Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-7cvxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T02:25:06.864Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Shoreline Drizzle Applications for Control of Incipient Patches of Yellowflag Iris (Iris pseudacorus)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Joseph M. DiTomaso  and
Guy B. Kyser
Joseph M. DiTomaso*
Affiliation:
Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
Guy B. Kyser
Affiliation:
Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
*
Corresponding author's E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Yellowflag iris, native to Europe, is a rhizomatous, emergent, invasive plant found in pond margins, ditches, and other wetland sites in much of the United States. In water depths up to approximately 50 cm, it forms dense stands, which displace native sedges and rushes, reducing waterfowl habitat and water flow. The rhizomes can reach 6 m in lateral spread, making it very difficult to control by mechanical methods. In addition, conventional boom-sprayer applications are often impractical in most aquatic systems. Drizzle application is a technique for directed treatment of hard-to-reach invasive plants. It uses low volumes (26 to 104 L ha—1) of concentrated herbicide solution, applied using a spray gun emitting a thin stream of solution with an effective range of 6 m. In this study, conducted along the margins of two ponds at the University of California, Davis, we compared drizzle applications of glyphosate, imazapyr, and triclopyr to applications using a conventional boom sprayer. Although both glyphosate and imazapyr provided excellent control (> 96 %) of yellowflag iris with either treatment technique, only the drizzle treatments of imazapyr at 2.26 and 4.52% ae (10 and 20% product) at spray volumes of 52 and 26 L ha—1, respectively, were below the maximum labeled rate and still gave > 98 % control. Furthermore, a cost analysis indicated that the most economical application for effective control of yellowflag iris was a drizzle application of imazapyr at 4.52 % ae (20 % product) at 26 L ha—1. This study demonstrates that drizzle application with imazapyr can be a practical application method for yellowflag iris control in aquatic systems in which broadcast treatments with conventional boom sprayers may be difficult.

Keywords

Glyphosateimazapyrtriclopyryellowflag iris, Iris pseudacorus L.Application technologychemical weed controldrizzlefoliarherbicideinvasiveIris pseudacorusyellowflag iris
Type
Research Article
Information
Invasive Plant Science and Management , Volume 9 , Issue 3 , September 2016 , pp. 205 - 213
Copyright
Copyright © 2016 Weed Science Society of America 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Literature Cited

Burrows, GE, Tyrl, RJ (2001) Toxic Plants of North America. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell. 1342 pGoogle Scholar
Cody, WJ (1961) Iris pseudacorus L. escaped from cultivation in Canada. Can Field Nat 75:139–142 Google Scholar
Coops, H, Van Der Velde, G (1995) Seed dispersal, germination and seedling growth of six helophyte species in relation to water-level zonation. Freshwater Biol 34:13–20 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DiTomaso, JM, Healy, EA (2007) Weeds of California and Other Western States. Berkeley, CA: University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources Publ 3488. 1808 pGoogle Scholar
DiTomaso, JM, Kyser, GB, Oneto, SR, Wilson, RG, Orloff, SB, Anderson, LW, Wright, SD, Roncoroni, JA, Miller, TL, Prather, TS, Ransom, C, Beck, KG, Duncan, C, Wilson, KA, Mann, JJ (2013) Weed Control in Natural Areas in the Western United States. University California, Davis CA: Weed Research and Information Center. 544 pGoogle Scholar
Fuller, TC, McClintock, E (1986) Poisonous Plants of California. Berkeley CA: University California Press. 433 pGoogle Scholar
Forestry Distributing (2016) Insecticides, Miticides, Nematicides, Fungicides, Biopesticides, Herbicides, Verbenone, MCH and Professional Forestry Products. http://www.forestrydistributing.com/en. Accessed March 1, 2016Google Scholar
Gedebo, A, Froud-Williams, RJ (1998) Seed biology of Impatiens glandulifera, Typha latifolia and Iris pseudacorus . Pages 55–58 in 10th EWRS Symposium on Aquatic Weeds, Lisbon. Doorwerth, Netherlands: European Weed Research Society Google Scholar
Hobden, J, Scott, L (2013) Yellow flag iris (Iris pseudacorus): Invasive plants of the Okanagan-Similkameen—Okanagan and Similkameen Invasive Species Society Publication, British Columbia, Canada. http://www.oasiss.ca/pdfs/Yellow%20Flag%20Iris-Apr%202013.pdf. Accessed March 14, 2016Google Scholar
Jacobs, J., Pokorny, M., Mangold, J., and Graves-Medley, M. (2011) Biology, Ecology and Management of Yellowflag Iris (Iris pseudacorus L.). Bozeman, MT: Montana State University Extension Publ. EB0203Google Scholar
Morgan, VH, Berent, L, Fusaro, A (2012) Iris pseudacorus. Gainesville, FL: United States Geological Service (USGS) Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database. http://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/GreatLakes/SpeciesInfo.asp?NoCache=11%2F12%2F2012+2%3A54%3A16+PM&SpeciesID=1115&State=&HUCNumber=DGreatLakes. Accessed March 14, 2013Google Scholar
Motooka, P (2000) Efficacy and efficiency of drizzle herbicide applications in Hawaii. Pages 95–97 in Proceedings of the Western Society of Weed Science (WSWS). Tucson, AZ: WSWSGoogle Scholar
Motooka, P, Ching, L, Nagai, G (2002) Herbicidal weed control methods for pastures and natural areas in Hawaii. Mānoa, HI: Departments of Natural Resources and Environmental Management and Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, Hawaii Department of Agriculture Publ. WC-8. 36 pGoogle Scholar
Motooka, P, Nagai, G, Ching, L (1983) The “magic wand” method of herbicide application. Pages 550–553 in Proceedings of the Ninth Asian Pacific Weed Science Society Conference. Manila, Philippines: APWSSC Google Scholar
Motooka, P, Nagai, G, Kawakami, G, Ching, L (1998) A very-low volume herbicide application method for vegetation management in conservation forests. Pages 124–126 in Proceedings of the Western Society of Weed Science (WSWS). Waikoloa, HI: WSWS Google Scholar
Motooka, P, Powley, J, DuPonte, M, Ching, L, Nagai, G, Kawakami, G (1999) Drizzle herbicide application for weed management in forests. Pages 136–139 in Proceedings of the Western Society of Weed Science (WSWS). Colorado Springs, CO: WSWS Google Scholar
[NWCB] Noxious Weed Control Board (2011) Yellow flag (Iris pseudacorus L.). Olympia, WA: Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board. http://www.nwcb.wa.gov/detail.asp?weed=78. Accessed March 14, 2016Google Scholar
Oneto, SR, Kyser, GB, DiTomaso, JM (2010) Efficacy of mechanical and herbicide control methods for Scotch broom ( Cytisus scoparius) and cost analysis of chemical control options. Invasive Plant Sci Manag 3:421–428 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Preece, SJ (1964) Iris pseudacorus in Montana. Pages 1–4 in Proceedings of the 24th Montana Academy of Sciences. Butte, MT: MAS Google Scholar
Ramey, V, Peichel, B (2001) Yellow flag (Iris pseudacorus). Gainesville, FL: Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants, University of Florida. http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/node/205. Accessed March 14, 2016Google Scholar
Raven, PH, Thomas, JH (1970) Iris pseudacorus in western North America. Madroño 20:390–391 Google Scholar
Santos, GL, Kageler, D, Gardner, DE, Cuddihy, L, Stone, CP (1992) Herbicidal control of selected alien plant species in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Pages 341–375 in Stone, CP, Smith, CW, Tunison, JT, eds. Alien Plant Invasions in Native Ecosystems of Hawaii—Management and Research. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii, Cooperative National Park Resource Study Unit Google Scholar
Sutherland, WJ (1990) Biological flora of the British Isles: Iris pseudacorus L. J Ecol 78:833–848 Google Scholar
Sutherland, WJ, Walton, D (1990) The changes in morphology and demography of Iris pseudacorus L. at different heights on a saltmarsh. Funct Ecol 4:655–659 Google Scholar
Tu, M (2003) Element Stewardship Abstract for Iris pseudacorus L. (yellow flag iris, water flag). Arlington, VA: Nature Conservancy. http://www.invasive.org/weedcd/pdfs/tncweeds/irispse.pdf. Accessed March 10, 2016Google Scholar
[USDA] U.S. Department of Agriculture (2016) USDA Plants Database. http://plants.usda.gov/. Accessed March 1, 2016Google Scholar
[USDA-APHIS] United States Department of Agriculture–Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (2013) Weed Risk Assessment for Iris pseudacorus L. (Iridaceae)—Yellow Flag Iris. Version 1. 16 p. https://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/plant_pest_info/weeds/downloads/wra/Iris_pseudacorus_WRA.pdf. Accessed March 10, 2016Google Scholar