Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t8hqh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-29T12:20:38.706Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Fyodor Fyodorovich Martens (1845–1909) a humanist of modern times

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 November 2010

Vladimir Pustogarov
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

In the history of humankind, no matter how far back we look into the past, peaceful relations between people and nations have always been the ideal, and yet this history abounds in wars and bloodshed. The documentary evidence, oral tradition and the mute testimony of archaeological sites tell an incontrovertible tale of man's cruelty and violence against his fellow man. Nevertheless, manifestations of compassion, mercy and mutual aid have a no less ancient record. Peace and war, goodneighbourly attitudes and aggression, brutality and humanity exist side by side in the contemporary world as well.

Type
Research Article
Information
International Review of the Red Cross (1961 - 1997) , Volume 36 , Issue 312 , May 1996 , pp. 300 - 314
Copyright
Copyright © International Committee of the Red Cross 1996

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Archives of Russian Foreign Policy (ARFP), Inventory 787, File 9, Storage unit 6, pp. 73–74.

2 Martens, F. F., On the goals of contemporary international law, St. Petersburg, 1871 (in Russian).Google Scholar

3 Martens, F.F., The contemporary international law of civilized nations, vol. 1, St. Petersburg, 1882, p. 178 (in Russian).Google Scholar

4 Martens, F. F., The Eastern War and the Brussels Conference, St. Petersburg, 1879, p. 45 (in Russian).Google Scholar

5 Martens, F. F., op. cit. (note 3), pp. 23–34.Google Scholar

6 Idem, pp. 110–129.

7 Idem.

8 “The European Herald”, St. Petersburg, 1884, No. 10, pp. 852–858 (in Russian).Google Scholar

9 Kamarovsky, L. A., The success of the idea of peace, Moscow, 1898, pp. 89–179 (in Russian).Google Scholar

10 Kamarovsky, L. A., On an international court, Moscow, 1881, pp. 483–501 (in Russian).Google Scholar

11 Kamarovsky, L. A., The question of an international organization. The United States of Europe. Moscow, 1905 (in Russian).Google Scholar

12 Declaration renouncing the use, in time of war, of explosive projectiles under 400 grammes weight, St. Petersburg 1868 (“Declaration of St. Petersburg”).

13 Taube, M. A., F. F. Martens (1845-1909) - An obituary, St. Petersburg, 1909, p. 9 (in Russian)Google Scholar. The volumes were published simultaneously in Russian and French.

14 ARFP, Inventory 470, file 63, E.450.

15 ARFP, Inventory 787, file 9, storage unit 4, pp. 80–86.

16 As adopted by Convention (IV) Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land, of 18 October 1907, 8th preambular paragraph.

17 Pictet, J., Development and Principles of International Humanitarian Law, Dordrecht/Boston/Lancaster/Geneva, 1985, p. 60.Google Scholar

18 Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating o t the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), of 8 June 1977, Article 1, par. 2.

19 Kalshoven, F., Constraints on the waging of war, ICRC, Geneva, 1987, pp. 7–23.Google Scholar