^{page 216 note 1} Sir William Pole (ed.), The Life of Sir William Fairbairn (1877), p. 43.

^{page 216 note 2} S., & Webb, B., The History of Trade Unionism (1920), pp. 205–6.Google Scholar

^{page 216 note 3} Samuel, Smiles, Industrial Biography: Iron Workers and Tool Makers (1863), p. 181.Google Scholar

^{page 217 note 1} Ibid.

^{page 217 note 2} Ibid.

^{page 217 note 3} Birmingham Reference Library, Boulton and Watt Collection: Office Letter Book, 1795–96, letter of 11 10 1795 (p. 27).Google Scholar

^{page 217 note 4} Ibid., Foundry Letter Book, 1794–95, letter of 12 February 1795 (p. 26).

^{page 217 note 5} Ibid., letter of 4 March 1795 (p. 31).

^{page 218 note 1} Smiles, op. cit., pp. 225–26.

^{page 218 note 2} SirFairbairn, William, Useful Information for Engineers (1860), pp. 212–13.Google Scholar

^{page 219 note 1} London School of Economics and Political Science Library: Webb Collection, Engineering and Metal Trades, E, Pt A, XVI (29).

^{page 219 note 2} Pole (ed.), op. cit., p. 92.

^{page 220 note 1} Smiles, Samuel (ed.), Nasmyth, James, Engineer: an Autobiography (1883), pp. 174–75.Google Scholar

^{page 220 note 2} Ibid., p. 121.

^{page 220 note 3} Pole (ed.), op. cit., p. 27.

^{page 220 note 4} Wright, Thomas, Some Habits and Customs of the Working Classes (1867), pp. 84–5.Google Scholar

^{page 220 note 5} Parl. Papers, Select Committee on Artizans and Machinery, 1824 (V), p. 347.Google Scholar

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^{page 221 note 2} Parl. Papers, Select Committee on the Export of Tools and Machinery, 1825 (V), p. 156.Google Scholar

^{page 221 note 3} Petree, J. F., “Maudslay, Sons and Field as General Engineers”, in: Newcomen Society Transactions, XV (1934–1935), pp. 46ff.Google Scholar

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^{page 221 note 5} Parl. Papers, Census of Great Britain of 1851, 1852–1953, Pt I (LXXXVIII), p. 396.Google Scholar

^{page 222 note 1} Deane, P., Cole, W. A., British Economic Growth, 1688–1959 (Cambridge, 1964), p. 187.Google Scholar

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^{page 222 note 3} Smelser, Neil J., Social Change in the Industrial Revolution (Chicago, 1959), p. 152.Google Scholar

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^{page 222 note 5} Ibid., p. 148.

^{page 222 note 6} Ibid.

^{page 222 note 7} Mitchell, B. R. (ed), Abstract of British Historical Statistics (Cambridge, 1962), p. 185.Google Scholar

^{page 223 note 1} Jefferys, J. B., The Story of the Engineers (1946), p. 35.Google Scholar

^{page 223 note 2} British Museum, The Operative, May 31, 1851, No 22, p. 344.

^{page 223 note 3} R. C. O. Matthews, A Study in Trade Cycle History: Economic Fluctuations in Britain, 1833–42 (Cambridge, 1954), p. 106.

^{page 223 note 4} Ibid.

^{page 223 note 5} Simmons, Jack, The Railways of Britain (1961), p. 113.Google Scholar

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^{page 224 note 2} English Electric Co., Ltd. (Vulcan Works, Newton-le-Willows), Tabulated List of locomotives built at the Vulcan Foundry, 1831–1956; Robt. Stephenson and Co., Ltd., Engine Record Book, 1831–1903. Parl. Papers, Select Committee on Trade Unions (Eleventh Report), 1868–1869 (XXXI), p. 498:Google Scholar yearly deliveries of locomotives from the Atlas Works (Sharp, Roberts and Co.), Manchester.

^{page 225 note 1} Stigler, George J., “The Division of Labor is Limited by the Extent of the Market”, in: Journal of Political Economy, LIX (1951);Google ScholarRosenberg, Nathan, “Technological Change in the Machine Tool Industry, 1840–1910” (an anlysis of U.S. development), in: Journal of Economic History, XXIII (1963).Google Scholar

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^{page 225 note 3} Ibid.

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^{page 226 note 3} Ibid., p. 295.

^{page 227 note 1} Eccles Public Library, Nasmyth Collection, Folder SN 27, Pt SN 0222.

^{page 227 note 2} Ibid.

^{page 227 note 3} Ibid., Folder SN 27, Pt 0279.

^{page 227 note 4} Ibid., Order Books.

^{page 227 note 5} Ibid.

^{page 228 note 1} Sir Whitworth, Joseph, Papers on Mechanical Subjects (1882), Pt I, p. 40.Google Scholar

^{page 228 note 2} Ibid.

^{page 229 note 1} Bowley, A. L. & Wood, George H., “Statistics of Wages … During the Nineteenth Century … Engineering and Shipbuilding”, in: Journal of Royal Statistical Society, LXVIII (1905), pp. 376–7.Google Scholar

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^{page 229 note 4} SirClapham, John, An Economic History of Modern Britain (Cambridge, 1959), Vol. I, p. 448.Google Scholar

^{page 229 note 5} Hobsbawm, E. J., “Labour Aristocracy in nineteenth century Britain”, in Labouring Men – Studies in the History of Labour (1968), p. 299.Google Scholar

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^{page 230 note 1} Hobsbawm, loc. cit.

^{page 230 note 2} Parl. Papers, Select Committee on Trade Unions (tenth report), 1867–1868 (XXXIX), pp. 513–4.Google Scholar

^{page 230 note 3} Parl. Papers, Select Committee on the Exportation of Machinery (first report), 1841 (VII), p. 103.Google Scholar

^{page 231 note 1} See p. 219.

^{page 231 note 2} See pp. 221–222.

^{page 231 note 3} See pp. 228–229.

^{page 231 note 4} Free market conditions were the rule during this period in the British engineering industry. Competition between firms was intense and price-fixing apparently non-existent.

^{page 231 note 5} See Graph B.

^{page 231 note 6} Shift-working does not seem to have been accepted as a viable alternative to overtime working during this period.

^{page 232 note 1} Parl. Papers, Select Committee on Masters and Operatives, 1856 (XIII), p. 144.Google Scholar

^{page 232 note 2} British Museum, Francis Place Collection, Set 58, Vol. II: Northern Star, 17 01 1852, p. 111.Google Scholar

^{page 232 note 3} E.g. see p. 229.

^{page 233 note 1} British Museum, Francis Place Collection, Set 58, Vol. II: Northern Star, 17 01 1852, p. 111.Google Scholar

^{page 233 note 2} Ibid.

^{page 233 note 3} Ibid.

^{page 233 note 4} Ibid.

^{page 233 note 5} Parl. Papers, The Census of Great Britain of 1851, 1852–1853, Pt I, (LXXXVIII), p. 396.Google Scholar

^{page 233 note 6} Ibid.

^{page 233 note 7} British Musuem, Place Collection, loc. cit.

^{page 233 note 8} Ibid.

^{page 234 note 1} Ibid.

^{page 234 note 2} Ibid.

^{page 234 note 3} Ibid.

^{page 234 note 4} Ibid.

^{page 234 note 5} Parl. Papers, The Census of Great Britain of 1851, 1852–1853, Pt I, (LXXXVIII), p. 130.Google Scholar

^{page 234 note 6} Ibid.

^{page 235 note 1} British Museum, Place Collection, loc. cit.

^{page 235 note 2} Ibid.

^{page 235 note 3} Ibid. The Vulcan Foundry is referred to here as Tayleure & Co. and Sharp, Roberts & Co. as Sharp, Bros, and Co.

^{page 235 note 4} Ibid.

^{page 235 note 5} Ibid. Throughout this paper firm size has been synonymous with plant size. The reference to Hibbert and Piatt is the only exception to this.

^{page 236 note 1} Eccles Public Library, Nasmyth Collection, Order Books.

^{page 236 note 2} Ibid.