Article contents
Stepping on Two Boats: Urban Strategies of Chinese Peasants and Their Children*
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 06 October 2010
Extract
During the 1990s, over seventy per cent of the married men and adult children of Stone Mill village in northeastern China have been employed i n wage labor each year. Because a vast number of household laborers (i.e. husbands, sons, and daughters) have nonagricultural jobs outside the village, daily agricultural tasks are performed by married women and elderly men, who are fondly described by the villagers of Stone Mill as “Troop Number 3860” (3860 budut). The number 38 refers to International Women's Day, March 8, representing the women in the village's agricultural labor force, while the number 60 represents the minimum age of the elderly agricultural workers.
- Type
- Research Article
- Information
- International Review of Social History , Volume 45 , supplement S8: Household strategies for survival 1600–2000: fission, factions and cooperation , December 2000 , pp. 179 - 196
- Copyright
- Copyright © Internationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis 2000
References
1. The name of the village and names of the villagers appearing in this paper are all pseudonyms. Unless otherwise noted, the demographic data about Stone Mill is from my 1997 survey of 315 Stone Mill couples, with wives born after 1930.
2. For local or family level studies of peasants' employment in village-township enterprises or private businesses, see Croll, Elisabeth, “The New Peasant Economy in China”, in Feuchtwang, A.H. Stephan and Pairault, Thierry (eds), Transforming China's Economy in the Eighties 1: The Rural Sector, Welfare, and Employment (London, 1988), pp. 77–100Google Scholar ; Ho, Samuel P.S., Rural China in Transition: Non-Agricultural Development in RuralJiangsu, 1978-1990 (Oxford, 1994)Google Scholar ; Johnson, Graham E., “Family Strategies and Economic Transformation in Rural China: Some Evidence from the Pearl River Delta”, in Davis, Deborah and Harrell, Stevan (eds), Chinese Families in the Post-Mao Era (Berkeley, CA, 1993), pp. 103–138Google Scholar ; Nee, Victoret al., “Peasant Entrepreneurs in China's ‘Second Economy’: An Institutional Analysis”, Economic Development and Social Change, 39 (1991), pp. 293–310CrossRefGoogle Scholar ; Veemer, Edward B., “Experiment with Rural Industrial Shareholding Cooperatives: The Case of Zhoucun District, Shandong Province”, China Quarterly, 314 (1995), pp. 75–107Google Scholar.
3. See Zhuang, Yaer (ed.) Zhongguo Renkou Qianyi Shuju Ji [Migration Data of China] (Beijing, 1995). p. 238.Google Scholar
4. See He, Huanyanet al. (eds), Zhongguo Nongcun Zhuhu Diaocha Nianjian [Chinese Rural Household Survey Annals] (Beijing, 1993), p. 9Google Scholar ; idem, Zhongguo Nongcun Tongji Nianjian, 1992 [Chinese Rural StatisticalAnnals, 1992] (Beijing, 1992), p. 216 ; Zhang, Xinminet al (eds), Zhongguo Nongcun Tongji Nianjian 1996[Chinese Rural Statistical Annals, 1996] (Beijing, 1996), p. 280Google Scholar.
5. One mu is equal to 667 square meters or 0.165 acre.
6. See , Heet al., Chinese Rural StatisticalAnnals, 1992, p. 215Google Scholar ; , Zhanget al, Chinese Rural Statistical Annals, 1996, p. 58Google Scholar.
7. For urban-rural inequality in China's postsocialist economy, see Blecher, Marc, “Balance and Cleavage in Urban-Rural Relations”, in Parish, William L. (ed.). Chinese Rural Development: The Great Transformation (Armonk, NJ, 1985), pp. 219–245Google Scholar ; Huang, Philip C.C., The Peasant Family and Rural Development in the Yangzi Delta, 1350-1988 (Stanford, CA, 1990), pp. 288–301Google Scholar ; Potter, Sulamith Heinset al., China's Peasants; The Anthropology of a Revolution (Cambridge, 1990)CrossRefGoogle Scholar ; Unger, Jonathon, “The Class System in Rural China: A Case Study”, in Watson, James. L. (ed.), Class and Social Stratification in Post Revolutionary China (New York [etc.], 1984), pp. 121–141Google Scholar ; Walder, Andrew G., “Social Change in Post-Revolution China”, Annual Review of Sociology, 15 (1989), pp. 405–424CrossRefGoogle Scholar ; Whyte, Martin K., “City Versus Countryside in China's Development”, Problems of Post-Communism, 43 (1996), pp. 9–22CrossRefGoogle Scholar ; Zweig, David, Freeing China's Farmers: Rural Restructuring in the Reform Era (Armonk, NJ, 1997)Google Scholar.
8. Goddard, Charles, China Market Atlas, Research Report (Hong Kong, 1997), p. 193Google Scholar ; Whyte, “Cities Versus Countryside”.
9. The WorldApple Report, January 1998.
10. , Huang, The Peasant Family and Rural Development, pp. 222–251.Google Scholar
11. For diversifying household economy and wage labor see Huang, Philip C. C., The Peasant Economy and Social Change in North China (Stanford, CA, 1985)Google Scholar ; Huang, The Peasant Family and Rural Development , Gamble, Sidney D., North China Villages: Social, Political, and EconomicActivi ties before 1933 (Berkeley, CA, 1963)Google Scholar . For child transfer see Skinner, G. William, “Family System and Demographic Processes”, in Kertzer, David I. and Fricke, Tom (eds), Anthropological Demography: Toward a New Synthesis (Chicago, IL, 1997), pp. 53–95Google Scholar ; Wolf, Arthur P.et al., Marriage and Adoption in China, 1845-1945 (Stanford CA, 1980)Google Scholar
12. See Scott, James C., The Moral Economy of the Peasant Rebellion and Subsistence in Southeast Asia (New Haven, CT, 1976), pp. 1–55Google Scholar , for a discussion of the peasant moral economy. Although this paper uses the term “cultural economy”, it addresses a similar conception of the traditional peasant economy.
13. See Cohen, Myron L., House United, House Divided: The Chinese Family in Taiwan (New York, 1976)Google Scholar ; Huang, The Peasant Family and Rural Development ; Yang, Martin, A Chinese Village: Taitou, Shantung Province (London, 1947)Google Scholar.
14. See Enrwistle, Barbaraetal, “Gender and Family Business in Rural China”, American Sociological Review, 60 (1995), pp. 36–57Google Scholar ; Harrell, Stevan, “Geography, Demography, and Family Composition in Three Southwestern Villages”, in , Daviset al., Chinese Families, pp. 77–102Google Scholar ; Mark Selden, “Family Strategies and Structures in Rural North China”, in Ibid., pp. 139-164.
15. For China's family planning policies and their implementations see Peng, Xizhe, Demographic Transition in China: Fertility Trends since the ipsos (Oxford, 1991)Google Scholar . For data on average household size and agricultural laborers see , Zhang, Chinese Rural Statistical Annals, 1996, p. 45. For the new custom of early household division, seeGoogle ScholarCohen, Myron L., “Family Management and Family Division in Contemporary Rural China”, China Quarterly, 130 (1992), pp. 357–377CrossRefGoogle Scholar ; Wang, Danyu, “Flying From the Nest: The Household Formation in a Village in Northeastern China” (Ph.D., Brown University, Providence, RI, 1999)Google Scholar ; Wang, Danyu, “Complex Households, a Fading Glory: Household Formation During the Collective Period in the PRC”, Journal of Family History, (forthcoming, 2000)Google Scholar ; Yan, Yunxiang, “The Triumph of Conjugality: Structural Transformation of Family Relations in a Chinese Village”, Ethnology, 36 (1997), pp. 191–212CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
16. Greenhalgh, Susan, “The Peasant Household in the Transition from Socialism: State Intervention and Its Consequences in China”, in Brumfiel, E. (ed.), The Economic Anthropology of the State (Lanham, MD, 1994), pp. 43–94.Google Scholar
17. Huang, Peasant Family and Rural Development; Putterman, Louis, Continuity and Change in Chinas Rural Development; Collective and Reform Eras in Perspective (New York [etc.], 1993)CrossRefGoogle Scholar . For the case of Stone Mill, see Wang, “Complex Households, a Fading Glory”.
18. Fei, Xiaotong, From the Soil: The Foundations of Chinese Society (Berkeley, CA, [etc.], 1992)Google Scholar , translated by Gary G. Hamilton and Wang Zheng, chs 4, 5, and 6.
19. The hukou system, which was established in the 1950s, designates people as city or rural inhabitants, according to their status of residence. During the 1950s-1970s, the government exercised strict control over rural-urban migration and urban residential status (i.e. city hukou). One's rural residential status (i.e. a rural hukou), which was based on the rural residential status of one's mother, could hardly be changed. After the 1980s, the government began to ease its restrictions i n changing residential status. In some areas, there were peasants who could afford to buy a city hukou - at a very high price, however. For more on the Chinese hukou system, see Cheng, Tiejunet al., “The Origins and Social Consequences of China's Hukou System”, China Quarterly, 139 (1994), pp. 644–668CrossRefGoogle Scholar ; Selden, Mark, The Political Economy of Chinese Development (Armonk, NJ, 1993) ch. 6Google Scholar ; Potter, Sulamith Heins, “The Position of Peasants in Modern China's Social Order”, Modern China, 9 (1983), pp. 465–499CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
20. For Chinese household organization see Cohen, House United, House Divided ; Freedman, Maurice, Chinese Lineage and Society: Fukien and Kwangtung (London, 1966)Google Scholar.
21. For instance see Cohen, House United, House Divided; Greenhalgh, Susan, “Networks and Their Nodes: Urban Society on Taiwan”, China Quarterly, 99 (1984), pp. 529–552CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
22. See Cohen, House United, House Divided; Watson, Rubie S., “Women's Property in Republican China: Rights and Practice”, Republican China, 10 (1984), pp. 1–12CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
23. See Cohen, House United, House Divided.
24. See ibid.; Freedman, Maurice, Lineage Organization in Southeastern China (London, 1958); Maurice, Chinese Lineage and Society,Google ScholarWolf, Margery, Women and Family in Rural Taiwan (Stanford, CA, 1972)Google Scholar ; Yan, “The Triumph of Conjugality”.
25. See Yan, Yunxiang, The Flow of Gifts (Stanford, CA, 1996), pp. 176–209.Google Scholar
26. See Wang, “Flying From the Nest”.
27. Whyte, Martin K., “Introduction: Rural Economic Reforms and Chinese Family Patterns (Symposium on Rural Family Change)”, China Quarterly, 130 (1992), pp. 317–322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
28. Jacka, Tamara, Women's Work in Rural China: Change and Continuity in Era Reform (Cambridge, 1997).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 1
- Cited by