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^{page 229 note 1} Cole, G. D. H. and Filson, A. W., British Working Class Movements: Select Documents 1789–1875 (London 1951), p. 381.Google Scholar

^{page 230 note 1} Guardian, Manchester, 09 3, 1866. Cited hereafter as M.G.Google Scholar

^{page 230 note 2} Ibid., January 7, 1859.

^{page 230 note 3} Ibid., May 8, 1850.

^{page 230 note 4} Maccoby, S., English Radicalism 1853–1886 (London 1958), p. 82Google Scholar, quoting The National Review, April 1863. For a satiric description of the middle-class conception of its philanthropic role see the excerpt from Porcupine in Simey, Margaret B., Charitable Effort in Liverpool in the Nineteenth Century (Liverpool 1951), p. 56.Google Scholar

^{page 231 note 1} M.G., 10 14, 1858.Google Scholar

^{page 231 note 2} Ludlow, J. M. and Jones, Lloyd, Progress of the Working Class 1832–1867 (London 1867), p. 294.Google Scholar

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^{page 232 note 3} Young, G. M. and Handcock, W. D. eds., English Historical Documents 1833–1874, p, 390Google Scholar, quoting the Census Report of 1851–53 on Religious Worship.

^{page 232 note 4} M.G., 01 7, 1859.Google Scholar

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^{page 233 note 2} Jones, E. R., The Life and Speeches of Joseph Cowen, M.P. (London n.d.), p. 96.Google Scholar

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^{page 233 note 5} Ibid., January 1, 1859.

^{page 233 note 6} Ibid., May 1, 1850. For an account of the mutual improvement societies and working-men's clubs see Ludlow, and Jones, , op. cit., pp. 174–80.Google Scholar

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^{page 234 note 4} Jones, , Cowen, Joseph, pp. 96–7.Google Scholar

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^{page 236 note 1} See Wickham, E. R., Church and People in an Industrial City (London 1957)Google Scholar. Chapter 4 not only describes the religious situation in Sheffield between 1850 and 1900, but also notes the presence of similar patterns in other cities. See also Inglis, K. S., Churches and Working Classes in Nineteenth Century England, in: Historical Studies: Australia and New Zealand, VIII, No. 29, 1957.Google Scholar

^{page 236 note 2} M.G., 01 5, 1859.Google Scholar

^{page 236 note 3} Ibid., April 27, 1850.

^{page 237 note 1} Wickham, , Church and People, p. 159Google Scholar. For examples of the relationship between the working classes and religious institutions in Liverpool, Bradford, and Manchester see the evidence presented to the Select Committee of the House of Lords on Deficiency of Means of Spiritual Instruction, Parliamentary Papers, 1857–58, IX, pp. 382f., 416f., 448f.Google Scholar

^{page 237 note 2} M.G., 05 1, 1850.Google Scholar

^{page 237 note 3} Wickham, , p. 141.Google Scholar

^{page 237 note 4} Young, and Handcock, , op. cit., p. 315.Google Scholar

^{page 238 note 1} M.G., 05 3, 1848Google Scholar; London Times, 05 1, 1848.Google Scholar

^{page 239 note 1} M.G., 05 3, 6, 17, 1848Google Scholar; London Times, 06 1, 8, 21, 1848Google Scholar; Illustrated London News, 06 10, 24, 1848.Google Scholar

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^{page 239 note 6} M.G., 12 6, 1851.Google Scholar

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^{page 240 note 1} M.G., 01 1, 1859.Google Scholar

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^{page 240 note 3} M.G., 02 2, 1859Google Scholar; Gillespie, , p. 154.Google Scholar

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^{page 240 note 5} Reid, T. W., Life of the Right Honourable William Edward Forster (London 1888), I, p. 367.Google Scholar

^{page 240 note 6} Saturday Review, 08 4, 1866.Google Scholar

^{page 241 note 1} Rogers, J. E. T., ed., Speeches on Questions of Public Policy by John Bright, M.P. (London 1869), II, pp. 100–101.Google Scholar

^{page 241 note 2} M.G., 12 6, 1851.Google Scholar

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^{page 242 note 2} Saville, John, Ernest Jones: Chartist (London 1952), pp. 62–76.Google Scholar

^{page 242 note 3} M.G., 01 12, 1859.Google Scholar

^{page 242 note 4} Guttsman, W. L., The 1859 Election in Seven Yorkshire Cities, in: International Review of Social History, II (1957), Pt. 2.Google Scholar

^{page 242 note 5} Ibid., p. 253.

^{page 243 note 1} Cole, and Filson, , p. 529.Google Scholar

^{page 243 note 2} M.G., 04 1, 1864.Google Scholar

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^{page 244 note 1} Ibid., September 25, 1866.

^{page 244 note 2} Reid, , Life of Forster, I, pp. 392–6.Google Scholar

^{page 244 note 3} On Tyneside a group of middle-class Radicals, led by Joseph Cowen, refused to stop short of manhood suffrage. In Birmingham the household suffrage position won a more complete triumph among both the middle and working classes, whereas another Midland town, Leicester, approximated the Lancashire and Yorkshire pattern, in that a substantial segment of the middle class held aloof from the Radicals. Such diversity, while of considerable importance, should not be permitted to obscure the unity of middle-class Radicalism in the industrial towns. See Jones, E. R., The Life and Speeches of Joseph Cowen, M.P.Google Scholar; McKinley, R. A. ed., A History of the County of Leicester, IV, (London 1958). pp. 216–24Google Scholar; and my article, The Origins of the Birmingham Caucus, in: Historical Journal, II, No. 2 (1959).Google Scholar

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^{page 247 note 1} Hanham, H. J., Elections and Party Management: Politics in the Time of Disraeli and Gladstone (London 1959), pp. 68–90.Google Scholar

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^{page 248 note 1} Harrison, Royden, The British Working Class and the General Election of 1868, in: International Review of Social History, vol. V (1960), part 3, and vol. VI (1961), part 1Google Scholar. Harrison has shown the importance of Liberal money in inducing Howell to enter into these Lib-Lab arrangements, which did not spring spontaneously from the Liberal inclinations of the working-class leadership. On the other hand, the deal with Howell would not have worked had not the vast majority of the artisan class been very favorably disposed to the Liberal party.

^{page 248 note 2} Cole, G. D. H., British Working Class Politics 1832–1914 (London 1941), pp. 52–76Google Scholar; Hanham, , chapters 7 and 15Google Scholar; Pelling, H., The Origins of the Labour Party 1880–1900 (London 1954), pp. 3–8.Google Scholar

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