¹ Public Record Office [hereafter PRO], Home Office Papers [hereafter HO] 42/179 Ethelston to Sidmouth, 18 August. According to the Manchester Mercury, 4 August [hereafter MM], the summer of 1818 was the warmest one since 1779. There is a printed selection of Home Office papers on the 1818 strikes in Aspinall, A. (ed.), The Early English Trade Unions: Documents from the Home Office Papers in the Public Record Office (London, 1949).Google Scholar, J.L. and Hammond, Barbara reprinted several 1818 trade addresses in their pioneering studies The Skilled Labourer, 1760–1832 (London, 1919; reprint edition, New York, 1967)Google Scholar, and The Town Labourer, 1760–1832 (London, 1917; reprint edition, New York, 1967).Google Scholar

² PRO, HO 42/179 “To all Colliers in Newton Duckinfield Hyde & Stayley Bridge”, from James Fielding, 7 August, enclosed in Lloyd to Hobhouse, 22 August; see also, Hammonds, , Skilled Labourer, pp. 103–104.Google Scholar

³ Manchester Observer, 29 August [hereafter MO] PRO, HO 42/180 Lloyd to Hobhouse, 3 September; Report of Livesey, John; A Full, Accurate, and Impartial Report of the Trial of John Bagguley, of Stockport, John Johnston, of Salford, and Samuel Drum-mond, of Manchester (Manchester, 1819), pp. 20–35. I am grateful to Jim Epstein for the reference to the trial.Google Scholar

⁴ Reddy, William M., The Rise of the Market Culture: the Textile Trade and French Society 1750–1900 (Cambridge, 1984), pp. 185–186, 225–226;CrossRefGoogle ScholarTilly, Charles, The Contentious French (Cambridge, MA, 1986), pp. 3–5, 390–398CrossRefGoogle Scholar, and Thompson, E. P., The Making of the English Working Class (Vintage edition, New York, 1966), pp. 202–203.Google Scholar For accounts of the 1818 strikes, see Hammonds, , Skilled Labourer, pp. 94–121;Google ScholarKirby, R. G. and Musson, A. E., The Voice of the People: John Doherty, 1798–1854 Trade Unionist, Radical, and Factory Reformer (Manchester, 1975), pp. 18–27;Google ScholarMason, John, “Mule Spinner Societies and the Early Federations”, in Fowler, Alan and Wyke, Terry (eds), The Barefoot Aristocrats: A History of the Amalgamated Association of Operative Cotton Spinners (Littleborough, 1987), pp. 19–23;Google ScholarTurner, H. A., Trade Union Growth, Structure, and Policy: A Comparative Study of the Cotton Unions in England (Toronto, 1962), pp. 67–69;Google ScholarBythell, Duncan, The Handloom Weavers: A Study in the English Cotton Industry during the Industrial Revolution (Cambridge, 1969), pp. 193–197CrossRefGoogle Scholar, and Glen, Robert, Urban Workers in the Early Industrial Revolution (London, 1984), pp. 70–75, 219–224.Google Scholar For the 1818 strikes as “the first ever attempt at a general strike” and the radicals' involvement, see Jenkins, Mick, The General Strike of 1842 (London, 1980), pp. 30–32;Google ScholarFoster, John, Class Struggle and the Industrial Revolution: Early Industrial Capitalism in Three English Towns (London, 1974), pp. 101–102CrossRefGoogle Scholar and Belchem, John, “Orator” Hunt: Henry Hunt and English Working-Class Radicalism (Oxford, 1985), p. 86.Google Scholar

⁵ MO 2 January 1819. For “independence” and the idea of a “fair” wage, see Rule, John, “Artisan Attitudes: A Comparative Survey of Skilled Labour and Proletarianization Before 1848”, Bulletin of the Society for the Study of Labour History, 50 (1985), pp. 25–26;Google ScholarThompson, , Making of the English Working Class, pp. 235–236Google Scholar, and Hobsbawm, E. J., “Custom, Wages, and Work-load in Nineteenth-Century Industry”, in Labouring Men: Studies in the History of Labour (New York, 1964), pp. 348–349.Google Scholar

⁶ PRO, HO 42/180 “At A Meeting of Deputies from the Undermentioned Trades”, broadside. For a shorter version of the address and resolutions of the Philanthropic Society, see HO 42/179 “Manchester, August 19th, 1818”, broadside; see also, Aspinall, , Early English Trade Unions, pp. 272–274.Google Scholar For “respectability” and skill as a form of property, see Prothero, I. J., Artisans and Politics in Early Nineteenth-Century London: John Gast and His Times (Folkestone, 1979), pp. 26–28Google Scholar, and Rule, John, “The Property of Skill in the Period of Manufacture”, in Joyce, Patrick (ed.), The Historical Meanings of Work (Cambridge, 1987), pp. 102–113.Google Scholar

⁷ Thompson, , Making of the English Working Class, pp. 9–12, 483, 500, 577, 712, 807, 825–828.Google Scholar For examples of the “compartmentalist” approach see Bythell, , Handloom Weavers, pp. 176–232;Google ScholarGlen, , Urban Workers, pp. 92–93, 137–139, 192–193, 278–285Google Scholar, and Musson, A. E., British Trade Unions, 1800–1875 (London, 1972), pp. 19–20, 43–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar For criticism of the “compartmentalist” approach, see Donnelly, F. K., “Ideology and Early English Working-Class History: Edward Thompson and his Critics”, Social History, 1 (05 1976), pp. 223–229CrossRefGoogle Scholar, and Sykes, Robert, “Early Chartism and Trade Unionism in South-East Lancashire”, in Epstein, James and Thompson, Dorothy (eds), The Chartist Experience: Studies in Working-Class Radicalism and Culture, 1830–60 (London, 1982), pp. 152–154, 184–185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁸ Jones, Gareth Stedman, “Rethinking Chartism”, in Languages of Class: Studies in English Working Class History 1832–1982 (Cambridge, 1983), pp. 104–107.Google Scholar For criticism of this aspect of Stedman Jones' interpretation, see Epstein, James, “Understanding the Cap of Liberty: Symbolic Practice and Social Conflict in Early Nineteenth-Century England”, Past and Present, 122 (02 1989), pp. 75–77;CrossRefGoogle ScholarKirk, Neville, “In Defence of Class: A Critique of Recent Revisionist Writing upon the Nineteenth-century English Working Class”, International Review of Social History, XXXII (1987), pp. 2–47CrossRefGoogle Scholar, and Thompson, Dorothy, “The Languages of Class”, Bulletin of the Society for the Study of Labour History, 52 (1987), pp. 54–57.Google Scholar

⁹ Bamford, Samuel, Passages in the Life of a Radical (London, 1844;Google Scholar reprint edition, New York, 1967), p. 7. For similar views on the class nature of Lancashire radicalism, see Davis, H. W. C., “Lancashire Reformers, 1816–17”, Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, X (1926), pp. 48–49;Google ScholarThompson, , Making of the English Working Class, pp. 294–295, 642–644Google Scholar, and Belchem, , “Orator” Hunt, pp. 110–112.Google Scholar

¹⁰ Bohstedt, John, Riots and Community Politics in England and Wales 1790–1810 (Cambridge, MA, 1983), pp. 3–5, 91–93;CrossRefGoogle ScholarBooth, Alan, “Food Riots in the North-West of England 1790–1801”, Past and Present, 77 (1977), pp. 104–107;Google ScholarDinwiddy, John, “Luddism and Politics in the Northern Counties”, Social History, 4 (1979), pp. 35–51, 60–63;CrossRefGoogle ScholarHobsbawm, E. J., “The Machine Breakers”, in Labouring Men, p. 7;Google ScholarBelchem, , “Orator” Hunt, pp. 4–7, 58–70Google Scholar and Thompson, , Making of the English Working Class, pp. 679–681.Google Scholar

¹¹ Bamford, , Passages, p. 164.Google Scholar

¹² Read, Donald, Peterloo: The “Massacre” and Its Background (Manchester, 1958;Google Scholar reprint edition, Manchester, 1973), pp. 55–56; MO, 18 July and 1 August; MO, 16 May (jenny spinners), 13 June (joiners), 20 June (hatters), 27 June (dyers), 15 August (handloom weavers), 18 July, 1 and 8 August, and 12 September (spinners).

¹³ Sherwin's Political Register, 1, 8, 29 August [hereafter SPR]; Black Dwarf, 19 August,9 and 30 September [hereafter BD]; Cobbett's Weekly Political Register, 19 December; see also, Gorgon, 1 and 15 August, 5 and 12 September 1818; 9 and 23 January, 6 and 27 February 1819.

¹⁴ Manchester Political Register, 4 January 1817. Thompson, , Making of the English Working Class, pp. 679–681.Google Scholar

¹⁵ MO, 18 and 25 April; Cotton, Nicholas, “Popular Movements in Ashton-under-Lyne and Stalybridge Before 1832” (M.Litt, thesis, University of Birmingham, 1977), p. 109Google Scholar, and PRO, HO 42/174 Lloyd to Hobhouse, 12 February.

¹⁶ Meetings were held at Manchester, Royton, Oldham, Stockport, Lees, Pilkington, Middleton, Saddleworth, Ashton-under-Lyne, Birch, Mossley, Heywood, Failsworth and Rochdale. For reports of these meetings, see PRO, HO 42/175–180 and published accounts of speeches and resolutions in the Manchester Observer, Black Dwarf, and Sherwin's Political Register. For attendance figures, see PRO, HO 42/175 Lloyd to Hobhouse, 9 March; HO 42/178 No. 2 to Byng, 14 July; Bamford, , Passages, p. 167;Google Scholar HO 42/180 Report of Livesey, John, and A Full, Accurate, and Impartial Report, pp. 20, 30.Google Scholar

¹⁷ PRO, HO 42/175 Chippendale to Fletcher, 23 March. See also, HO 42/176 Chippen dale to Fletcher, 20 April, and HO 42/178 Report of John Livesey, 6 July.

¹⁸ Thompson, , Making of the English Working Class, pp. 294–295, 644–645.Google Scholar

¹⁹ PRO, HO 40/4 Cover letter of the Boroughreeve and Constables of Manchester, February 1817, quoted by Davis, “Lancashire Reformers”, p. 74. HO 40/9(1) Pamphlet on 28 October 1816 meeting in Manchester; Manchester Political Register, 15 February 1817; see also, HO 42/198 Norris to Sidmouth, 2 November 1819.

²⁰ PRO, HO 42/161 Wild to Duckworth, 13 March 1817, and HO 40/5(4a) Deposition of John Livesey, 8 March 1817.

²¹ PRO, HO 42/178 Norris to Sidmouth, 29 July; A Full, Accurate, and Impartial Report, pp. 20–35; HO 42/177 Brother to No. 2 to Chippendale,26 April and 17 May; SPR,6 June and 25 July, and Bamford, Passages, pp. 167–168.

²² PRO, HO 42/177 Brother to No. 2 to Chippendale, 17 May; for detailed reports of the speeches at these meetings, see spy reports and depositions in HO 42/175–180; see also, for resolutions of meetings at Manchester, Lees, Mossley, and Ashton, MO, 14 March, 2 May and 11 July; SPR, 6 June.

²³ MO, 12 September. PRO, HO 42/178 No. 2 to Byng, 14 July; HO 42/179 Brother to No. 2 to Chippendale, 21 July, and A Full, Accurate, and Impartial Report, pp. 23, 27, 29,31–32.

²⁴ PRO, HO 42/177 Report of Brother of No. 2, 10 May. HO 42/178 “A Public Meeting of the Friends of the Short Time-Bill”, handbill; for the Oldham and Ashton radicals, see HO 42/179 Chippendale to Fletcher, 11 August; Brother to No. 2 to Chippendale, 21 and 27 July.

²⁵ PRO, HO 42/177 Report of Brother of No. 2, 10 May.

²⁶ MO, 25 April (Oldham); 2 May (Lees); 14 March (Manchester); see also, BD, 20 May (Middleton), and SPR, 6 June (Ashton).

²⁷ Cobbett's Weekly Political Register, 19 December. See also, SPR, 28 November.

²⁸ MO, 21 February. Hansard's Parliamentary Debates, First series, XXXVII (1818), pp. 264–268,559–566 [hereafter HD] and Ward, J. T., The Factory Movement 1830–1855 (London, 1962), pp. 24–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar Peel's bill limited children under sixteen to eleven hours and prohibited labour under the age of nine. The bill passed the House of Commons. But, on 10 June, when the parliamentary session came to a close, it still had not passed the House of Lords.

²⁹ Alfred, [Samuel H. G. Kydd], The History of the Factory Movement, 2 vols (London, 1857;Google Scholar reprint edition, New York, 1966), 1, pp. 61–64; [Gould, Nathaniel, and others], Information Concerning the State of Children Employed in Cotton Factories, Printed for the Use of the Members of Both Houses of Parliament (Manchester, 1818).Google Scholar For the mule spinners' role in the short time movement, see Parliamentary Papers (Commons) 1840 [504] X, pp. 1, 12 [hereafter PP]; PP (Commons) 1837–38 [488] VIII, p. 256; PP(Commons) 1833 [450] XX D1, p. 1; see also, Kirby, and Musson, , Voice of the People, pp. 346–348Google Scholar, and Grant, Philip, The History of Factory Legislation: The Ten Hours' Bill (Manchester, 1866), pp. 14, 22.Google Scholar

³⁰ Spinners and factory workers from Manchester, Stockport, Ashton, Stalybridge, Bolton, Royton, and Glossop sent petitions in support of Peel's bill; see HD, First series, XXXVII (1818), pp. 1182, 1188–1189,1259–1263; PP (Lords) 1818 [90] XCVI, pp. 3–5, 44. For the spinners' London delegation, see PRO, HO 42/179 Examination of John Ollis, 29 August; PP (Lords) 1819 [24] CX, pp. 118, 203–204, and HD, First series, XXXVII (1818), pp. 264–268.

³¹ PP (Lords) 1819 [24] CX, pp. 434, 430–431. PRO, HO 42/179 Examination of John Ollis, 29 August.

³² HD, Third series, XXXIII (1836), p. 756.

³³ HD, First series, XXXVII (1818), pp. 440–441; Ibid., XXXVIII (1818), pp. 578–579. The master spinners of Manchester, Stockport, Preston, Blackburn, and Rossendale petitioned against Peel's bill; see, Ibid., XXXVII (1818), pp. 1188–1189; and PP (Lords) 1818 [90] XCVI, pp. 3, 15.

³⁴ Ibid., pp. 6, 14, 25, 36–37, 41, 47–48, 85–86, 92–95,108, 119–120, 124,137, 224; see also, Ward, , Factory Movement, p. 25. Several spinners who challenged these findings and the methods of the masters' committee were dismissed and blacklisted. PP (Lords) 1819 [24] CX, pp. 118, 203–204, 209–210, 430–434.Google Scholar

³⁵ PRO, HO 42/183 Norris to Sidmouth, 16 January 1819.

³⁶ An INQUIRY Into the Principle and Tendency of the Bill now Pending in Parliament, for Imposing Certain Restrictions on Cotton Factories (London, 1818), pp. 42–48, 50–56.Google Scholar For a similar attack on Peel's bill, see the speech of Philips, George, HD, First series, XXXVIII (1818), pp. 364–365.Google Scholar

³⁷ PP (Lords) 1819 [24] CX, p. 369, and PP (Commons) 1824 [51] V, pp. 411–13.

³⁸ MO, 13 June; PRO, HO 42/178 Norris to Sidmouth, 29 July; for seasonality in the Manchester building trades, see Manchester Guardian, 14 May 1836.

³⁹ MO, 27 June and 18 July; Manchester Gazette, 18 July [hereafter MG], and PRO, HO 42/178 Norris to Sidmouth, 29 July.

⁴⁰ Giles, P. M., “The Felt-Hatting Industry, c. 1500–1850 with Particular Reference to Lancashire and Cheshire”, Transactions of the Lancashire and Cheshire Antiquarian Society, 69 (1959), pp. 118–126;Google ScholarMO, 20 June; PRO, HO 42/178 XY to Byng, 16 July; Byng to Hobhouse, 18 July and Manchester Central Library, William Rowbottom diaries (microfilm copy), July 1818. For the continued importance of the equalization of prices for the journeymen hatters of Lancashire and Cheshire, see Manchester Guardian, 13 April 1822; Northern Star, 10 February 1844.

⁴¹ MO, 16 May.

⁴² Ibid., 20 June.

⁴³ Potter, Edmund, Calico Printing as an Art Manufacture (London, 1852), pp. 10, 21;Google ScholarGuest, Richard, A Compendious History of the Cotton Manufacture (Manchester, 1823;Google Scholar reprint edition, New York, 1968), pp. 46–47; PP (Commons) 1808 [179] II, pp. 5–9; see also, Glen, , Urban Workers, pp. 35–37, 145.Google Scholar For the age and sex of the early work force in the Stockport area, see PP (Commons) 1831–32 [706] XV, pp. 433–434; PP (Commons) 1824 [51] V, pp. 302, 306.

⁴⁴ Ibid., p. 421; PP (Commons) 1833 [690] VI, p. 677; Bythell, Handloom Weavers., pp. 258–259; Glen, , Urban Workers, pp. 32–33, 145;Google Scholar see also, Lyons, John S., “Vertical Integration in the British Cotton Industry, 1825–1850: A Revision”, Journal of Economic History, XLV (06, 1985), pp. 419–425.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁴⁵ PP (Commons) 1833 [450] XX D2, p. 128; PP (Commons) 1842 [471] IX, pp. 37–38, 42, 47; Bythell, , Handloom Weavers, pp. 119–120Google Scholar, and Marsden, Richard, Cotton Weaving: Its Development, Principles, and Practice (Manchester, 1895), p. 495.Google Scholar

⁴⁶ PP (Commons) 1824 [51] V, p. 418; PP (Commons) 1808 [277] II, pp. 21–22, and PRO, HO 42/178 Prescot et al. to Sidmouth, 16 July. During the powerloom weavers' strike, the dressers, a group of workers who prepared the warp for the loom, also turned out. See HO 42/179 Lloyd to Hobhouse, 12 and 22 August.

⁴⁷ Thomis, Malcolm I. and Grimmett, Jennifer, Women in Protest 1800–1850 (London, 1982), pp. 69, 73–74, and MO, 25 November 1820.Google Scholar

⁴⁸ Ibid., 25 July; Wheeler's Manchester Chronicle, 12 September [hereafter WMC’PRO, HO 42/178 Prescot et al. to Sidmouth, 16 July; Lloyd to Hobhouse, 19 July.

⁴⁹ WMC, 12 September, PRO, HO 42/178 Prescot et al. to Sidmouth, 16 July; MO, 25 July, and Glen, Urban Workers, pp. 73–74.

⁵⁰ MO, 25 July and 15 August; A Full, Accurate, and Impartial Report, pp. 57–62Google Scholar, and Glen, , Urban Workers, pp. 219–220.Google Scholar

⁵¹ MO, 25 July, 8 and 15 August; for the 10 August meeting, see Glen, , Urban Workers, pp. 220, and MO, 22 and 29 August.Google Scholar

⁵² PRO, HO 42/178 Lloyd to Hobhouse, 23 and 25 July; HO 42/179 Lloyd to Hobhouse, 8 and 10 August, and Glen, , Urban Workers, p. 74.Google Scholar

⁵³ During July and August, the Stockport and Wigan spinners also turned out. Glen, , Urban Workers, pp. 72–75;Google Scholar PRO, HO 42/178 Lyon to Freeling, 20 July, and HO 42/179 Fletcher to Hobhouse, 8 August.

⁵⁴ Kennedy, John, “A Brief Memoir of Samuel Crompton”, Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester (1831), pp. 335–336Google Scholar, and PP (Commons) 1834 [167] XIX D1, p. 169. For “footings” and St. Monday, see Poor Man's Advocate, 21 01 1832;Google ScholarChadwick, William, Reminiscences of Mottram (reprint edition, Longdendale, 1972), p.9;Google ScholarDunlop, John, Artificial Drinking Usages of North Britain (fourth edition, Greenock, 1836), pp. 5–10;Google ScholarPP (Lords) 1819 [24] CX, pp. 344, 348–349, 377; PP (Commons) 1833 [519] XXID2, p. 36; Prothero, , Artisans and Politics, pp. 28–40Google Scholar, and Hanagan, Michael, “Artisan and Skilled Worker: The Problem of Definition”, International Labor and Working–Class History, 12 (1977), pp. 28–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁵⁵ PP (Commons) 1842 [158] XXXV, pp. 14–15; P. H. J. H. Gosden, , The Friendly Societies in England, 1815–1875 (Manchester, 1961), pp. 76–77, 221–223, 9–11, 71Google Scholar, PP (Commons) 1824 [51] V, p. 610.

⁵⁶ For detailed descriptions of the role of skill in spinning on the hand mule, see PP (Commons) 1837–38 [488] VIII, pp. 306–307, and Montgomery, James, The Theory and Practice of Cotton Spinning; or the Carding and Spinning Master's Assistant (third edition, Glasgow, 1836), pp. 178–179.Google Scholar

⁵⁷ PP (Commons) 1816 [397] III, p. 355; PP (Lords) 1818 [90] XCVI, p. 186, and PP (Lords) 1819 [24] CX, pp. 237, 342, 400, 436.

⁵⁸ PP (Commons) 1834 [167] XIX D1, p. 119e, and Reddy, , Market Culture, pp. 55, 79–82, 161, 166, 295.Google Scholar

⁵⁹ MO, 8 August and 12 September; Gorgon, 12 September, and BD, 9 September.

⁶⁰ For copies of this letter, see MO, 3 October, and BD, 30 September. For similar attacks on the master spinners, see MO, 18 April; PRO, HO 42/178 “The Mule Spinners' Address to the Public”, handbill; see also, Hammonds, , Town Labourer, pp. 301–302.Google Scholar

⁶¹ For copies of this address, see Annual Register, 1818 “Chronicle”, pp. 100–102; Gorgon, 15 August; BD, 9 September; see also PRO, HO 42/179 “The Cotton Spinners Address To the Public!”, broadside. For negotiations between masters and men, see also PP (Lords) 1819 [24] CX, pp. 344–347, and HO 42/179 Examinations of John Fowler, John Hague, Edward Johnson, 29 August.

⁶² PRO, HO 42/178 Norris to Sidmouth, 29 July; PP (Lords) 1819 [24] CX, pp. 344–347; HO 42/179 Examinations of Edward Johnson and John Fowler, 29 August. For estimates of the total number of men, women, and children in the cotton mills of Manchester and vicinity, see PP (Commons) 1816 [397] III, pp. 337, 372; HD, First series, XXXVII (1818), p. 594; PP (Commons) 1824 [51], V, p. 575.

⁶³ PRO, HO 42/178 Norris to Sidmouth, 29 July.

⁶⁴ WMC, 11 July.

⁶⁵ PRO, HO 42/178 B to Fletcher, 9 July.

⁶⁶ Bamford, , Passages, pp. 176–177Google Scholar, and Thompson, , Making of the English Working Class, pp. 678–680.Google Scholar

⁶⁷ PP (Commons) 1824 [51] V, p. 575. PRO, HO 42/178 Norris to Sidmouth, 29 July; see also, Bohstedt, , Riots and Community Politics, pp. 7–10.Google Scholar

⁶⁸ PRO, HO 42/178 Norris to Sidmouth, 29 July. See also, WMC, 18 July and 1 August; HO 42/179 Examination of Edward Johnson, 29 August; PP (Commons) 1824 [51] V, pp. 573–575, and Bohstedt, , Riots and Community Politics, pp. 129–130.Google Scholar

⁶⁹ Davis, Susan G., Parades and Power: Street Theatre in Nineteenth–Century Philadelphia (Philadelphia, 1986), pp. 13–14;Google ScholarBerger, John, “The Nature of Mass Demon strations”, New Society, 23 05 1968Google Scholar, and Habermas, Jurgen, “The Public Sphere”, New German Critique, 3 (1974), pp. 49–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁷⁰ Engels, Frederick, The Condition of the Working Class in England, Introduction by Hobsbawm, E. J. (London, 1892;Google Scholar reprint edition, London, 1984), pp. 78–79.

⁷¹ PRO, HO 42/179 Withington to Hobhouse, 14 August. For the processions' routes, see HO 42/178 Norris to Sidmouth, 29 July; HO 42/180 Morris to Clive, 1 September, and WMC, 5 September.

⁷² MG, 4 July; PRO, HO 42/179 Gray to Sidmouth, 24 August; Gray to Irving, 27 August.

⁷³ PRO, HO 42/179 Norris to Hobhouse, 28 August.

⁷⁴ PRO, HO 42/178 Byng to Hobhouse, 26 July.

⁷⁵ Kirby, and Musson, , Voice of the People, pp. 13–15;Google ScholarThe Quinquarticular System of Organization. To the Operative Spinners of Manchester and Salford (Manchester, 1834);Google ScholarPP (Commons) 1824 [51] V, pp. 573–575, 610, and PP(Commons) 1840 [504] X, pp. 1, 12.

⁷⁶ WMC, 14 November; PRO, HO 42/179 Examinations of Dennis Brophy, John Ollis, Edward Johnson, and John Fowler, 29 August.

⁷⁷ PRO, HO 42/178 Norris to Sidmouth, 29 July; HO 42/179 Norris to Hobhouse, 7 August; MM, 1 September, and HO 42/179 Examination of Dennis Brophy, 29 August. 78 PRO, HO 42/179 Information of Samuel Fleming, 24 August; Information of Joseph Todd, 22 August; Examinations of Dennis Brophy and John Ollis, 29 August.

⁷⁹ PRO, HO 42/178 J. L. to Conant, 23 July; Report of C, 27 July; HO 42/179 Report of C, 10 and 24 August; Reports of A and C, 17 August; see also, Prothero, , Artisans and Politics, pp. 100–101;Google ScholarBelchem, , “Orator” Hunt, pp. 54–58Google Scholar, and McCalman, Iain, Radical Underworld: Prophets, Revolutionaries, and Pornographers in London, 1795–1840 (Cambridge, 1988), p. 133.Google Scholar

⁸⁰ PRO, HO 42/179 Printed circular, 12 August, enclosed in Report of C, 17 August; see also, Prothero, , Artisans and Politics, p. 100;Google Scholar “To all Colliers in Newton Duckinfield Hyde & Stayley Bridge”, from James Fielding, 7 August, enclosed in Lloyd to Hobhouse, 22 August; see also, Hammonds, , Skilled Labourer, pp. 103–104;Google Scholar Hardman to Fletcher, 31 July; HO 42/178 Ramsay to Sidmouth, 18 July; HO 42/179 Brother to No. 2 to Chippendale, 27 July; XY to Byng, 3 August; Chippendale to Fletcher, 5 and 11 August.

⁸¹ PRO, HO 42/179 Brother to No. 2 to Chippendale, 27 July and 10 August; Norris to Sidmouth, 5 August; Chippendale to Fletcher, 5 August.

⁸² PRO, HO 42/180 “At A Meeting of Deputies from the Undermentioned Trades”, broadside. See also, Aspinall, , Early English Trade Unions, pp. 272–274.Google Scholar Kirby and Musson, Voice of the People, p. 153.

⁸³ The eight trades were the dressers, dyers, handloom weavers, bricklayers, hatters, colliers, mule spinners, and jenny spinners. For complaints about high prices, see MO, 27 June (dyers), and 15 August (weavers). For the problems of establishing a standard list of prices, see A Report of the Proceedings of a Delegate Meeting of Operative Spinners of England, Ireland, and Scotland (Manchester, 1829), pp. 6, 28–31;Google ScholarMO, 20 June (hatters), and Manchester Guardian, 25 September 1824 (shoemakers).

⁸⁴ PRO, HO 42/179 “To the Labourers of Manchester and its Vicinity”, broadside. SPR, 8 August; Hammonds, , Town Labourer, pp. 306–308;Google Scholar see also, British Library, Francis Place Papers, Additional Manuscripts 27799 vol XI, “Articles of the Philanthropic Hercules” and “Brother Mechanics”. For “respectability”, see Prothero, , Artisans and Politics, pp. 26–28.Google Scholar

⁸⁵ WMC, 1 August.

⁸⁶ PRO, HO 42/179 Norris to Sidmouth, 2 and 5 August; Norris to Hobhouse, 12 and 13 August; Hay to Hobhouse, 9 August; Examination of Edward Johnson, 29 August.

⁸⁷ PRO, HO 42/179 Norris to Hobhouse, 26 August; Ethelston to Hobhouse, 28 August; Gray to Sidmouth, 24 August; Gray to Irving, 27 August. On 26 August the young Irish spinner John Doherty was arrested at Birley's mill. For the Home Office's growing impatience with both the Manchester mill owners and the magistrates, see HO 79/3 Hobhouse to Fletcher, 27 August; Hobhouse to Byng, 14 and 24 August; see also, HO 42/178 Hay to Hobhouse, 30 July.

⁸⁸ PRO, HO 42/179 Norris to Hobhouse, 28 August.

⁸⁹ WMC, 29 August.

⁹⁰ PRO, HO 42/179 B to Fletcher, 31 August. Morris to Hobhouse, 26 August; Lloyd to Hobhouse, 29 August.

⁹¹ PRO, HO 42/179 Norris to Hobhouse, 29 August; WMC, 5 September; Gorgon, 9 January 1819, and HO 42/180 Norris to Clive, 1 September.

⁹² PRO, HO 42/179 Gray to Irving, 27 August; PP (Commons) 1824 [51] V, pp. 573–576.

⁹³ Ibid., pp. 573–577; PRO, HO 42/180 Depositions of Jonathan Ambray and John Lever; Gray, to Ethelston, , 3 09;Google ScholarMO, 12 September, and MG, 5 September.

⁹⁴ WMC and MG, 5 September.

⁹⁵ PRO, HO 42/179 Hardman to Fletcher, 31 July; Chippendale to Fletcher, 5 August; Brother to No. 2 to Chippendale, 10 August; Hanley to Maule, 31 August.

⁹⁶ Bythell, , Handloom Weavers, pp. 99, 102–105;Google ScholarMO, 11 July 1818 and 2 January 1819, and PRO, HO 42/174 Lloyd to Hobhouse, 23 February.

⁹⁷ Manchester Central Library, William Rowbottom diaries (microfilm copy), January-March 1818; PP (Commons), 1824 [51] V, pp. 356–357; see also, Glen, , Urban Workers, pp. 221–222.Google Scholar

⁹⁸ MO, 11 July. See also, MO, 2 January 1819.

⁹⁹ PRO, HO 42/179 Brother to No. 2 to Chippendale, 27 July and 10 August. XY to Byng, 3 August; HO 42/178 Ramsay to Sidmouth, 18 July, and HO 42/179 Chippendale to Fletcher, 4 and 11 August.

¹⁰⁰ Bamford, , Passages, p. 9; PRO, HO 42/179 Brother to No. 2 to Chippendale, 10 August; HO 42/180 Chippendale to Sidmouth, 6 September.Google Scholar

¹⁰¹ PRO, HO 42/179 Lloyd to Hobhouse, 24 August; Glen, , Urban Workers, pp. 221–224Google Scholar, and HO 42/179 Chippendale to Fletcher, 11 August.

¹⁰² PRO, HO 42/179 Information of Samuel Fleming, 18 August.

¹⁰³ PRO, HO 42/180 Brother to No. 2 to Chippendale, 2 September. Cotton, , “Popular Movements”, pp. 113–116.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁴ Bythell, , Handloom Weavers, pp. 96–98, 109, 169, 177–178;Google ScholarPP (Commons) 1834 [556] X, p. 73.

¹⁰⁵ PRO, HO 42/178 “An Address to the Cotton Manufacturers of Lancashire, Yorkshire, Cheshire, Derbyshire &c.”, broadside, 27 July. See also, Hammonds, , Skilled Labourer, pp. 111–112;Google Scholar for the Prestwich meeting, see HO 42/178 Fletcher to Hobhouse, 26 July, and PP (Commons) 1824 [51] V, p. 356.

¹⁰⁶ Hammonds, , Skilled Labourer, pp. 112–115;Google ScholarGlen, , Urban Workers, pp. 222–223Google Scholar, and Bythell, , Handloom Weavers, p. 194.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁷ PRO, HO 42/179 “At A Meeting of Deputies, From the Cotton Weavers”, broadside, 22 August. Hardman to Fletcher, 22 August; see also, Hammonds, , Skilled Labourer, pp. 114–115.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁸ PRO, HO 42/179 “To All Coalminers”, handbill. For links between the spinners and miners, see HO 42/179 Norris to Hobhouse, 13 August; “To all Colliers in Newton Duckinfield Hyde and Stayley Bridge”, from James Fielding, 7 August, enclosed in Lloyd to Hobhouse, 22 August; Hanley to Maule, 31 August.

¹⁰⁹ PRO, HO 42/179 Fletcher to Hobhouse, 18 August; Ethelston to Sidmouth, 18 August; Lloyd to Hobhouse, 22 August, and WMC, 22 August. For reductions over the previous two to three years, see Glen, , Urban Workers, p. 104;Google ScholarHarris, J. R., “The Hughes Papers: Lancashire Social Life, 1780–1825”, Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire, 103 (1952), pp. 122–126;Google Scholar HO 42/184 Hughes and Williams to the Earl of Derby, 17 February 1819. For grievances, see HO 42/179 No. 2 to Fletcher, 24 August; Norris to Hobhouse, 28 August (“the question of measure”); HO 42/180 Jones, to Kinnersly, , 1 09 (“prices and measure”), and MO, 4 July (truck system).Google Scholar

¹¹⁰ PRO, HO 42/179 XY to Fletcher, 26 August; Marriot to Hobhouse, 22 August; see also, Glen, , Urban Workers, p. 104Google Scholar, and Challinor, Raymond, The Lancashire and Cheshire Miners (Newcastle, 1972), pp 23–24.Google Scholar

¹¹¹ MM, 8 September; PRO, HO 42/180 Jones to Kinnersly, 1 September; Fletcher to Clive, 4 September, and HO 42/179 Chippendale to Hobhouse, 27 August.

¹¹² MM, 15 September; WMC, 12 September; PRO, HO 42/180 Fletcher to Clive, 4 September; Fletcher to Sidmouth, 22 September, and HO 42/181 Lloyd to Clive, 10 October.

¹¹³ PRO, HO 42/179 Norris to Clive, 31 August; HO 42/180 Morris to Clive, 1 September; Brother to No. 2 to Chippendale, 31 August, and Cotton, “Popular Movements”, p. 115.

¹¹⁴ Manchester Exchange Herald, 8 September, quoted by Bythell, , Handloom Weavers, p. 194Google Scholar, and WMC, 5 September.

¹¹⁵ WMC, 5 September. PRO, HO 42/180 Brother to No. 2 to Chippendale, 1 September; Norris to Clive, 2 and 3 September; for the broadside “Death of Calico Jack; or the Weavers' Downfall”, see Glen, , Urban Workers, pp. 146, 154, 195, 214, 223.Google Scholar

¹¹⁶ PRO, HO 42/180 Norris to Clive, 1 September; Norris to Sidmouth, 5 September; Ethelston to Sidmouth, 7 September; PP (Commons) 1824 [51] V, p. 360; HO 42/180 Lloyd to the Undersecretary of State, 19 September, and HO 42/179 Lyon to Freeling, 24 August.

¹¹⁷ PRO, HO 42/180 Chippendale to Sidmouth, 6 September; PP (Commons) 1824 [51] V, pp. 394–395; see also, Glen, , Urban Workers, p. 223Google Scholar, and Hammonds, , Skilled Labourer, pp. 116–117.Google Scholar

¹¹⁸ PRO, HO 42/180 Norris to Sidmouth, 11 September; Fletcher to Clive, 4 September; WMC, 12 September; for the arrest of the weavers' leaders, see HO 42/180 Norris to Sidmouth, 7, 11, 12, and 16 September; Fletcher to Sidmouth, 22 September, and The Times, 17 September.

¹¹⁹ PRO, HO 42/180 Whitaker to Sidmouth, 17 September. Bythell, , Handloom Weavers, pp. 28–29, 196.Google Scholar

¹²⁰ PRO, HO 42/180 “The Town and Neighbourhood of Blackburn”, broadside, 11 September; The Times, 21 September; MM, 22 September, and WMC, 19 and 26 September.

¹²¹ “The History and Mystery of the Green Bags”, Town Talk; or Living Manners, 3 (1812), pp. 1–6;Google ScholarHunt, Henry, The Green Bag Plot (London, 1819)Google Scholar, and George, M. Dorothy, English Political Caricature 1793–1832: A Study of Opinion and Propaganda (Oxford, 1959), pp. 174–175.Google Scholar I am grateful to Harold Moser for the reference to Town Talk. For the use of “green bags” in the Queen Caroline affair, see the dialect poem “Jone O' Greenfeelt's Ramble in Search of th'Green Bag”, in Harland, John (ed.), Ballads and Songs of Lancashire, Ancient and Modern, revised by Wilkinson, T. T. (second edition, London, 1875), pp. 172–173Google Scholar, and McCalman, , Radical Underworld, p. 174.Google Scholar

¹²² John Horrocks was M.P. for Preston, 1802–04. His elder brother Samuel Horrocks served as M.P. for the borough, 1804–26. One of the founding families of the cotton industry in Preston, the Horrocks employed in 1816 hundreds of factory workers and “a whole countryside of handloom weavers”, Gentleman's Magazine (1842), p. 430;Google ScholarBaines, Edward, History, Directory, and Gazetteer, of the County Palatine of Lancaster, 2 vols (Liverpool, 1824–1825; reprint edition, New York, 1968), 2, pp. 484–485Google Scholar; Phillips, Paul T.The Sectarian Spirit: Sectarianism, Society, and Politics in Victorian Cotton Towns (Toronto, 1982), pp. 39, 64;Google ScholarJoyce, Patrick, Work, Society, and Politics: The Culture of the Factory in later Victorian England (New Brunswick, NJ, 1980), p. 13Google Scholar, and Bythell, , Handloom Weavers, p. 30.Google Scholar

¹²³ The Times, 28 09Google Scholar. For other accounts, see WMC, 10 10Google Scholar, and MM, 29 09Google Scholar.

¹²⁴ WMC, 10 October. See also, MM, 6 October; MO, 10 October; for the military “sham funeral” in nineteenth–century Philadelphia, see Davis, , Parades and Power, pp. 66–67;Google Scholar for the mock burial of the “shift system” by a group of Stalybridge weavers, see The Champion, vol. 2, no. 18.Google Scholar

¹²⁵ PRO, HO 42/178 “To the Gentlemen, Landholders, and Ley payers of Oldham & its Vicinity”, handbill, 25 July; see also, Aspinall, , Early English Trade Unions, pp. 249–250.Google Scholar

¹²⁶ Tilly, Charles, “Collective Violence in European Perspective”, in Graham, H. D. and Gurr, T. R. (eds), Violence in America: Historical and Comparative Perspectives (revised edition, Beverly Hills, CA, 1979), pp. 107–109.Google Scholar

¹²⁷ Bohstedt, , Riots and Community Politics, pp. 84–99.Google Scholar

¹²⁸ PRO, HO 42/181 Hanley to Maule, 12 October; Report of C, 12 October; Gorgon, 9 01 1819;Google Scholar see also, Prothero, , Artisans and Politics, pp. 100, 106–107Google Scholar, and Belchem, , “Orator” Hunt, pp. 87–88.Google Scholar

¹²⁹ PRO, HO 42/179 Ramsay to Lloyd, 10 August; Morris to Hobhouse, 11 August; HO 42/180 Report of John Livesey; Glen, , Urban Workers, pp. 224–236;Google Scholar see also, Read, , Peterloo, pp. 38, 47–49.Google Scholar

¹³⁰ Glen, , Urban Workers, pp. 224–225;Google ScholarA Full, Accurate, and Impartial Report, pp. 63–64;Google Scholar PRO, HO 42/181 Hanley to Maule, 12 October; British Library, Francis Place Papers, Additional Manuscripts 27799 vol. XI, “The Appeal of W. P. Washington”, handbill, 31 July 1819. Prothero, , Artisans and Politics, pp. 101–102.Google Scholar James Wroe, a radical bookseller and later editor of the Manchester Observer, was one of the sureties for John Doherty's bail and received subscriptions for the defense of the arrested spinners; see, Kirby, and Musson, , Voice of the People, pp. 22, 45.Google Scholar

¹³¹ Glen, , Urban Workers, p. 226Google Scholar, and MO, 23 January 1819.

¹³² MO, 23 01 1819 (Manchester);Google Scholar 13 and 20 February 1819 (Royton and Stockport); 19 June 1819 (Ashton); 3 July 1819 (Stockport); 10 July 1819 (Blackburn); see also, Hammonds, , Skilled Labourer, p. 120.Google Scholar

¹³³ MO, 20 02 1819.Google Scholar For radical dinners to celebrate the release of the imprisoned radicals and trade union leaders in 1821, see MO, 10 02, 3 03, 28 04, 26 05, and 23 06Google Scholar.