No CrossRef data available.
We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.
We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 13 January 2010
In the 1980s and 1990s vulnerable people worldwide have suffered assaults on their basic survival and civilized existence. Ethnic upheavals have convulsed the former Yugoslavia and new republics of the former USSR. The struggles have produced human tragedies beyond calculation in Rwanda. Political terrorists have operated freely in some Latin American, Middle Eastern, and Asian countries. Hunger, disease, ethnic strife, and praetorian governments continue to stalk much of Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Economic restructuring has marginalized citizens of some countries, placing people even further below already abysmal poverty lines. Families and civilized social values continue to disintegrate in the inner cities of the United States of America where income disparities between the poor and everyone else are increasing, threatening to create an underclass extending well beyond current geographical confines.
1 Manegold, Catherine S., “Study Warns of Growing Underclass of the Unskilled”, The New York Times, 3 06 1994, A10.Google Scholar Citing a Labor and Commerce Department joint report issued on 2 June 1994, Manegold states that “most chilling of all, however, was a brief notation at the end of the second chapter which warned of a ‘large, growing population for whom illegal activity is more attractive than legitimate work”.
2 Kirk J. Brower and M. Douglas Anglin, “Developments, Trends, and Prospects in Substance Abuse”, Journal of Drug Education 17:2 (1987), pp. 163–180.
3 Elliott, Delbert S., Huizinga, David, and Ageton, Suzanne S., Explaining Delinquency and Drug Use, Behavioral Research Institute, Boulder, Colorado, 1982, p. 148.Google Scholar
4 See, for example, Chatterjee, S. K., “Drugs and the Young: Some Legal Issues”, Bulletin on Narcotics 37:2–3 (1985), pp. 157–168 Google Scholar; Fraser, Mark and Kohlert, Nance, “Substance Abuse and Public Policy”, Social Service Review, 03, 1988, pp. 103–126 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Smart, Reginald G., Forbidden Highs: The Nature, Treatment, and Prevention of Illicit Drug Abuse, ARF Books, Toronto, Canada, 1983.Google Scholar
5 Covington, Jeanette, “Crime and Heroin: The Effect of Race and Gender”, Journal of Black Studies, 06, 1988, pp. 487–506.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
6 Laudeman, Kent A., “17 Ways to Get Parents Involved in Substance Abuse Education”, Journal of Drug Education 14:4 (1984), pp. 307–314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
7 Ruegg, F., “For an Overall Approach to Prevention: Basic Critical Considerations”, Bulletin on Narcotics 37:2–3 (1985), pp. 177–184.Google ScholarPubMed
8 See the discussion in Tullis, LaMond, Handbook of Research on the Illicit Drug Traffic, Greenwood Press, New York, 1991, pp. 120–121 and 218–219.Google Scholar
9 See Nebelkopf, Ethan, “Herbal Therapy in the Treatment of Drug Use”, The International Journal of the Addictions 22:8 (1987), pp. 695–717.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
10 See Johnson, Sally Hope, “Treatment of Drug Abusers in Malaysia: A Comparison”, The International Journal of the Addictions 18:7 (1983), pp. 951–958 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed; and, Poshyachinda, Vichai, “Indigenous Treatment for Drug Dependence in Thailand”, Impact of Science on Society 34:133 (1984), pp. 67–77.Google Scholar
11 Smith, M. O. and Khan, I., “An Acupuncture Programme for the Treatment of Drug-Addicted Persons, Bulletin on Narcotics 40:1 (1988), pp. 35–41.Google ScholarPubMed
12 An extended bibliographical discussion on treatment programmes may be found in Tullis, LaMond, Handbook, pp. 137–141; pp. 177–184.Google Scholar