Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dsjbd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T09:24:57.019Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Cold Stratification Requirements for Germination of Alliaria petiolata

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

S. Raghu*
Affiliation:
School of Natural Resource Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia Illinois Natural History Survey, 1816, S. Oak St., Champaign, IL 61820
Susan L. Post
Affiliation:
Illinois Natural History Survey, 1816, S. Oak St., Champaign, IL 61820
*
Corresponding author's E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Garlic mustard is among the most important invasive weeds of North American eastern deciduous forests. Investigations of the mechanisms that enable its success as an invader require a simple method to propagate this weed in the laboratory and the greenhouse; we develop such a method in this study. Cold treatment (24-h dark cycle; maximum 6 C, minimum −1 C) for at least 100 d on a moist organic mix, followed by incubation at temperatures approximating spring (maximum 15 C, minimum 6 C), results in close to 100% germination. The information presented here will be valuable in studies requiring a steady supply of garlic mustard plants for experimentation and for the mass rearing of biological control agents.

Type
Notes and Commentary
Copyright
Copyright © Weed Science Society of America 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Literature Cited

Anderson, R. C., Dhillion, S. S., and Kelley, T. M. 1996. Aspects of the ecology of an invasive plant, garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata), in Central Illinois. Restor. Ecol 4:181191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baskin, J. M. and Baskin, C. C. 1992. Seed germination biology of the weedy biennial Alliaria petiolata . Nat. Areas J 12:191197.Google Scholar
Baskin, C. C. and Baskin, J. M. 2001. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. San Diego Academic Press. 666.Google Scholar
Blossey, B., Nuzzo, V., Hinz, H., and Gerber, E. 2001. Developing biological control of Alliaria petiolata (M. Bieb.) Cavara and Grande (garlic mustard). Nat. Areas J 21:357367.Google Scholar
Byers, D. L. and Quinn, J. A. 1998. Demographic variation in Alliaria petiolata (Brassicaceae) in four contrasting habitats. J. Torrey Bot. Soc 125:138149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cavers, P. B., Heagy, M. I., and Kokron, R. F. 1979. The biology of Canadian weeds. 35. Alliaria petiolata (M. Bieb.) Cavara and Grande. Can. J. Plant Sci 59:217229.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clapham, A. R., Tutin, T. G., and Warburg, W. F. 1952. Flora of the British Isles. 1st ed. Cambridge, UK Cambridge University Press. 1571.Google Scholar
Davis, A. S., Landis, D. A., Nuzzo, V., Blossey, B., Gerber, E., and Hinz, H. L. 2006. Demographic models inform the selection of biocontrol agents for garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata). Ecol. Appl 16:23992410.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dhillion, S. S. and Anderson, R. C. 1999. Growth and photosynthetic response of first-year garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) to varied irradiance. J. Torrey Bot. Soc 126:914.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Durka, W., Bossdorf, O., Prati, D., and Auge, H. 2005. Molecular evidence for multiple introductions of garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata, Brassicaceae) to North America. Mol. Ecol 14:16971706.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCarthy, B. C. 1997. Responses of a forest understory community to experimental removal of an invasive nonindigenous plant (Alliaria petiolata, Brassicaceae). Pages 117130. in Luken, J. and Thieret, J., editors. Assessment and Management of Plant Invasions. New York Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCullagh, P. and Nelder, J. A. 1989. Generalized Linear Models. 2nd ed. London Chapman & Hall. 532.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Myers, C. V. and Anderson, R. C. 2003. Seasonal variation in photosynthetic rates influences success of an invasive plant, garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata). Am. Midl. Nat 150:231245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Myers, C. V., Anderson, R. C., and Byers, D. M. 2005. Influence of shading on the growth and photosynthesis of the invasive non-indigenous plant garlic mustard [Alliaria petiolata (M. Bieb) Cavara and Grande] grown under simulated late-winter to mid-spring conditions. J. Torrey Bot. Soc 132:110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nuzzo, V. 1991. Experimental control of garlic mustard Allaria petiolata Cavara and Grande in northern Illinois, USA, using fire, herbicide and cutting. Nat. Areas J 11:158167.Google Scholar
Nuzzo, V. 1999. Invasion pattern of the herb garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) in high quality forests. Biol. Invasions 1:169179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, K. J. and Anderson, R. C. 2001. Effects of garlic mustard [Alliaria petiolata ] extracts on plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. Am. Midl. Nat 146:146152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scoggan, H. J. 1978. The Flora of Canada. Chichester, UK National Museum of Natural Sciences. 1711.Google Scholar
Stinson, K., Campbell, S., Powell, J., Wolfe, B., Callaway, R., Thelen, G., Hallett, S., Prati, D., and Klironomos, J. 2006. Invasive plant suppresses the growth of native tree seedlings by disrupting belowground mutualisms. PLoS Biol 4:e140.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed