^{page 675 note 1} Biulleten' ob”edinnen.ogo komiteta rossiiskoi emigratsii, No 1 (August 15, 1914). See also [pseudon.], Aline, Lénine à Paris (Paris, n.d.), pp. 109–15Google Scholar; Iakushina, A. R., Zagranichnye organizatsii RSDRP 1905–1917. Bol'sheviki v emigratsii (Moscow, 1967), pp. 81–83.Google Scholar

^{page 675 note 2} Golos (The Voice) appeared daily in Paris from September 13, 1914, to January 26, 1915; Nashe Slovo (Our Word) appeared daily from January 29, 1915, to September 15, 1916.

^{page 676 note 1} Lademacher, Horst, ed., Die Zimmerwalder Bewegung (The Hague, 1967), I, pp. 69–70, 94.Google Scholar

^{page 676 note 2} Rosmer, Alfred, Le Mouvement ouvrier pendant la guerre. De l'union sacrée à Zimmerwald (Paris, 1936), pp. 244–49.Google Scholar See also Pis'ma, P. B.Aksel'roda i Iu. O. Martova (Berlin, 1924), pp. 306ff.Google Scholar; Getzler, Israel, Martov: A Political Biography of a Russian Social Democrat (Cambridge, 1967), pp. 141–42Google Scholar

^{page 676 note 3} Deutscher, Isaac, The Prophet Armed. Trotsky: 1879–1921 (New York, 1965), pp. 215–24.Google Scholar See also Trotsky, Leon, My Life (New York, 1960), pp. 243–56.Google Scholar

^{page 676 note 4} Temkin, Ia. G., Lenin i mezhdunarodnaia sotsial-demokratiia 1914–1917 (Moscow, 1968), pp. 44–45.Google Scholar See also Rakitin, Anton, Imenem revoliutsii (Moscow, 1965).Google Scholar For an account of the polemics in the Russian emigration during the First World War, see Senn, Alfred Erich, The Russian Revolution in Switzerland, 1914–1917 (Madison, Wis., 1971).Google Scholar

^{page 677 note 1} The Vpered group, under the leadership of A. A. Bogdanov and A. V. Lunacharskii, had formed in 1909 as a splinter group of the Bolshevik Party. Its membership before the war had included G. A. Aleksinskii and D. Z. Manuil'skii. See Ostroukhova, K., “Gruppa ‘Vpered’ (1909–1917)”, in: Proletarskaia Revoliu-tsiia, 1925, No 1 (36)Google Scholar; Yves Collart, “A propos de deux lettres d'Anatole Louna-tcharski”, in: Freymond, Jacques, ed., Contributions à l'histoire du Comintern (Geneva, 1965), pp. 121–39.Google Scholar

^{page 677 note 2} I would like here to express my gratitude to the late Professor Philip E. Mosely of Columbia University and to M. Philippe Monnier of the Bibliothèque Publique et Universitaire, Geneva, for permission to publish these letters. I also want to thank Miss Maria Grygorenko for help in transcribing them.

^{page 690 note 1} Kuznetsov-Sapozhnikov, the secretary of the Bolshevik Committee for Organizations Abroad (KZO), volunteered after a great crisis of conscience but soon deserted. A. V. Popov-Britman-Antonov (d. 1914, not to be confused with V. A. Antonov-Ovseenko, who is mentioned later in the letter), also a member of the Committee for Organizations Abroad, died at the front. See Aline, Lénine à Paris, op. cit., pp. 109–15.

^{page 691 note 2} The Lugano conference of Italian and Swiss Socialists, held on September 27, 1914, denounced the war as “the result of the imperialistic policy of the Great Powers” and called for its quick end. See Lademacher, , Die Zimmerwalder Be-wegung, I, pp. 5–27Google Scholar; Collart, Yves, Le Parti Socialiste Suisse et 1'Internationale 1914–1915 (Geneva, 1969), pp. 103–05.Google Scholar

^{page 691 note 3} At the beginning of the war, Lunacharskii had taken a defensist position, but he joined the Golos group in the fall of 1914. See his Vospominaniia i vpechat-leniia (Moscow, 1968), pp. 134–48.Google Scholar

^{page 692 note 4} Apparently a reference to the newspaper Vpered, which finally resumed publication in Switzerland in August 1915.

^{page 692 note 5} Ivan, A. B. Romanov (1881–1917), a typographic worker had been sent by the Moscow Social Democratic organization to the Capri school in 1909 and was a delegate at the Brussels Unification Conference of the RSDLP in 1914.

^{page 693 note 6} A Menshevik newspaper, Izvestiia Zagranichnogo Sekretariata Organizatsion-nogo Komiteta, was published by Kuzma-Liakhotskii in Geneva.

^{page 693 note 7} G. V. Plekhanov immediately took a defensist position in support of the Entente emphasizing the necessity of defending the French Republic. In Golos of October 3, Martov called for the “quickest possible end to the war and the most radical step toward disarmament”. Lenin's first public statement in opposition to the war came in his comments after a speech given by Plekhanov in Lausanne, Switzerland, on October 11,1914, described in Golos, October 18–21,1914.

^{page 694 note 8} From the beginning of the war, Aleksinskii had been the most outspoken defensist among the Russian emigration in Switzerland, delivering lectures in support of the Russian war effort to émigré colonies throughout the country. See Senn, op. cit., pp. 19–20,104–12.

^{page 694 note 9} Alexinsky's four-part essay entitled “The War and Socialism” appeared in Golos beginning on November 15, 1914.

^{page 695 note 10} A. A. Troianovskii (1882–1955), a Bolshevik living in Baugy, Switzerland, took an essentially defensist position on the war. He published his views in the “Free Tribune” in Golos on December 1 and 2, 1914. See also his Brauchen wir eine Internationale? (Zurich, 1916), and Manuil'skii's critique of his views in Nashe Slovo, November 3, 1915. Pravda and Prosveshchie were both pre-war Bolshevik papers, published in St Petersburg.

^{page 696 note 11} Aleksinskii's letter to Mussolini, “A Necessary Explanation”, appeared in the “Free Tribune” of Golos on December 16, 1914; his poem “In the Days of War” appeared in Golos of December 17, 1914. He published nothing more in Golos or Nashe Slovo.

^{page 697 note 12} In these sentences Manuil'skii summarized Aleksinskii's attacks on Lenin which were to be repeated many times in succeeding years. The “Leninist provocation” referred to the arrest of five Bolshevik deputies in the Russian State Duma on the charge of having endorsed Lenin's September theses on the war in which he had spoken of the defeat of Tsarist Russia as “the lesser evil” from the standpoint “of the working class and the toiling masses of all the peoples of Russia”. Aleksinskii later called Lenin's statement “inoffensive in its complete stupidity”. The reference to Rech', the organ of the Constitutional Democrats in Russia, and to “Austrian spies” concern the speculations bruited about in conservative and defensist circles about the circumstances under which Lenin and Trotskii were allowed to leave Austria in August and September of 1914. See Alexinsky, G. A., Russia and the Great War (London, 1915).Google Scholar

^{page 698 note 13} Arkadii, F. I. Kalinin (1882–1920), was a member of the Vpered group who had lived in Paris since 1912. He returned to Russia in 1917.

^{page 698 note 14} Lunacharskii had travelled to Switzerland in January 1915 to participate in a meeting of the Vpered group. He was then charged with the task of drawing up a program to effect the group's resolution in favor of the organization of a new international.

^{page 698 note 15} The Bolshevik “conciliators” were a group favoring party unity on terms advocated by the Mensheviks.

^{page 698 note 16} The reference is to the Foreign Secretariat of the Organizational Committee, organized in Zurich in December 1914.

^{page 698 note 17} Leva, Pawel Lewinson-Lapinski (1879–1938), a Polish socialist close to Martov; see Z pola walki, 1965, No 3, p. 101. On Solomon Dridzo-Lozovskii (1878–1952), see Haupt, Georges and Marie, Jean-Jacques, Les BolchéViks par eux-mêmes (Paris, 1969), pp. 277–82.Google Scholar On M. N. Pokrovskii (1868–1932), see Mazour, Anatole G., An Outline of Modern Russian Historiography (Berkeley, 1939), pp. 83–98.Google Scholar

^{page 699 note 18} The reference is to the staff of the journal Nasha Zaria, suppressed by the Tsarist government in December 1914. In response to an appeal by Emile Vandervelde, this group had declared that it could not support the Russian war effort but neither would it “oppose” the war effort.

^{page 699 note 19} On Kazimierz Zalewski (Stanislaw Trusiewicz, d. 1918), see Strobel, Georg W., Quellen zur Geschichte des Kommunismus in Polen, 1878–1918 (Cologne, 1968), pp. 122–23.Google Scholar

^{page 699 note 20} I. Ber (Boris Naumovich Gurevich, b. 1866), a Menshevik, was usually Mar-tov's most loyal supporter on the editiorial board.

^{page 700 note 21} Lunacharskii's articles appeared in Nashe Slovo of March 6 and 7, 1915.

^{page 700 note 22} Only on May 9, 1915, did the editorial board finally publish a compromise declaration, but Lunacharskii, Antonov, Zalewski and Manuil'skii still insisted on a more farreaching manifesto. See Senn, The Russian Revolution, pp. 76–77.

^{page 700 note 23} From internal evidence I suspect that this letter was in fact written to Lunacharskii, despite the reference at the end of the letter to him. For conspiratorial reason Antonov might have addressed it, for example, to “Voinov”, Lunachar skii's pseudonym, and then referred to Lunarcharskii in the third person.

^{page 701 note 24} No 2 of Izvestiia ZSOK carried an article by S. I. Semkovskii (Bronstein, b. 1882), attacking both Nashe Slovo and Lenin's Sotsial'demokrat.

^{page 701 note 25} A pun on the name of Martov based on the famous quotation from F. Schillers Fiesco: “Der Mohr [in Russian Mavr] hat seine Schuldigkeit getan; der Mohr kann gehen.”

^{page 702 note 26} Trotskii represented Nashe Slovo at the Zimmerwald conference of internationalists in September 1915.

^{page 703 note 27} Vpered appeared on August 25, 1915, in a run of 500 copies. From 1915 to 1917, six issues in all were printed at a cost of 115 to 130 Swiss francs each.

^{page 703 note 28} Meant is Ber-Gurevich, mentioned in note 20.

^{page 703 note 29} In the fall of 1915 Aleksinskii published several issues of a newspaper Rossiia i Svoboda before turning its facilities over to the defensist newspaper Prizyv.

^{page 703 note 30} Sima was possibly Serafima Didžiuliene (b. 1881), a Bolshevik since 1907 who had escaped from Siberia in 1911. In 1918 she settled in Lithuania. See Mažoji Lietuviškoji Tarybine Enciklopedija, I (Vilnius, 1966), p. 402.Google Scholar

^{page 704 note 31} Lunacharskii published a notice in Vpered, October 20, 1915, that Aleksinskii had no right to claim to be a member of the group.