Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-f46jp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-01-10T20:56:43.603Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The great trilemma: are globalization, democracy, and sovereignty compatible?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 May 2016

Arthur A. Stein
Arthur A. Stein*
Affiliation:
Department of Political Science, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
*
E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Current economic and political developments spotlight the relationship between domestic and global governance and the impact of globalization on both. A key question is whether a sovereign state system, democratic governments, and an integrated global marketplace can coexist. The paper assesses analytic materialist arguments for their incompatibility and the key assumptions on which they rest. The paper describes the extant pressures operating to limit each of the three: how sovereignty and democracy work to constrain globalization, how globalization and sovereignty generate a democratic deficit, and how globalization and democracy lead to limitations upon, and even the transcendence of, sovereignty. How to make the three compatible, and failing that, which facet to restrain, characterizes political contestation in a globalizing age. Global and domestic governance reflect the need to reconcile the combined implications of globalization, sovereignty, and democracy, and to do so by restraining, limiting, or transforming one or more of these features.

Keywords

globalizationdemocracysovereigntyeconomic integrationliberalismopennessredistribution
Type
Original Papers
Information
International Theory , Volume 8 , Issue 2 , July 2016 , pp. 297 - 340
Copyright
© Cambridge University Press 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Acemoglu, Daron, and Robinson, James A.. 2000. “Why Did the West Extend the Franchise? Democracy, Inequality, and Growth in Historical Perspective.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 115(4):1167–1199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Acemoglu, Daron, Naidu, Suresh, Restrepo, Pascual, and Robinson, James A.. 2015. “Democracy, Redistribution, and Inequality.” In Handbook of Income Distribution, vol. 2B, edited by Anthony Atkinson and Francois Bourguignon, 1885–1966. New York: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Adler-Nissen, Rebecca, and Gammeltoft-Hansen, Thomas, eds. 2008. Sovereignty Games: Instrumentalizing State Sovereignty in Europe and Beyond. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adserà, Alícia, and Boix, Carles. 2002. “Trade, Democracy, and the Size of the Public Sector: The Political Underpinnings of Openness.” International Organization 56(2):229–262.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Agné, Hans. 2010. “Why Democracy Must be Global: Self-Founding and Democratic Intervention.” International Theory 2(3):381–409.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Agnew, John. 2005. “Sovereignty Regimes: Territoriality and State Authority in Contemporary World Politics.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 95(2):437–461.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alesina, Alberto, and Tabellini, Guido. 1989. “External Debt, Capital Flight and Political Risk.” Journal of International Economics 27(3–4):199–220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alesina, Alberto F., and Giuliano, Paola. 2011. “Preferences for Redistribution.” In Handbook of Social Economics, edited by Jess Benhabib, Alberto Bisin, and Matthew O. Jackson, 93–131. Amsterdam: North Holland.Google Scholar
Alfaro, Laura. 2004. “Capital Controls: A Political Economy Approach.” Review of International Economics 12(4):571–590.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andrews, Edmund L. 2001. “Europe Union’s Dreams Meet Electoral Reality.” New York Times, June 9, p. A6.Google Scholar
Archibugi, Daniele, and Held, David. 1995. Cosmopolitan Democracy: An Agenda for a New World Order. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Baker, Andy. 2005. “Who Wants to Globalize? Consumer Tastes and Labor Markets in a Theory of Trade Policy Beliefs.” American Journal of Political Science 49(4):924–938.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baldwin, Richard E., and Martin, Philippe. 1999. “Two Waves of Globalization: Superficial Similarities, Fundamental Differences.” NBER Working Paper No. 6904, Cambridge, MA. Accessed August 1, 2001. http://www.nber.org/papers/w6904.Google Scholar
Baldwin, Robert E. 1982. “The Political Economy of Protection.” In Import Competition and Response, edited by Jagdish N. Bhagwati, 263–286. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Baldwin, Robert E. 2008. The Development and Testing of Heckscher-Ohlin Trade Models: A Review, The Ohlin Lectures. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balistreri, Edward J. 1997. “The Performance of the Heckscher-Ohlin-Vanek Model in Predicting Endogenous Policy Forces at the Individual Level.” Canadian Journal of Economics 30(1):1–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bank of International Settlements. 2013. “Foreign Exchange Turnover in April 2013: Preliminary Global Results.” Triennial Central Bank Survey, September. Accessed September 7, 2013. http://www.bis.org/publ/rpfx13fx.pdf.Google Scholar
Barro, Robert J., and Sala-i-Martin, Xavier. 1991. “Convergence Across States and Regions.” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, No. 1, 107–158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bartelson, Jens. 1995. A Genealogy of Sovereignty. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beaulieu, Eugene. 2002. “Factor or Industry Cleavages in Trade Policy? An Empirical Analysis of the Stolper–Samuelson Theorem.” Economics & Politics 14(2):99–131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benhabib, Jess, and Przeworski, Adam. 2006. “The Political Economy of Redistribution Under Democracy.” Economic Theory 29(2):271–290.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bennett, Colin J. 1991. “What is Policy Convergence and What Causes it?” British Journal of Political Science 21(2):215–233.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berg, Eiki, and Kuusk, Ene. 2010. “What Makes Sovereignty a Relative Concept? Empirical Approaches to International Society.” Political Geography 29(1):40–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berger, Suzanne. 1995. “Trade and Identity: The Coming Protectionism?” In Remaking the Hexagon: The New France in the New Europe, edited by Gregory Flynn, 195–210. Boulder, CO: Westview.Google Scholar
Berger, Suzanne 2000. “Globalization and Politics.” Annual Review of Political Science 3:43–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernhard, William, and Leblang, David. 1999. “Democratic Institutions and Exchange-Rate Commitments.” International Organization 53(1):71–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernholz, Peter. 2000. “Democracy and Capitalism: Are They Compatible in the Long-Run?” Journal of Evolutionary Economics 10:3–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhagwati, Jagdish. 1998. “The Capital Myth: The Difference Between Trade in Widgets and Dollars.” Foreign Affairs 77(3):7–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhagwati, Jagdish, and Srinivasan, T. N.. 2002. “Trade and Poverty in the Poor Countries.” American Economic Review 92(2):180–183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biersteker, Thomas J., and Weber, Cynthia, eds. 1996. State Sovereignty as Social Construct. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blonigen, Bruce A. 2011. “Revisiting the Evidence on Trade Policy Preferences.” Journal of International Economics 85(1):129–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boix, Carles. 2003. Democracy and Redistribution, Cambridge Studies in Comparative Politics. Cambridge, UK and New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bonica, Adam, McCarty, Nolan, Poole, Keith T., and Rosenthal, Howard. 2013. “Why Hasn’t Democracy Slowed Rising Inequality?” Journal of Economic Perspectives 27(3):103–124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bordo, Michael D., Eichengreen, Barry, and Irwin, Douglas A.. 1999. “Is Globalization Today Really Different Than Globalization a Hundred Years Ago?” NBER Working Paper No. 7195, Cambridge, MA.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bordo, Michael D., Eichengreen, Barry, and Kim, Jongwoo. 1998. “Was There Really an Earlier Period of International Financial Integration Comparable to Today?” NBER Working Paper No. 6738, Cambridge, MA.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boyers, James M. 1998. “Globalization and the United States Constitution: How Much Can it Accommodate?” Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies 5:583–599.Google Scholar
Brawley, Mark R. 1997. “Factoral or Sectoral Conflict? Partially Mobile Factors and the Politics of Trade in Imperial Germany.” International Studies Quarterly 41:633–653.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, Andrew G., and Stern, Robert M.. 2009. “Global Market Integration and National Sovereignty.” In Globalization and International Trade Policies, edited by Robert M. Stern, 77–108. Hackensack, NJ: World Scientific.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brune, Nancy, and Garrett, Geoffrey. 2005. “The Globalization Rorschach Test: International Economic Integration, Inequality, and the Role of Government.” Annual Review of Political Science 8:399–423.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burgoon, Brian. 2001. “Globalization and Welfare Compensation: Disentangling the Ties That Bind.” International Organization 55(3):509–551.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cable, Vincent. 1995. “The Diminished Nation-State: A Study in the Loss of Economic Power.” Daedalus 124(2):23–51.Google Scholar
Cameron, David. 1978. “The Expansion of the Public Economy.” American Political Science Review 72:1243–1261.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Casella, Alessandra. 1992. “On Markets and Clubs: Economic and Political Integration of Regions With Unequal Productivity.” American Economic Review 82:115–121.Google Scholar
Casella, Alessandra, and Feinstein, Jonathan S.. 2002. “Public Goods in Trade: On the Formation of Markets and Jurisdictions.” International Economic Review 43(2):437–462.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cerny, Philip G. 1999. “Globalization and the Erosion of Democracy.” European Journal of Political Research 36(1):1–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cline, William R. 1997. Trade and Income Distribution. Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics.Google Scholar
Cline, William R 1999. “Trade and Income Distribution: The Debate and New Evidence.” Peterson Institute for International Economics, Policy Brief 99-7, September. Accessed January 27, 2006. http://iie.com/publications/pb/pb.cfm?ResearchID=94.Google Scholar
Cohen, Benjamin J. 1998. The Geography of Money. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Congleton, Roger D. 2004. “The Median Voter Model.” In The Encyclopedia of Public Choice, edited by Charles K. Rowley and Friedrich Schneider, 382–387. Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers.Google Scholar
Cooper, Richard N. 1995. “Growing World Trade: Causes and Consequences. Comments and Discussion.” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, No. 1, 363–368.Google Scholar
Crafts, Nicholas, and Venables, Anthony J.. 2003. “Globalization in History: A Geographical Perspective.” In Globalization in Historical Perspective, edited by Michael D. Bordo, Alan M. Taylor, and Jeffrey G. Williamson, 323–364. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dahl, Robert A. 1971. Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Dahl, Robert A 1999. “Can International Organizations be Democratic? A Skeptic’s View.” In Democracy’s Edges, edited by Ian Shapiro and Casiano Hacker-Cordón, 19–36. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, Donald R., and Mishra, Prachi. 2007. “Stolper-Samuelson is Dead: And Other Crimes of Both Theory and Data.” In Globalization and Poverty, edited by Ann Harrison, 87–107. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De La O, Ana L., and Rodden, Jonathan A.. 2008. “Does Religion Distract the Poor? Income and Issue Voting Around the World.” Comparative Political Studies 41(4–5):437–476.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Destler, I. M. 1986. “Protecting Congress or Protecting Trade?” Foreign Policy, No. 62, 96–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Destler, I. M. 2005. American Trade Politics, 4th ed. Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics.Google Scholar
Deudney, Daniel. 1996. “Binding Sovereigns: Authorities, Structures, and Geopolitics in Philadelphian Systems.” In State Sovereignty as Social Construct, edited by Thomas J. Biersteker and Cynthia Weber, 190–239. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Vries, Jan. 2010. “The Limits of Globalization in the Early Modern World.” Economic History Review 63(3):710–733.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dhingra, Swati. 2014. “Reconciling Observed Tariffs and the Median Voter Model.” Economics & Politics 26(3):483–504.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diamond, Larry. 1996. “Is the Third Wave Over?” Journal of Democracy 7:20–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diamond, Larry, and Plattner, Marc F., eds. 2001. The Global Divergence of Democracies. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diaz Alejandro, Carlos F. 1981. “Open Economy, Closed Polity?” Millennium – Journal of International Studies 10(3):203–219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dixit, Avinash, and Norman, Victor. 1986. “Gains From Trade Without Lump-Sum Compensation.” Journal of International Economics 21(1–2):111–122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doremus, Paul N., Keller, William W., Pauly, Louis W., and Reich, Simon. 1998. The Myth of the Global Corporation. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Dowrick, Steve, and DeLong, J. Bradford. 2003. “Globalization and Convergence.” In Globalization in Historical Perspective, edited by Michael D. Bordo, Alan M. Taylor, and Jeffrey G. Williamson, 191–220. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drezner, Daniel W. 2001. “Globalization and Policy Convergence.” International Studies Review 3(1):53–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dunn, Robert M. Jr. 2001. “Has the U.S. Economy Really Been Globalized?” The Washington Quarterly 24(1):53–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dutt, Pushan, and Mitra, Devashish. 2002. “Endogenous Trade Policy Through Majority Voting: An Empirical Investigation.” Journal of International Economics 58(1):107–133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dutt, Pushan, and Mitra, Devashish 2005. “Political Ideology and Endogenous Trade Policy: An Empirical Investigation.” Review of Economics and Statistics 87(1):59–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edlin, Aaron, Gelman, Andrew, and Kaplan, Noah. 2007. “Voting as a Rational Choice: Why and How People Vote to Improve the Well-Being of Others.” Rationality and Society 19(3):293–314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edwards, Sebastian, ed. 2007. Capital Controls and Capital Flows in Emerging Economies: Policies, Practices, and Consequences. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eichengreen, Barry. 1996. Globalizing Capital: A History of the International Monetary System. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Eichengreen, Barry, and Leblang, David. 2008. “Democracy and Globalization.” Economics & Politics 20(3):289–334.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elkins, Zachary. 2000. “Gradations of Democracy? Empirical Tests of Alternative Conceptualizations.” American Journal of Political Science 44(2):287–294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, Carolyn L. 2009. “A Protectionist Bias in Majoritarian Politics: An Empirical Investigation.” Economics & Politics 21(2):278–307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, Peter. 1997. “The Eclipse of the State? Reflections on Stateness in an Era of Globalization.” World Politics 50(1):62–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fernández-Albertos, José. 2006. “Does Internationalization Blur Responsibility? Economic Voting and Economic Openness in 15 European Countries.” West European Politics 29(1):28–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finseraas, Henning. 2010. “What if Robin Hood is a Social Conservative? How the Political Response to Increasing Inequality Depends on Party Polarization.” Socio-Economic Review 8(2):283–306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frank, Thomas. 2004. What’s the Matter With Kansas? How Conservatives Won the Heart of America. New York: Metropolitan Books.Google Scholar
Frankel, Jeffrey. 2000. “Globalization of the Economy.” In Governance in a Globalizing World, edited by Joseph S. Nye, Jr. and John D. Donahue, 45–71. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.Google Scholar
Freedom House. 2016. “Freedom in the World – Electoral Democracies.” Accessed March 11, 2016. https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/Electoral%20Democracy%20Numbers%2C%20FIW%201989-2016.pdf.Google Scholar
Frenkel, Jacob A., and Razin, Assaf. 1987. “The Mundell-Fleming Model a Quarter Century Later: A Unified Exposition.” International Monetary Fund Staff Papers 34(4):567–620.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frieden, Jeffry A. 1991a. “Invested Interests: The Politics of National Economic Policies in a World of Global Finance.” International Organization 45:425–451.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frieden, Jeffry A. 1991b. Debt, Development, and Democracy: Modern Political Economy and Latin America, 1965–1985. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Frieden, Jeffry A. 2006. Global Capitalism: Its Fall and Rise in the Twentieth Century. New York: W.W. Norton.Google Scholar
Frieden, Jeffry A., and Rogowski, Ronald. 1996. “The Impact of the International Economy on National Policies: An Analytical Overview.” In Internationalization and Domestic Politics, edited by Robert O. Keohane and Helen V. Milner, 25–47. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garrett, Geoffrey. 1998. “Global Markets and National Politics: Collision Course or Virtuous Circle?” International Organization 52:787–824.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garrett, Geoffrey 2000. “The Causes of Globalization.” Comparative Political Studies 33:941–991.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gat, Azar. 2007. “The Return of Authoritarian Great Powers.” Foreign Affairs 86:59–69.Google Scholar
Gat, Azar 2010. Victorious and Vulnerable: Why Democracy Won in the 20th Century and How it is Still Imperiled. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Gawande, Kishore, Krishna, Pravin, and Olarreaga, Marcelo. 2009. “What Governments Maximize and Why: The View From Trade.” International Organization 63(3):491–532.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geddes, Barbara. 2009. “What Causes Democratization?” In The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Politics, edited by Carles Boix and Susan C. Stokes, 317–339. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldberg, Pinelopi Koujianou, and Pavcnik, Nina. 2007. “Distributional Effects of Globalization in Developing Countries.” Journal of Economic Literature 45(1):39–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gowa, Joanne. 1989. “Bipolarity, Multipolarity, and Free Trade.” American Political Science Review 83(4):1245–1256.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grossman, Gene M., and Helpman, Elhanan. 1994. “Protection for Sale.” American Economic Review 84(4):833–850.Google Scholar
Harms, Philipp, and Zink, Stefan. 2003. “Limits to Redistribution in a Democracy: A Survey.” European Journal of Political Economy 19(4):651–668.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harrison, Ann, ed. 2007. Globalization and Poverty. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harrison, Ann, McLaren, John, and McMillan, Margaret. 2011. “Recent Perspectives on Trade and Inequality.” Annual Review of Economics 3(1):261–289.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haskel, Jonathan, Lawrence, Robert Z., Learner, Edward E., and Slaughter, Matthew J. 2012. “Globalization and U.S. Wages: Modifying Classic Theory to Explain Recent Facts.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 26(2):119–139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hays, Jude C., Ehrlich, Sean D., and Peinhardt, Clint. 2005. “Government Spending and Public Support for Trade in the OECD: An Empirical Test of the Embedded Liberalism Thesis.” International Organization 59(2):473–494.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Held, David. 1995. Democracy and the Global Order: From the Modern State to Cosmopolitan Governance. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Held, David 1997. “Democracy and Globalization.” Global Governance 3(3):251–267.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Held, David 1999. “The Transformation of Political Community: Rethinking Democracy in the Context of Globalization.” In Democracy’s Edges, edited by Ian Shapiro and Casiano Hacker-Cordón, 84–111. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Held, David, and McGrew, Anthony. 1998. “The End of the Old Order? Globalization and the Prospects for World Order.” Review of International Studies 24:219–243.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Helfer, Laurence R. 2005. “Exiting Treaties.” Virginia Law Review 91:1579–1648.Google Scholar
Helfer, Laurence R. 2013. “Flexibility in International Agreements.” In Interdisciplinary Perspectives on International Law and International Relations: The State of the Art, edited by Jeffrey L. Dunoff and Mark A. Pollack, 175–196. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Helleiner, Eric. 2002. “Economic Nationalism as a Challenge to Economic Liberalism? Lessons From the 19th Century.” International Studies Quarterly 46(3):307–329.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Helleiner, Eric 2003. “Economic Liberalism and its Critics: The Past as Prologue?” Review of International Political Economy 10(4):685–696.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hellwig, Timothy. 2001. “Interdependence, Government Constraints, and Economic Voting.” Journal of Politics 63(4):1141–1162.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hellwig, Timothy, and Samuels, David. 2007. “Voting in Open Economies: The Electoral Consequences of Globalization.” Comparative Political Studies 40(3):283–306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hiscox, Michael J. 2001. “Class Versus Industry Cleavages: Inter-Industry Factor Mobility and the Politics of Trade.” International Organization 55:1–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hody, Cynthia A. 1996. The Politics of Trade: American Political Development and Foreign Economic Policy. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England.Google Scholar
Hoffman, Michael E. S. 2009. “What Explains Attitudes Across US Trade Policies?” Public Choice 138(3–4):447–460.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horowitz, Shale. 2004. “Reversing Globalization: Trade Policy Consequences of World War I.” European Journal of International Relations 10(1):33–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huber, John D., and Stanig, Piero. 2007. “Why Do the Poor Support Right-Wing Parties? A Cross-National Analysis.” Prepared for the RSF Inequality Conference, UCLA, January, Los Angeles. Accessed September 14, 2015. http://leitner.yale.edu/sites/default/les/les/resources/docs/huber-stanig.pdf.Google Scholar
Hudec, Robert. 1993. “‘Circumventing Democracy’: The Political Morality of Trade Negotiations.” Journal of International Law and Politics 25:311–322.Google Scholar
Huntington, Samuel. 1991. The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.Google Scholar
Ichino, Yasukazu. 2012. “Transaction Falsification and the Difficulty of Achieving Pareto-Improving Gains From Trade Through Lump-Sum Transfers.” Review of International Economics 20(2):430–438.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, Robert H. ed. 1999. Sovereignty at the Millennium. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Jacobsen, Trudy, Sampford, Charles, and Thakur, Ramesh, eds. 2008. Re-Envisioning Sovereignty: The End of Westphalia. Burlington, VT: Ashgate.Google Scholar
James, Harold. 2001. The End of Globalization: Lessons From the Great Depression. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Kahler, Miles, and Lake, David A.. 2003. “Globalization and Governance.” In Governance in a Global Economy: Political Authority in Transition, edited by Miles Kahler and David A. Lake, 1–30. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Kalmo, Hent, and Skinner, Quentin, eds. 2010. Sovereignty in Fragments: The Past, Present and Future of a Contested Concept. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaltenthaler, Karl C., Gelleny, Ronald D., and Ceccoli, Stephen J.. 2004. “Explaining Citizen Support for Trade Liberalization.” International Studies Quarterly 48(4):829–851.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kanbur, Ravi. 2015. “Globalization and Inequality.” In Handbook of Income Distribution, vol. 2B, edited by Anthony Atkinson and Francois Bourguignon, 1845–1881. New York: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Karatnycky, Adrian. 2000. “A Century of Progress: The 1999 Freedom House Survey.” Journal of Democracy 11(1):187–200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Katzenstein, Peter J. 1985. Small States in World Markets: Industrial Policy in Europe. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Kemp, Murray C. 1962. “The Gain From International Trade.” The Economic Journal 72(288):803–819.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kemp, Murray C., and Shimomura, Koji. 1999. “The Internationalization of the World Economy and its Implication for National Welfare.” Review of International Economics 7(1):1–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keohane, Robert O., and Nye, Joseph S. Jr. 2000. “Globalization: What’s New? What’s Not? (and So What?).” Foreign Policy, No. 117, 104–119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kessler, Alan E. 1999. “Guarded Gates: Factor Mobility, Domestic Coalitions, and the Political Economy of American Immigration Control.” PhD diss., UCLA.Google Scholar
Knetter, Michael M., and Slaughter, Matthew J.. 2001. “Measuring Product-Market Integration.” In Topics in Empirical International Economics: A Festschrift in Honor of Robert E. Lipsey, edited by Magnus Blomström and Linda S. Goldberg, 15–44. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koremenos, Barbara, and Nau, Allison. 2010. “Exit, No Exit.” Duke Journal of Comparative & International Law 21:81–119.Google Scholar
Krasner, Stephen D. 1999. Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krasner, Stephen D. 2001. Sovereignty. Foreig n Policy, No. 121, 20–22, 24, 26, 28.Google Scholar
Krueger, Anne O. 1983. Trade and Employment in Developing Countries, vol. 3, Synthesis and Conclusions. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Krugman, Paul. 2008. “Trade and Wages, Reconsidered.” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, No. 2, 103–154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krugman, Paul, and Lawrence, Robert. 1993. “Trade, Jobs, and Wages.” NBER Working Paper No. 4478, September, Cambridge, MA.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuo, Jason, and Naoi, Megumi. 2015. “Individual Attitudes.” In The Oxford Handbook of the Political Economy of International Trade, edited by Lisa L. Martin, 99–118. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kurtulus, Ersun N. 2005. State Sovereignty: Concept, Phenomenon and Ramifications. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, Woojin, and Roemer, John. 2008. “Moral Values and Distributive Politics: An Equilibrium Analysis of the 2004 U.S. Election.” In Divide and Deal: The Politics of Distribution in Democracies, edited by Ian Shapiro, Peter Swenson, and Daniela Donno, 186–220. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Lewis-Beck, Michael S., and Stegmaier, Mary. 2000. “Economic Determinants of Electoral Outcomes.” Annual Review of Political Science 3:183–219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindert, Peter H. 2004. Growing Public: Social Spending and Economic Growth SInce the Eighteenth Century. 2 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Londregan, John. 2006. “Political Income Redistribution.” In The Oxford Handbook of Political Economy, edited by Barry R. Weingast and Donald Wittman, 84–101. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Mann, Michael. 1997. “Has Globalization Ended the Rise and Rise of the Nation-State?” Review of International Political Economy 4(3):472–496.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mansfield, Edward D., and Mutz, Diana C.. 2009. “Support for Free Trade: Self-Interest, Sociotropic Politics, and Out-Group Anxiety.” International Organization 63(3):425–457.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mansfield, Edward D., and Milner, Helen V., eds. 1997. The Political Economy of Regionalism. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Mansfield, Edward D., Milner, Helen V., and Rosendorff, B. Peter. 2000. “Free to Trade: Democracies, Autocracies, and International Trade.” American Political Science Review 94(2):305–321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Margalit, Yotam. 2011. “Costly Jobs: Trade-Related Layoffs, Government Compensation, and Voting in U.S. Elections.” American Political Science Review 105(1):166–188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Margalit, Yotam 2012. “Lost in Globalization: International Economic Integration and the Sources of Popular Discontent.” International Studies Quarterly 56(3):484–500.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maslov, Sergei. 2001. “Measures of Globalization Based on Cross-Correlations of World Financial Indices.” Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 301(1):397–406.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mayda, Anna Maria, and Rodrik, Dani. 2005. “Why are Some People (and Countries) More Protectionist Than Others?” European Economic Review 49(6):1393–1430.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mayda, Anna Maria, O’Rourke, Kevin H., and Sinnott, Richard. 2007. “Risk, Government and Globalization: International Survey Evidence.” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 13037, Cambridge, MA. Accessed December 16, 2007. http://www.nber.org/papers/w13037.Google Scholar
Mayer, Wolfgang. 1984. “Endogenous Tariff Formation.” American Economic Review 74(5):970–985.Google Scholar
Meltzer, Allan H., and Richard, Scott F.. 1981. “A Rational Theory of the Size of Government.” Journal of Political Economy 89(5):914–927.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meunier, Sophie. 2003. “Trade Policy and Political Legitimacy in the European Union.” Comparative European Politics 1:67–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meunier, Sophie 2005. Trading Voices: The European Union in International Commercial Negotiations. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milner, Helen V., and Rosendorff, B. Peter. 1997. “Democratic Politics and International Trade Negotiations: Elections and Divided Government as Constraints on Trade Liberalization.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 41(1):117–146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milner, Helen V., and Mukherjee, Bumba. 2009. “Democratization and Economic Globalization.” Annual Review of Political Science 12(1):163–181.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milner, Helen V., and Kubota, Keiko. 2005. “Why the Move to Free Trade? Democracy and Trade Policy in the Developing Countries.” International Organization 59(1):107–143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Money, Jeannette. 1999. Fences and Neighbors: The Political Geography of Immigration Control. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moravcsik, Andrew. 2002. “Reassessing Legitimacy in the European Union.” JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 40(4):603–624.Google Scholar
Moravcsik, Andrew 2004. “Is There a ‘Democratic Deficit’ in World Politics? A Framework for Analysis.” Government and Opposition 39(2):336–363.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mosley, Layna. 2000. “Room to Move: International Financial Markets and National Welfare States.” International Organization 54(4):737–773.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mosley, Layna 2005. “Globalisation and the State: Still Room to Move?” New Political Economy 10(3):355–362.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mukherjee, Bumba. 2015. “New Democracies.” In The Oxford Handbook of the Political Economy of International Trade, edited by Lisa L. Martin, 259–279. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Munck, Gerardo L. 2009. Measuring Democracy: A Bridge Between Scholarship and Politics. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neely, Christopher J. 1999. “An Introduction to Capital Controls.” Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review 81(6):13–30.Google Scholar
Obstfeld, Maurice. 2000. “Globalization and macroeconomics.” NBER Reporter, Cambridge, MA. Accessed August 9, 2001. http://www.nber.org/reporter/fall00/obstfeld.html.Google Scholar
Obstfeld, Maurice 2001. “International Macroeconomics: Beyond the Mundell-Fleming Model.” NBER Working Paper No. 8369, Cambridge, MA.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Obstfeld, Maurice, and Taylor, Alan M.. 2004. Global Capital Markets: Integration, Crisis, and Growth. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Obstfeld, Maurice, Shambaugh, Jay C., and Taylor, Alan M.. 2005. “The Trilemma in History: Tradeoffs Among Exchange Rates, Monetary Policies, and Capital Mobility.” Review of Economics and Statistics 87(3):423–438.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ohmae, Ken’ichi. 1995. The End of the Nation State: The Rise of Regional Economies. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
O’Rourke, Kevin H. 2001. “Globalization and Inequality: Historical Trends.” NBER Working Paper No. 8339, Cambridge, MA.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Rourke, Kevin H., and Williamson, Jeffrey G.. 1999a. Globalization and History: The Evolution of a Nineteenth-Century Atlantic Economy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Rourke, Kevin H., and Williamson, Jeffrey G. 1999b. “The Heckscher-Ohlin Model Between 1400 and 2000: When it Explained Factor Price Convergence, When it Did Not and Why.” NBER Working Paper No. 7411, Cambridge, MA.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Rourke, Kevin H., and Williamson, Jeffrey G. 2002. “When Did Globalisation Begin?” European Review of Economic History 6(1):23–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Rourke, Kevin H., and Taylor, Alan M. 2007. “Democracy and Protectionism.” In The New Comparative Economic History: Essays in Honor of Jeffrey G. Williamson, edited by Timothy J. Hatton, Kevin H. O’Rourke, and Alan M. Taylor, 193–216. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Rourke, Kevin H., and Sinnott, Richard. 2002. “The Determinants of Individual Trade Policy Preferences: International Survey Evidence.” In Brookings Trade Forum: 2001, edited by Susan M. Collins and Dani Rodrik, 157–196. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.Google Scholar
Ostry, Jonathan D., Ghosh, Atish R., Habermeier, Karl, Chamon, Marcos, Qureshi, Mahvash S., and Reinhardt, Dennis B. S.. 2010. “Capital Inflows: The Role of Controls.” IMF Staff Position Note, SPN/10/04, February 19. Accessed April 1, 2010. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/spn/2010/spn1004.pdf.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Owen, Erica, and Quinn, Dennis P.. 2016. “Does Economic Globalization Influence the US Policy Mood? A Study of US Public Sentiment, 1956-2011.” British Journal of Political Science 46(1):95–125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pelc, Krzysztof J. 2009. “Seeking Escape: The Use of Escape Clauses in International Trade Agreements.” International Studies Quarterly 53(2):349–368.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Persson, Torsten, and Tabellini, Guido. 2002. “Political Economics and Public Finance.” In Handbook of Public Economics, vol. 3, edited by Alan J. Auerbach and Martin Feldstein, No. 3, 1549–1659. Amsterdam: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Pontusson, Jonas, and Rueda, David. 2010. “The Politics of Inequality: Voter Mobilization and Left Parties in Advanced Industrial States.” Comparative Political Studies 43(6):675–705.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Przeworski, Adam. 2006. “Self-Enforcing Democracy.” In The Oxford Handbook of Political Economy, edited by Barry R. Weingast and Donald A. Wittman, 312–329. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Przeworski, Adam 2010. Democracy and the Limits of Self-Government, Cambridge Studies in the Theory of Democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Puddington, Arch. 2015. Freedom in the World 2015: Discarding Democracy: A Return to the Iron Fist. Washington, DC: Freedom House.Google Scholar
Puddington, Arch, and Tyler, Roylance. 2016. Freedom in the World 2016: Anxious Dicta-tors, Wavering Democracies: Global Freedom Under Pressure. Washington, DC: Freedom House.Google Scholar
Rey, Helene. 2014. “Dilemma Not Trilemma: The Global Financial Cycle and Monetary Policy Independence.” In Global Dimensions of Unconventional Monetary Policy, edited by Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, 285–333. A Symposium Sponsored By the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, Jackson Hole, Wyo. August. Accessed November 13, 2014. https://www.kansascityfed.org/publicat/sympos/2013/2013Rey.pdf.Google Scholar
Rodrik, Dani. 1995. “Political Economy of Trade Policy.” In Handbook of International Economics, vol. 3, edited by Gene M. Grossman and Kenneth Rogoff, 1457–1494. Amsterdam: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Rodrik, Dani 1997. Has Globalization Gone Too Far?. Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodrik, Dani 1998. “Why Do More Open Economies Have Bigger Governments?” Journal of Political Economy 106(5):997–1032.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodrik, Dani 2011. The Globalization Paradox: Democracy and the Future of the World Economy. New York: W. W. Norton & Co.Google Scholar
Roelfsema, Hein. 2004. “Political Institutions and Trade Protection.” Tjalling C. Koopmans Research Institute Discussion Paper Series 04–06, Utrecht School of Economics, January, Utrecht Univer-sity, Utrecht, The Netherlands.Google Scholar
Roemer, John E. 1998. “Why the Poor Do Not Expropriate the Rich: An Old Argument in New Garb.” Journal of Public Economics 70:399–424.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rogowski, Ronald. 1989. Commerce and Coalitions: How Trade Affects Domestic Political Alignments. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Rogowski, Ronald 1999. “Institutions as Constraints on Strategic Choice.” In Strategic Choice and International Relations, edited by David A. Lake and Robert Powell, 115–136. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Rosecrance, Richard. 2001. “Emulation in International Politics.” In The New Great Power Coalition, edited by Richard Rosecrance, 283–291. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc.Google Scholar
Rosecrance, Richard, and Stein, Arthur A.. 1973. “Interdependence: Myth or Reality?” World Politics 26(1):1–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosendorff, B. Peter, and Milner, Helen V.. 2001. “The Optimal Design of International Trade Institutions: Uncertainty and Escape.” International Organization 55(4):829–857.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rudolph, Christopher. 2006. National Security and Immigration: Policy Development in the United States and Western Europe Since 1945. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruggie, John Gerard. 1982. “International Regimes, Transactions, and Change: Embedded Liberalism in the Postwar Economic Order.” International Organization 36(2):379–415.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruggie, John Gerard 1993. “Territoriality and Beyond: Problematizing Modernity in International-Relations.” International Organization 47(1):139–174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rupert, Mark. 2005. “Reflections on Some Lessons Learned From a Decade of Globalisation Studies.” New Political Economy 10(4):457–478.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Samuelson, P. A. 1962. “The Gains From International Trade Once Again.” The Economic Journal 72(288):820–829.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sassen, Saskia. 1996. Losing Control? Sovereignty in an Age of Globalization. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Scheve, Kenneth, and Slaughter, Matthew J.. 2001. “What Determines Individual Trade-Policy Preferences?” Journal of International Economics 54(2):267–292.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scheve, Kenneth, and Slaughter, Matthew J. 2004. “Economic Insecurity and the Globalization of Production.” American Journal of Political Science 48(4):662–674.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scheve, Kenneth, and Stasavage, David. 2006. “Religion and Preferences for Social Insurance.” Quarterly Journal of Political Science 13:255–286.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schlozman, Kay Lehman, Verba, Sidney, and Brady, Henry E.. 2012. The Unheavenly Chorus: Unequal Political Voice and the Broken Promise of American Democracy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Schwartzman, Kathleen C. 1998. “Globalization and Democracy.” Annual Review of Sociology 24:159–181.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sen, Amartya. 1999. “Democracy as a Universal Value.” Journal of Democracy 10(3):3–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skålnes, Lars S. 2000. Politics, Markets, and Grand Strategy: Foreign Economic Policies as Strategic Instruments. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Solingen, Etel. 1998. Regional Orders at Century’s Dawn: Global and Domestic Influences on Grand Strategy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Solt, Frederick. 2011. “Diversionary Nationalism: Economic Inequality and the Formation of National Pride.” The Journal of Politics 73(3):821–830.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spector, David. 2001. “Is it Possible to Redistribute the Gains From Trade Using Income Taxation?” Journal of International Economics 55(2):441–460.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steele, Cherie, and Stein, Arthur A.. 2002. “Communications Revolutions and International Relations.” In Technology, Development, and Democracy: International Conflict and Cooperation in the Information Age, SUNY Series in Global Politics, edited by Juliann Emmons Allison, 25–53. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Stein, Arthur A. 1984. “The Hegemon’s Dilemma: Great Britain, the United States, and the International Economic Order.” International Organization 38(2):355–386.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stein, Arthur A. 1990. Why Nations Cooperate: Circumstance and Choice in International Relations. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Stein, Arthur A. 1993. “Governments, Economic Interdependence, and International Cooperation.” In Behavior, Society, and International Conflict, edited by Philip E. Tetlock, Jo L. Husbands, Robert Jervis, Paul C. Stern, and Charles Tilly, 241–324. New York: Oxford University Press, for the National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences.Google Scholar
Stein, Arthur A. 2000. “The Justifying State: Why Anarchy Doesn’t Mean No Excuses.” In Peace, Prosperity, and Politics, edited by John Mueller, 235–255. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Stein, Arthur A. 2001. “Constrained Sovereignty: The Growth of International Intrusiveness.” In The New Great Power Coalition: Toward a World Concert of Nations, Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict, edited by Richard Rosecrance, 261–281. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc.Google Scholar
Stein, Arthur A., and Lobell, Steven E.. 1997. “Geostructuralism and International Politics: The End of the Cold War and the Regionalization of International Security.” In Regional Orders: Building Security in a New World, edited by David A. Lake and Patrick M. Morgan, 101–122. University Park, PA: Penn State University Press.Google Scholar
Strange, Susan. 1996. The Retreat of the State: The Diffusion of Power in the World Economy, Cambridge Studies in International Relations, No. 49. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strauss-Kahn, Dominique. 2011. “High-Level Seminar on the International Monetary System.” Keynote address, Nanjing, March 31. Accessed April 3, 2011. http://www.imf.org/external/np/speeches/2011/033111.htm.Google Scholar
Suganami, Hidemi. 1989. The Domestic Analogy and World Order Proposals. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sweet, Catherine. 2001. “Democratization Without Democracy: Political Openings and Closures in Modern Morocco.” Middle East Report, No. 218, 22–25.Google Scholar
Taylor, Alan M. 1996. “Convergence and International Factor Flows in Theory and History.” NBER Working Paper No. W5798, Cambridge, MA.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tomasi, John. 2003. “Sovereignty, Commerce, and Cosmopolitanism: Lessons From Early America for the Future of the World.” Social Philosophy and Policy 20(1):223–246.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trefler, Daniel. 1993. “Trade Liberalization and the Theory of Endogenous Protection: An Econometric Study of US Import Policy.” Journal of Political Economy, 138–160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turner, Bryan S., ed. 2011. Routledge Handbook of Globalization Studies. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
UNCTAD. 2004. Development and Globalization: Facts and Figures. New York: United Nations.Google Scholar
U.S. President. 2000. Economic Report of the President 2000. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
Van Creveld, Martin. 1999. The Rise and Decline of the State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Verdier, Daniel. 1998. “Democratic Convergence and Free Trade.” International Studies Quarterly 42:1–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Veseth, Michael. 1998. Selling Globalization: The Myth of the Global Economy. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walker, Neil, ed. 2003. Sovereignty in Transition. Oxford: Hart.Google Scholar
Waltz, Kenneth N. 1970. “The Myth of National Interdependence.” In The International Corporation, edited by Charles P. Kindleberger, 205–223. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Waltz, Kenneth N. 1979. Theory of International Politics. Menlo Park, CA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Waltz, Kenneth N. 1999. “Globalization and Governance.” PS: Political Science and Politics 32(4):693–700.Google Scholar
Weiss, Linda. 1998. The Myth of the Powerless State: Governing the Economy in a Global Era. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weiss, Linda 2005. “The State-Augmenting Effects of Globalisation.” New Political Economy 10(3):345–353.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williamson, Jeffrey G. 1996. “Globalization, Convergence, and History.” Journal of Economic History 56(2):277–306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williamson, Jeffrey G. 1997. “Globalization and Inequality, Past and Present.” The World Bank Research Observer 12(2):117–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williamson, Jeffrey G. 1998a. “Globalization and the Labor Market: Using History to Inform Policy.” In Growth, Inequality, and Globalization: Theory, History, and Policy, edited by Philippe Aghion and Jeffrey G. Williamson, 103–200. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Williamson, Jeffrey G. 1998b. “Globalization, Labor Markets and Policy Backlash in the Past.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 12(4):51–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
World Bank. 2005. World Development Indicators 2005. Washington, DC: World Bank.Google Scholar
World Bank 2013. World Development Indicators 2013. Washington, DC: World Bank.Google Scholar
Yardeni, Edward. 2000. “The Economic Consequences of the Peace.” In Peace, Prosperity, and Politics, edited by John Mueller, 91–109. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Zakaria, Fareed. 2003. The Future of Freedom: Illiberal Democracy at Home and Abroad. New York: W.W. Norton & Co.Google Scholar
Zysman, John. 1996. “The Myth of a ‘Global’ Economy: Enduring National Foundations and Emerging Regional Realities.” New Political Economy 1(2):157–184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar