¹ Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction, Oslo, 18 September 1997.

² Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects. Geneva, 10 October 1980.

³ Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Mines, Booby-Traps and Other Devices (Protocol II). Geneva, 10 October 1980. Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Mines, Booby-Traps and Other Devices as amended on 3 May 1996 (Protocol II to the 1980 Convention as amended on 3 May 1996).

⁴ Prokosch, Eric, The technology of killing, A military and political history of antipersonnel weapons, London, 1995, p. 114.Google Scholar

⁵ Ibid.

⁶ See Colin King, Associates (UXO consultants), referring to talks with B. Lark, former technical adviser to UXO Laos, and further stating that this is a conservative estimate based on the UXO Laos post-conflict impact survey, which states that “up to 30% of the more than 2 million tons of ordnance dropped on Laos failed to explode”.

⁷ King states that these figures are based on a national survey conducted by Handicap International in 1997.

⁸ Lao National UXO Programme (UXO Laos), fax containing answers to a questionnaire sent out by the ICRC, Vientiane, 18 May 2000, p. 3.

⁹ NATO dropped cluster munitions, document presented by NATO to the UN Mine Action Coordination Centre (UNMACC) in Pristina/Prishtine, undated [1999]. See also Mine Action Coordination Centre Compre hensive Update and Plan for the Year 2000, Update as of 5 November 1999, UNMACC, Pristina/Prishtine, November 1999.

¹⁰ Based on ICRC talks with a KFOR explosive ordnance disposal specialist, 10 February 2000. This figure is also used formally in KFOR Mine Awareness Briefings.

¹¹ Information provided by Dr. David Meddings, Epidemiologist, Unit of the Chief Medical Officer, ICRC. The 95% confidence interval is (2.3,10.3).

¹² The more comprehensive UNMACC data also show that among the 492 casualties from UXO reported to its database from June 1999 through May 2000, cluster bomblets and anti-personnel mines were the leading cause of death and injury – with similar numbers of casualties resulting from each. “Other UXO”, some of which may in fact be cluster bomblets or anti-personnel mines, represent a significant proportion (27% to 35%) of casualties.

¹³ Information provided by Dr. David Meddings, Epidemiologist, Unit of the Chief Medical Officer, ICRC

¹⁴ Westing, Arthur (ed.), Explosive remnants of war: mitigating the environmental effects, Publication of SIPRI & UNEP, Taylor & Francis, London, 1985.Google Scholar

¹⁵ Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Incendiary Weapons (Protocol III). Geneva, 10 October 1980.

¹⁶ Sweden, Egypt, Mexico, Norway, Sudan, Switzerland and Yugoslavia.

¹⁷ Algeria, Austria, Egypt, Lebanon, Mali, Mauritania, Mexico, Norway, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Venezuela and Yugoslavia.

¹⁸ CDDH/IV/201, Article II (Anti-personnel fragmentation weapons).

¹⁹ The report, prepared by a group of eight international experts, forms part of UN General Assembly Doc. A/38/383 (19 October 1983), pp. 6–28.

²⁰ Ibid

²¹ Including all European Union States, Argentina, Bulgaria, Canada, Cambodia, China, Hungary, New Zealand, Mexico, Norway. Peru, South Africa, Switzerland and the United States.