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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 18 December 2008
As would be expected, the emphasis in existing accounts of the debate over the appropriate school-leaving age in inter-war Britain has been predominantly educational. The important discussions relate to the parliamentary and administrative struggles over the relationship between elementary and secondary schooling, with all its implications for central-and local-government finance, to the conflicts over the nature of any extended educational provision in different types of school, and to the potential effects of such developments on class division within society.
1 One of the best surveys is Simon, B., The Politics of Educational Reform 1920–1940 (London, 1974).Google Scholar
2 See Garside, W. R., “Juvenile Unemployment and Public Policy between the Wars”, in: Economic History Review, Second Series, XXX (1977).Google Scholar
3 Departmental Committee on Juvenile Education in Relation to Employment After the War, Final Report [Cd 8512](1917).
4 Juvenile Unemployment Committee Report, 15 December 1923. Cabinet Papers 27/228, Public Record Office, London.
5 The Times Educational Supplement, 19 January. 1 March. 31 May. 13 September and 1 November 1924: 23 May 1925: The Times. 20 June 1924; National Union of Teachers, Annual Report. 1924, pp. xxvii–xxxvii.Google Scholar
6 Cabinet Juvenile Employment Committee, 5 February 1925, Cabinet Papers 27/267.
7 Ministry of Labour, Report of the Committee on Education and Industry (England and Wales). Pt 1 (1926); Report of the Committee on Education and Industry in Scotland, Pt I(1927).
8 Board of Education Consultative Committee, Report on the Education of the Adolescent (1927), p. 144.Google Scholar
9 Tawney, R. H., The Possible Cost of Raising the School Leaving Age (London, 1927), p. 5.Google Scholar Cf.International Association for Social Progress (British Section), Report on “The Raising of the School Age and its Relation to Employment and Unemployment” (London, 1928), pp. 5–10.Google Scholar
10 Britain's Industrial Future (London. 1928), pp. 393–98:Google Scholar We Can Conquer Unemployment (London. 1929), p. 50:Google Scholar Parkinson, M.. The Labour Party and the Organization of Secondary Education 1918–1965 (London. 1970). p. 24.Google Scholar MacDonald's acceptance of a higher school-leaving age in the 1929 Election manifesto was due in part to “the necessity to put something definite in the programme that might aid the solution of the unemployment problem”. Dean, D. W.. “Difficulties ofa Labour Education Policy: The Failure of the Trevelyan Bill 1929–1931”. in: British Journal of Educational Studies, XVII (1969), p. 288.Google Scholar
11 Interim Report on the Melchett Turner Conference on Industrial Reorganisation and Industrial Relations (1929), Ministry of Labour Papers 2/1361, Public Record Office.
12 Effects on Unemployment Problem of Raising the School Leaving Age to 15, 16 July 1929, Ministry of Labour Papers 2/ 1328.
13 House of Commons Debates, 28 05 1930.Google Scholar
14 Ministry of Labour. Memorandum on the Shortage, Surplus and Redistribution of Juvenile Labour during the years 1928 to 1933. Based on the views of Local Juvenile Employment Committees [Cmd 3327] (1929).
15 Memorandum by the President of the Board of Education. Raising the School Leaving Age to 15, 24 June 1929, Board of Education Papers 24/1542, Public Record Office; Barker, R., Education and Politics, 1900–1951 (Oxford, 1972), p.60.Google Scholar
16 For further details see Garside, “Juvenile Unemployment and Public Policy”. loc. Cit.
17 In England and Wales births per 1,000 population rose from 18.5 in 1919 to 25.5 in 1920, falling to 22.4 in 1921. The equivalent figures for Scotland were 21.7, 28.1 and 25.2.
18 Ministry of Labour. Memorandum on the Shortage, Surplus and Redistribution of Juvenile Labour in England and Wales During the Years 1930–1938(1931): Ministry of Labour, National Advisory Council for Juvenile Employment (Scotland), Fifth Report: Supply of, Demand for and Redistribution of Juvenile Labour in Scotland During the Years 1932–1940 (1933).
19 Tawney, R. H., Juvenile Employment and Education (Oxford, 1934). p. 11: id.. “Unemployment and the School-Leaving Age”, in: New Statesman, 18 November 1933.Google Scholar
20 Labour Party, Annual Conference Report, 1933. p. 180; Trades Union Congress, Annual Reports, 1933–1935; Times Educational Supplement, 7 04, 26 05 and 16 06 1934; Times, 14 November; Unemployment Among Young Persons.Google Scholar Report submitted to the Nineteenth Session of the International Labour Conference (Geneva. 1935).Google Scholar
21 Tawney, R. H., The School Leaving Age and Juvenile Unemployment (London, 1934), pp. 7. 18.Google Scholar
22 Jewkes, J. and Winterbottom, A., Juvenile Unemployment (London, 1933), pp. 94–107:Google Scholar Winterbottom, A., An Enquiry into the Employment of Juveniles in Lancashire (Manchester, 1932).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23 Board of Education Papers 24/1537,9 July 1934, Public Record Office.
24 Note on Possible Saving in Unemployment Benefit due to Raising of the School Leaving Age to 15, without exemptions, April 1935, Board of Education Papers 24/1555; Cabinet Educational Policy Committee, Compulsory Education beyond 14, June 1934, ibid., 24/1549.
25 National Confederation of Employers' Organisations, The School Leaving Age, Treasury Papers 172/1739, Public Record Office. The estimates were based on the assumption that the number of juvenile posts available in industry remained at its 1934 level of 1,853,000.
26 National Confederation of Employers' Organisations, School Leaving Age. 25 July 1935, Board of Education Papers 24/1557, Public Record Office.
27 Cabinet Educational Policy Committee, Compulsory Education Beyond 14, June 1934, ibid., 24/1549 (my italics).
28 Bernbaum, G., Social Change and the Schools 1918–1944 (London. 1967), pp. 62–63.Google Scholar
29 Simon, , The Politics of Educational Reform, op. cit., p. 303.Google Scholar
30 For further details see Garside. “Juvenile Unemployment and Public Policy”.
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