia, Kochia prostrata (L.) Schradwestern yarrow, Achillea lanulosa Nutt.Invasive weedsfunctional groupplant strategyspecific root lengthnitrate
Type
Research Articles
Information
Invasive Plant Science and Management , Volume 1 , Issue 2 , April 2008 , pp. 168 - 177
Copyright
Copyright © Weed Science Society of America 

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