Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-r5fsc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T01:18:11.008Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Transnational society as a mirror of international society: a reinterpretation of contemporary world order

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 July 2019

Thomas Davies*
Affiliation:
Department of International Politics, City, University of London, Northampton Square, London EC1V 0HB, UK
*
*Corresponding author. Email: [email protected]

Abstract

Although there has been widespread attention to the apparent rise of a transnational society of cross-border non-state actors alongside the international society of states, transnational society and international society have traditionally been treated as distinctive domains with different institutions. This article, by contrast, aims to transform theorization of world order through its investigation of how actors in transnational society have developed institutions that mirror in notable respects some of the primary institutions of the international society of states such as through serving constitutive and regulative functions. In addition to delineating these institutions of transnational society, the article interrogates the interdependence of these institutions of transnational society and those of international society, as well as their differences and repercussions for world order. The analysis considers how, in conjunction with the contribution of institutions of international society to international order, institutions of transnational society contribute to transnational order. By exploring not only the tensions between but also the complementarities of transnational and interstate institutions, the article both provides a reinterpretation of contemporary world order and helps reveal the potential for its more harmonious operation.

Type
Original Papers
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press, 2019 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Accountable Now. 2016. Annual Report 2016; Overview 2016; Outlook 2017. Berlin: Accountable Now.Google Scholar
Allan, Jen Iris, and Hadden, Jennifer. 2017. “Exploring the Framing Power of NGOs in Global Climate Politics.” Environmental Politics 26(4):600–20.Google Scholar
Anheier, Helmut. 2008. “The CIVICUS Civil Society Index: Proposals for Future Directions.” In CIVICUS Global Survey of the State of Civil Society: Comparative Perspectives, 2nd vol., edited by Heinrich, Volkhart and Fioramonti, Lorenzo, 2736. Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian.Google Scholar
Armbruster-Sandoval, Ralph. 2005. Globalization and Cross-Border Labor Solidarity in the Americas: The Anti-Sweatshop Movement and the Struggle for Social Justice. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Baer, Maxim. 2013. International Corporations as Actors in Global Governance: Evidence from 92 Top-Managers in Germany and France. Wiesbaden: Springer VS.Google Scholar
Banks, Nicola, David, Hulme and Michael, Edwards. 2015. “NGOs, States, and Donors Revisited: Still Too Close for Comfort?World Development 66:707718.Google Scholar
Beer, Christopher T., Bartley, Tim, and Roberts, Wade T.. 2012. “NGOs: Between Advocacy, Service Provision, and Regulation.” In Oxford Handbook of Governance, edited by Levi-Faur, David, 325–38. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Betsill, Michele M. 2015. “International Climate Change Policy.” In The Global Environment: Institutions, Law, and Policy, edited by Axelrod, Regina S. and VanDeveer, Stacy D., 234–58. Thousand Oaks, CA: CQ Press.Google Scholar
Biersteker, Thomas J. 2013. “State, Sovereignty, and Territory.” In Handbook of International Relations, 2nd ed., edited by Carlsnaes, Walter, Risse, Thomas, and Simmons, Beth A., 245–72. London: SAGE.Google Scholar
Bloodgood, Elizabeth. 2011. “The Yearbook of International Organizations and Quantitative Non-State Actor Research.” In The Ashgate Research Companion to Non-State Actors, edited by Reinalda, Bob, 1934. Farnham: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Bloodgood, Elizabeth, Tremblay-Boire, Joannie, and Prakash, Aseem. 2014. “National Styles of NGO Regulation.” Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 43(4):716–36.Google Scholar
Bob, Clifford. 2011. “Civil and Uncivil Society.” In Oxford Handbook of Civil Society, edited by Edwards, Michael D., 209–19. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Borrie, John. 2009. Unacceptable Harm: A History of how the Treaty to Ban Cluster Munitions was Won. Geneva: UNIDIR.Google Scholar
Brown, Halina Szejnwald, de Jong, Martin, and Lessidrenska, Teodorina. 2007. The Rise of the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) as A Case of Institutional Entrepreneurship. Cambridge, MA: John F. Kennedy School of Government.Google Scholar
Bull, Hedley. 1966. “International Theory: The Case for a Classical Approach.” World Politics 18(3):361–77.Google Scholar
Bull, Hedley. 2012. The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics, 4th ed., Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Busby, Joshua W. 2010. Moral Movements and Foreign Policy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Büthe, Tim. 2010. “Global Private Politics: A Research Agenda.” Business and Politics 12(3):124.Google Scholar
Buzan, Barry. 2004. From International to World Society? English School Theory and the Social Structure of Globalisation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Buzan, Barry. 2006. “Rethinking Hedley Bull on the Institutions of International Society.” In The Anarchical Society in a Globalized World, edited by Little, Richard and Williams, John, 7596. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Buzan, Barry. 2014a. An Introduction to the English School of International Relations. Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar
Buzan, Barry. 2014b. “The ‘Standard of Civilisation’ as an English School Concept.” Millennium: Journal of International Studies 42(3):576–94.Google Scholar
Buzan, Barry. 2018. “Revisiting World Society.” International Politics 55(1):125–40.Google Scholar
Buzan, Barry, and Lawson, George. 2016. “Theory, History, and the Global Transformation.” International Theory 8(3):502–22.Google Scholar
Coen, David, and Pegram, Tom. 2018. “Towards a Third Generation of Global Governance Scholarship.” Global Policy 9(1):107–13.Google Scholar
Chappelet, Jean-Loup. 2008. The International Olympic Committee and the Olympic System: The Governance of World Sport. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Charnovitz, Steve. 1997. “Two Centuries of Participation: NGOs and International Governance.” Michigan Journal of International Law 18(2):183286.Google Scholar
CIVICUS. 2014. Members at the Centre: Membership Policy, Terms and Conditions. Johannesburg: CIVICUS.Google Scholar
Clark, Anne Marie. 2001. Diplomacy of Conscience: Amnesty International and Changing Human Rights Norms. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Clark, Ian. 2007. International Legitimacy and World Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Clark, Ian. 2009. “Towards an English School Theory of Hegemony.” European Journal of International Relations 15(2):203–28.Google Scholar
Colas, Alejandro. 2002. International Civil Society: Social Movements in World Politics. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Cortright, David. 2008. Peace: A History of Movements and Ideas. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Crack, Angela. 2018. “The Regulation of International NGOS: Assessing the Effectiveness of the INGO Accountability Charter.” VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations 29(2):419–29.Google Scholar
Crystal, David. 2003. English as a Global Language, 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Davies, Thomas. 2014. NGOs: A New History of Transnational Civil Society. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Davies, Thomas. 2017. “Understanding Non-Governmental Organizations in World Politics: The Promise and Pitfalls of the Early ‘Science of Internationalism’.” European Journal of International Relations 23(4):884905.Google Scholar
Davis, Peter. 2012. Corporations, Global Governance and Post-Conflict Reconstruction. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Deloffre, Maryam Zarnegar. 2016. “Global Accountability Communities: NGO Self-Regulation in the Humanitarian Sector.” Review of International Studies 42(4):724–47.Google Scholar
Eberly, Don. 2008. The Rise of Global Civil Society: Building Communities and Nations from the Bottom Up. New York: Encounter Books.Google Scholar
Finnemore, Martha, and Sikkink, Kathryn. 1998. “International Norm Dynamics and Political Change.” International Organization 52(4):887917.Google Scholar
Forclaz, Amalia Ribi. 2015. Humanitarian Imperialism: The Politics of Anti-Slavery Activism, 1880–1940. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Fouchard, Philippe, Gaillard, Emmanuel, and Goldman, Berthold. 1999. Fouchard, Gaillard, Goldman on International Commercial Arbitration. The Hague: Kluwer Law International.Google Scholar
Friedner Parrat, Charlotta. 2017. “On the Evolution of Primary Institutions of International Society.” International Studies Quarterly 61(3):623–30.Google Scholar
Glasius, Marlies. 2006. The International Criminal Court: A Global Civil Society Achievement. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Global Reporting Initiative (GRI). 2019a. “About GRI.” Accessed January 9, 2019. https://www.globalreporting.org/information/about-gri/Pages/default.aspx.Google Scholar
Glopolis. 2009. Transforming the World in Crisis. Prague: Glopolis.Google Scholar
Gong, Gerrit W. 1984. The Standard of ‘Civilization’ in International Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Gulbrandsen, Lars H. 2010. Transnational Environmental Governance: The Emergence and Effects of the Certification of Forest and Fisheries. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
Halliday, Terence C., and Shaffer, Gregory. 2015. Transnational Legal Orders. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hardt, Michael. 2004. “Today's Bandung?” In A Movement of Movements: Is Another World Really Possible?, edited by Tom, Mertes, 230–36. London: Verso.Google Scholar
Heiss, Andrew, and Kelley, Judith. 2017. “Between A Rock and A Hard Place: International NGOs and the Dual Pressures of Donors and Host Governments.” The Journal of Politics 79(2):732–41.Google Scholar
Hertel, Shareen. 2006. Unexpected Power: Conflict and Change Among Transnational Activists. Ithaca, NY: ILR Press.Google Scholar
Holsti, Kalevi Jaakko. 2004. Taming the Sovereigns: Institutional Change in International Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hurrell, Andrew. 2007. On Global Order: Power, Values, and the Constitution of International Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ikenberry, G. John. 2011. Liberal Leviathan: The Origins, Crisis, and Transformation of the American World Order. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Islamic Relief Worldwide. 2017. Global Strategy, 2017–2021. Birmingham: Islamic Relief Worldwide.Google Scholar
Jessup, Philip C. 1956. Transnational Law. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Jie, Chen. 2016. “World Civic Politics in China: Assessing International NGOs' Influence.” China: An International Journal 14(4):95117.Google Scholar
Jones, Andrew. 2015. “The Disasters Emergency Committee (DEC) and the Humanitarian Industry in Britain, 1963–85.” Twentieth Century British History 26(4):573601.Google Scholar
Jongman, Albert J. 2011. “Introduction to the World Directory of Extremist, Terrorist and Other Organisations Associated with Guerrilla Warfare, Political Violence, Protest, Organised Crime and Cyber-Crime.” In The Routledge Handbook of Terrorism Research, edited by Schmid, Alex P., 341–49. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Kaldor, Mary. 2003. Global Civil Society: An Answer to War. Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar
Kaldor, Mary. 2012. New and Old Wars: Organized Violence in a Global Era, 3rd ed., Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar
Keck, Margaret, and Sikkink, Kathryn. 1998. Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Keohane, Robert O. 1988. “International Institutions: Two Approaches.” International Studies Quarterly 32(4):379–96.Google Scholar
Khagram, Sanjeev, Riker, James V., and Sikkink, Kathryn. 2002. “From Santiago to Seattle: Transnational Advocacy Groups Restructuring World Politics.” In Restructuring World Politics: Transnational Social Movements, Networks, and Norms, edited by Khagram, Sanjeev, Riker, James V., and Sikkink, Kathryn, 323. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Krahmann, Elke. 2008. “Security: Collective Good or Commodity?European Journal of International Relations 14(3):379404.Google Scholar
Laybourn, Christina. 2011. NGO Accountability and Self-Regulation: The Global Picture. London: One World Trust.Google Scholar
Lloyd, Robert. 2005. The Role of NGO Self-Regulation in Increasing Stakeholder Accountability. London: One World Trust.Google Scholar
Long, Michael A., Hogan, Michael J., Stretesky, Paul B. and Lynch, Michael J.. 2007. “The Relationship Between Postwar Reconstruction Contracts and Political Donations: The Case in Afghanistan and Iraq.” Sociological Spectrum 27(4):453–72.Google Scholar
Macklem, Patrick. 2015. The Sovereignty of Human Rights. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Malet, David, and Anderson, Miriam. eds. 2017. Transnational Actors in War and Peace: Militants, Activists, and Corporations in World Politics. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar
Mattli, Walter, and Dietz, Thomas. eds. 2014. International Arbitration and Global Governance: Contending Theories and Evidence. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
McLaren, Richard H. 2000. “The Court of Arbitration for Sport: An Independent Arena for the World's Sports Disputes.” Valparaiso University Law Review 35(2):379405.Google Scholar
Mitzen, Jennifer. 2013. Power in Concert: The Nineteenth Century Origins of Global Governance. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Moore, Margaret. 2015. A Political Theory of Territory. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Murphy, Sean D. 2002. “Terrorism and the Concept of ‘Armed Attack’ in Article 51 of the UN Charter.” Harvard International Law Review 43(1):4151.Google Scholar
Noortmann, Math. 2001. “Non-State Actors in International Law.” In Non-State Actors in International Relations, edited by Arts, Bas, Noortmann, Math, and Reinalda, Bob, 5976. Aldershot: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Nuttall, Tom. 2016. “Small But Not Too Beautiful.” The Economist, 13 August. Accessed March 18, 2017. http://www.economist.com/news/europe/21704823-europes-micro-countries-may-be-places-where-people-are-up-no-good-so-are-bigger-ones-small.Google Scholar
Nye, Joseph S. 2002. The Paradox of American Power: Why The World's Only Superpower Can't Go It Alone. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Nye, Joseph S. 2010. “Is Military Power Becoming Obsolete?Project Syndicate, 11 January. Accessed March 8, 2018. https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/is-military-power-becoming-obsolete.Google Scholar
Onuf, Nicholas. 2002. “Institutions, Intentions and International Relations.” Review of International Studies 28(2):211–28.Google Scholar
Pace, Michelle. 2005. “Imagining Co-Presence in Euro-Mediterranean Relations: The Role of ‘Dialogue’.” Mediterranean Politics 10(3):291312.Google Scholar
Pattberg, Philipp H. 2005. “The Forest Stewardship Council: Risk and Potential of Private Forest Governance.” Journal of Environment & Development 14(3):356–74.Google Scholar
Politano, Frank L. 2012. “The Rules of Selected Administrative Bodies Relevant to Intellectual Property Disputes.” In Arbitration of International Intellectual Property Disputes, edited by Halket, Thomas D., 185222. Huntington, NY: JurisNet.Google Scholar
Prakash, Aseem, and Potoski, Matthew. 2006. The Voluntary Environmentalists: Green Clubs, ISO 14001, and Voluntary Environmental Regulations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ralph, Jason. 2007. Defending the Society of States: Why America Opposes the International Criminal Court and Its Vision of World Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Reeb, Mattieu. 2006. “The Role and Function of the Court of Arbitration for Sport.” In The Court of Arbitration for Sport 1984–2004, edited by Blackshaw, Ian, Siekmann, Robert C.R., and Soek, Janwillem, 31–9. The Hague: TMC Asser Press.Google Scholar
Ronalds, Paul. 2010. The Change Imperative: Creating the Next Generation NGO. Sterling, VA: Kumarian Press.Google Scholar
Ruhlman, Molly. 2014. Who Participates in Global Governance?: States, Bureaucracies, and NGOs in the United Nations. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Schneiker, Andrea. 2017. “NGO-NGO Relations.” In Palgrave Handbook of Inter-Organizational Relations in World Politics, edited by Biermann, Rafael and Koops, Joachim, 319–36. London: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Schouenborg, Laust. 2011. “A New Institutionalism? The English School as International Sociological Theory.” International Relations 25(1):2644.Google Scholar
Schouenborg, Laust. 2017. International Institutions in World History: Divorcing International Relations Theory from the State and Stage Models. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Shaw, Malcolm N. 2014. International Law, 7th ed., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Steffek, Jens, and Hahn, Kristina. eds. 2010. Evaluating Transnational NGOs: Legitimacy, Accountability, Representation. Basingstoke: Palgrave.Google Scholar
Stephen, Matthew D., and Zürn, Michael. 2014. “Contested World Orders: Rising Powers, Non-State Actors, and the Politics of Authority beyond the Nation-State.” WZB Discussion Paper SP IV 2014-107. Berlin: WZB.Google Scholar
Stivachtis, Yannis A., and McKeil, Aaron. 2018. “Conceptualizing World Society.” International Politics 55(1):110.Google Scholar
Thrandardottir, Erla. 2017. “NGO Audiences: A Beethamite Analysis.” City, University of London Working Papers on Transnational Politics CUWPTP/13. London: City, University of London.Google Scholar
Thrandardottir, Erla, and Keating, Vincent. 2018. “Bridging the Legitimacy Gap: A Proposal for the International Legal Recognition of INGOs.” International Politics 55(2):207–20.Google Scholar
Ralph, Thurm. 2006. “Taking the GRI to Scale. Towards the Next Generation of Sustainability Reporting Guidelines.” In Sustainability Accounting and Reporting, edited by Schaltegger, Stefan, Bennett, Martin, and Burritt, Roger, 325–37. Springer: Dordrecht.Google Scholar
Torti, Valerio. 2016. Intellectual Property Rights and Competition in Standard Setting: Objectives and Tensions. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Union of International Associations (UIA). 1914. The Union of International Associations: A World Center. Brussels: Union of International Associations.Google Scholar
UIA. 2018a. Yearbook of International Organizations, 2017–18. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
UIA. 2018b. “Frequently Asked Questions.” Accessed March 9, 2018. https://www.uia.org/faq.Google Scholar
Van Greuning, Hennie, Scott, Darrel, and Terblanche, Simonet. 2011. International Financial Reporting Standards: A Practical Guide. Washington, DC: World Bank.Google Scholar
Veuthey, Michel. 2013. “Humanitarian Ethical and Legal Standards.” In History and Hope: The International Humanitarian Reader, edited by Cahill, Kevin M., 2639. New York: Fordham University Press.Google Scholar
Wapner, Paul. 1995. “Politics Beyond the State: Environmental Activism and World Civic Politics.” World Politics 47(3):311–40.Google Scholar
Weinert, Matthew S. 2017. “Grounding World Society: Spatiality, Cultural Heritage, and Our World as Shared Geographies.” Review of International Studies 43(3):409–29.Google Scholar
Wight, Martin. 1977. Systems of States. Leicester: Leicester University Press.Google Scholar
Willetts, Peter. 2011. Non-Governmental Organizations in World Politics: The Construction of Global Governance. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Wilson, Peter. 2012. “The English School Meets the Chicago School: The Case for A Grounded Theory of International Institutions.” International Studies Review 14(4):567–90.Google Scholar
Wright, Glen W. 2012. “NGOs and Western Hegemony: Causes for Concern and Ideas for Change.” Development in Practice 22(1):123–34.Google Scholar
Young, Zoe. 1999. “NGOs and the Global Environmental Facility: Friendly Foes?Environmental Politics 8(1):243–67.Google Scholar
Zaum, Dominik. 2013. “International Organizations, Legitimacy and Legitimation.” In Legitimating International Organizations, edited by Zaum, Dominik, 325. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Zürn, Michael. 2018. A Theory of Global Governance: Authority, Legitimacy, and Contestation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar