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Islamic law and international humanitarian law: An introduction to the main principles

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 June 2018

Ahmed Al-Dawoody
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Abstract

This article gives an overview of the principles regulating the use of force under the Islamic law of war in the four Sunni schools of Islamic law. By way of introducing the topic, it briefly discusses the origins, sources and characteristics of the Islamic law of war. The discussion reveals the degree of compatibility between these Islamic principles and the modern principles of international humanitarian law, and offers insights into how these Islamic principles can help in limiting the devastation and suffering caused by contemporary armed conflicts in Muslim contexts, particularly those conflicts in which Islamic law is invoked as the source of reference.

Keywords

IslamIslamic lawIslamic law and IHLjihadIslamic law of armed conflictprotection of civiliansPoWs in Islamhuman shieldwar in Islamic law
Type
Law and protection
Information
International Review of the Red Cross , Volume 99 , Issue 906: Conflict in Syria , December 2017 , pp. 995 - 1018
Copyright
Copyright © icrc 2018 

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Footnotes

*

The views expressed in this article are those of the author and should not be interpreted as official positions of the ICRC. The author would like to thank Ellen Policinski for her meticulous reading, comments and suggestions for this article, as well as the anonymous peer reviewers.

References

1 United Nations, “Secretary-General's Opening Remarks at World Humanitarian Summit”, 23 May 2016, available at: www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/statement/2016-05-23/secretary-general%E2%80%99s-opening-remarks-world-humanitarian-summit (all internet references were accessed in May 2018) .

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5 Editor's note: For the purposes of this article, the term “the Islamic state” refers to the State founded by the Muslims during the seventh century.

6 See Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad al-Sarakhsī, Kitāb al-Mabsūt, Vol. 10, Dār al-Maʻrifah, Beirut, p. 2.

7 See Al-Dawoody, Ahmed, The Islamic Law of War: Justifications and Regulations, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2011, pp. 11–41CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

8 As discussed below, the jurists gave conflicting rulings regarding the permissibility of, for example, targeting women, children or the aged if they engage in hostilities, and the use of certain means and methods of warfare.

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27 M. al-Nawawī, above note 23, p. 59; I. al-Shirāzī, above note 23, p. 278; al-Armanāzī, Najīb, Al-Sharʻ al-Dawlī fī al-Islām, 2nd ed., Riad El-Rayyes Books, London, 1990 (first published 1930), p. 124Google Scholar.

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30 Qur'an 48:25. See N. al-Armanāzī, above note 27, p. 124; A. Al-Dawoody, above note 7, pp. 116–118.

31 See, for example, Hadith 1745 in Muslim al-Qushayrī, ibn al-Ḥajjāj, Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, ed. Fū’ād ʻAbd al-Bāqī, Muḥammad, Vol. 3, Dār Iḥyā’ al-Turāth al-ʻArabī, Beirut, pp. 1364 ffGoogle Scholar.

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37 AP I, Art. 51(4). See also Geneva Convention (I) for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field of 12 August 1949, 75 UNTS 31 (entered into force 21 October 1950) (GC I), Art. 50; Geneva Convention (II) for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea of 12 August 1949, 75 UNTS 85 (entered into force 21 October 1950) (GC II), Art. 51.

38 AP I, Art. 52(2).

39 Anas, Mālik ibn, Al-Muwaṭṭa’, ed. Muḥammad Fū’ād ʻAbd al-Bāqī, Vol. 2, Dār Iḥyā’ al-Turāth al-ʻArabī, Beirut, 1985, p. 448Google Scholar.

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46 W. al-Zuḥaylī, above note 19, p. 495.

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52 Ibid., Vol. 1, p. 79.

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55 Qur'an 9:5.

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70 Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War of 12 August 1949, 75 UNTS 135 (entered into force 21 October 1950) (GC III), Art. 17.

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74 AP I, Art. 41(2)(b).

75 M. al-Shirbīnī, above note 73, p. 237

76 See ibid., p. 237; A. Al-Dawoody, above note 7, p. 132.

77 Muwaffaq al-Dīn ʻAbd Allah ibn Aḥmad ibn Qudāmah, Al-Kāfī fī Fiqh al-Imām Aḥmad Ibn Ḥanbal, ed. Fāris, Muḥammad and Musʻad ʻAbd al-Ḥamīd al-Saʻdanī, Vol. 4, Dār al-Kutub al-ʻIlmiyyah, Beirut, 2004, p. 163Google Scholar.

78 Qur'an 17:70.

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