^{page 381 note 1} Temperance Star, December 4, 1868, p. 352. The actual phrase “self-inflicted poverty” was coined by G. R. Porter, the founder (1833)Google Scholar of the Statistical Department of the Board of Trade.

^{page 381 note 2} Colquhoun, Patrick, A Treatise on the Wealth, Power and Resources of the British Empire (London, 1815), p. 113.Google Scholar

^{page 382 note 1} Clark, George Kitson, The Making of Victorian England (London, 1964), p. 126.Google Scholar Dr Brian Harrison's Drink and the Victorians provides a thorough account of the temperance question in the 1830–1870 era. The Rev. Carter's, HenryThe English Movement (London, 1933)Google Scholar, although now superseded by Harrison's work in many respects, remains the best account of the formation of the prohibitionist movement in the 1830's.

^{page 382 note 2} Wilson, George, Alcohol and the Nation (London, 1940), p. 332.Google Scholar

^{page 382 note 3} Rowntree, Joseph and Sherwell, Arthur, The Temperance Problem and Social Reform (London, 1899), p. 15.Google Scholar

^{page 383 note 1} Alliance News, March 4, 1871, p. 142. On the general subject of British productivity, Habakkuk's, H. J.American and British Technology (Cambridge, 1962)Google Scholar is invaluable. Donald McCloskey's “Did Victorian Britain Fail?”, in: Economic History Review, Second Series, Vol. XXIII (1970), argues persuasively that the relative slippage of the British economy after 1870 was due to natural economic forces and not to any decline in the savings ratio.

^{page 384 note 1} Randolph Churchill to W. H. Harcourt, July 26, 1890, Harcourt Papers, Stanton Harcourt, Box 3.

^{page 384 note 2} Cardinal Manning Notebook, n.d., Manning Papers, St Mary of the Angels, London, Box 4. For the basic positions on the spreading controversy on the labor aristocracy question, see Hobsbawm, E. J., “The Labour Aristocracy in Nineteenth Century Britain”, in Men, Labouring (New York, 1964)Google Scholar, and Pelling, Henry, Popular Politics and Society in Late Victorian England (London, 1968).Google Scholar

^{page 384 note 3} Lacey, W. J., The Case for Total Abstinence (London, 1899), p. 108.Google Scholar

^{page 385 note 1} Hansard, , 04 24, 1888, Third Series, Vol. CCCXXV, c. 414.Google Scholar

^{page 385 note 2} Lawson at Exeter Hall, 02 22, 1887, cited in Alliance News, 02 26, 1887, p. 141.Google Scholar

^{page 386 note 1} T. P. Whittaker at Manchester, October 23, 1893, ibid., October 27, 1893, p. 735.

^{page 386 note 2} Ibid., January 5, 1894, p. 7.

^{page 387 note 1} Hoyle, William, Our National Resources and How They Are Wasted (London, 1871), p. 27.Google Scholar

^{page 388 note 1} Hoyle, William, Our National Drink Bill (London, 1884), p. 182.Google Scholar Hoyle's overall view of the state, however, was not markedly different from that of the “Manchester School”. He desired a limited state budget, feeling that the 1882 budget of 85 million pound could have been reduced by at least 20 million. Hoyle felt that soldiers and sailors should be partially employed as farm laborers in order to reduce their tax expense.

^{page 389 note 1} Hoyle, William, Wealth and Social Progress (Manchester, 1887), p. 188.Google Scholar

^{page 390 note 1} Burns, John, Labor and Drink (London, 1904), p. 1.Google Scholar

^{page 390 note 2} Tom Mann to John Burns, March 16, 1888, Burns Papers, British Museum, Add. Mss 46285, f. 6. In his Memoirs Mann revealed that he had been both a teetotaler and a vegetarian in his youth and did not reject the prohibitionist explanation of poverty as “nauseous” until the 1880's.

^{page 391 note 1} Blatchford, Robert, Merrie England (London, 1894), p. 157.Google Scholar

^{page 391 note 2} Blatchford, Robert, Dismal England (London, 1899), p. 22.Google Scholar

^{page 391 note 3} Ibid.

^{page 391 note 4} Hobson, John A., Problems of Poverty (London, 1891), p. 172.Google Scholar

^{page 392 note 1} Alliance News, 02 5, 1892, p. 88.Google Scholar

^{page 392 note 2} Skinner, J. M., Socialistic Theories and the Drink Traffic (London, 1896), p. 162.Google Scholar

^{page 392 note 3} Alliance News, 12 23, 1892, p. 837.Google Scholar

^{page 392 note 4} Oyston, Clifford, Socialism and the Drink Evil (London, 1909), p. 85.Google Scholar

^{page 393 note 1} Alliance News, 08 14, 1902, p. 522.Google Scholar

^{page 393 note 2} Wilson, , Alcohol and the Nation, p. 333.Google Scholar

^{page 393 note 3} MacDonald, J. R., Character and Democracy (London, 1909), p. 45.Google Scholar

^{page 393 note 4} Ramsay MacDonald to Herbert Gladstone, April 8, 1908, Viscount Gladstone Papers, British Museum, Add. Mss 45986, f. 102.

^{page 394 note 1} Snowden, Phillip, Socialism and the Drink Question (London, 1908), p. 82.Google Scholar

^{page 394 note 2} There were occasional tremors in the truce. In 1908 the local Labour Party of Huddersfield opposed the Liberal Licensing Bill on the argument that if passed, the temperance measure would increase unemployment.

^{page 394 note 3} Sherwell, Arthur, Counter Attractions to the Public House (London, 1911), p. 5.Google Scholar

^{page 394 note 4} Alliance News, 10 24, 1890, p. 697.Google Scholar

^{page 395 note 1} Memorandum as to Drink and Drinking Habits Among the Working Classes, 11 20, 1907, Public Record Office, Cab. 37/90.Google Scholar