^{page 2 note 1} Rudé, George, The Crowd in History (New York, 1964)Google Scholar; Hobsbawm, Eric, Primitive Rebels: Studies in Archaic Forms of Social Movement in the 19th and 20th Centuries (New York, 1965)Google Scholar; Tilly, Charles, “Collective Violence in European Perspective”, in: Hugh Davis, Graham and Ted Robert, Gurr, eds, Violence in America (New York, 1969), pp. 4–44.Google Scholar

^{page 3 note 1} Hobsbawm, Eric, “The Machine Breakers”, in Labouring Men (New York, 1967), pp. 7–26.Google Scholar

^{page 3 note 2} Thompson, E. P., The Making of the English Working Class (New York, 1963).Google Scholar

^{page 3 note 3} Aguet, Jean-Pierre, Les Grèves sous la Monarchie de Juillet (Geneva, 1954).Google Scholar

^{page 3 note 4} Stearns, Peter N., “Patterns of Industrial Strike Activity in France during the July Monarchy”, in: American Historical Review, LXX (1964–1965), pp. 371–94.Google Scholar

^{page 3 note 5} Adamson, Alan H., “Monoculture and Village Decay in British Guiana: 1854–1872”, in: Journal of Social History, III (1969–1970), pp. 386–405Google Scholar; Tilly, Richard, “Popular Disorders in Nineteenth-Century Germany: A Preliminary Survey”, in: Journal of Social History, TV (1970–1971), pp. 1–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{page 3 note 6} Ridker, G., “Discontent and Economic Growth”, in: Economic Development and Cultural Change, XI (1962–1963), pp. 1–13CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Olson, Mancur, “Rapid Growth as a Destabilizing Force”, in: Journal of Economic History, XXIII (1963), pp. 529–52CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Gurr, Ted, The Condition of Civil Violence: First Test of a Casual Model [Center of International Studies, Princeton University, Research Monograph No 28] (Princeton, 1967)Google Scholar; James C. Davies, “The J-Curve of Rising and Declining Satisfactions as a Cause of Some Great Revolutions and a Contained Rebellion”, in: Violence in America, op. cit., pp. 690–730.

^{page 4 note 1} Sewell, William, “La Classe ouvrière de Marseille sous la Seconde Republique: Structure sociale et comportement politique”, in: Mouvement Social, No 76 (1971), pp. 27–65.Google Scholar

^{page 4 note 2} Gossez, Rémi, “Diversité des antagonismes sociaux vers le milieu du XIXe siècle”, in: Revue Economique, VII (1956), pp. 439–57;Google Scholar Rémi Gossez, Les Ouvriers de Paris (Paris, 1966); R. Tilly, “Popular Disorders”, loc. cit.

^{page 4 note 3} Tilly, Charles and Shorter, Edward, “The Shape of Strikes in France 1830–1960”, in: Comparative Studies in Society and History, XIII (1971), pp. 60–86;Google ScholarTilly, Charles and Shorter, Edward, “Le Déclin de la grève violente en France de 1890 à 1935”, in: Mouvement Social, No 76, pp. 96–118.Google Scholar

^{page 4 note 4} Ch. Tilly, “Collective Violence”, loc. cit.

^{page 5 note 1} Stearns, Peter N., Revolutionary Syndicalism and French Labor: A Cause without rebels (New Brunswick, N.J., 1971).Google Scholar

^{page 5 note 2} Bureau, Paul, Le Contrat du travail (Paris, 1902), p. 27Google Scholar and passim; Laroche, Léon, Montceau-les-Mines (Montceau-les-Mines, 1924).Google Scholar

^{page 5 note 3} Loubère, Leo, “Coal Miners, Strikes and Politics in Lower Languedoc, 1880– 1914”, in: Journal of Social History, II (1968–1969), pp. 25–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{page 5 note 4} Blewett, Neal, “The Franchise in the United Kingdom 1885–1918”, in: Past and Present, No 32 (1965), pp. 27–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{page 6 note 1} Goldthorpe, John H. and others, The Affluent Worker in the Class Structure (Cambridge, 1969)Google Scholar, and The Affluent Worker: Political Attitudes and Behaviour (Cambridge, 1968); McKenzie, Robert and Silver, Allan, Angels in Marble: Working Class Conservatives in Urban England (London, 1968).Google Scholar

^{page 6 note 2} Roth, Guenther, The Social Democrates in Imperial Germany: A Study in Working-Class Isolation and National Integration (Totovva, N.J., 1963);Google ScholarGehrig, Hans and Waentig, Heinrich, eds, Belgiens Volkswirtschaft (Leipzig, 1918);Google ScholarPierson, Marc-Antoine, Histoire du socialisme en Belgique (Brussels, 1953).Google Scholar

^{page 6 note 3} Levenstein, Adolf, Aus der Tiefe, Arbeiterbriefe (Berlin, 1905), pp. 70–71.Google Scholar

^{page 7 note 1} Tilly and Shorter, “The Shape of Strikes”, loc. cit.; Goetz-Girey, R., Le Mouvement des grèves en France, 1919–1962 (Paris, 1965)Google Scholar; Knowles, K. G. J. C., Strikes – A Study in Industrial Conflict (Oxford, 1948);Google ScholarGubbels, Robert, La Grève, phénomène de civilisation (Brussels, 1962).Google Scholar

^{page 7 note 2} Good examples of the genre are Fricke, Dieter, Der Ruhrbergarbeiter-Streik von 1905 (Berlin, 1955);Google ScholarBleiber, Helmut, “Die Moabiter Unruhen 1910”, in: Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft, III (1955), pp. 173–211.Google Scholar Still essentially descriptive, though dealing with a series of strikes: Jack Schiefer, Wirtschaftliche Streiks und Aussperrungen in Rheinland und Westfalen 1870–1932 (n.p., n.d.); Delsinne, Léon, Les Grèves générates au XXe siècle en Belgique (Brussels, 1965);Google ScholarLinotte, Léon, Les Manifestations et les grèves dans la province de Liège de 1831–1914 (Liège, 1965).Google ScholarBrown, E. H. Phelps, The Growth of British Industrial Relations (London, 1959)Google Scholar is more analytical, but it lacks a full statistical base and its chronological coverage is limited to a few years.

^{page 7 note 3} Tilly and Shorter, “The Shape of Strikes”, and “Le Déclin de la grève violente”, loc. cit.; more will be forthcoming from this ambitious project on unrest in France.

^{page 7 note 4} Tilly, Charles, “The Changing Place of Collective Violence”, in: Melvin, Richter, ed., Essays in Theory and History (Cambridge, Mass., 1970), pp. 129–164.Google Scholar

^{page 8 note 1} Syndicat national des travailleurs des chemins de fer, Rapport (Paris, 1909), p. 93.Google Scholar

^{page 8 note 2} Koller, Phillip A., Das Massen- und Führerproblem in den Freien Gewerk-schaften (Tübingen, 1920);Google ScholarDangerfield, George, The Strange Death of Liberal England 1910–1914 (New York, 1961), pp. 214–332;Google Scholar Phelps Brown, The Growth of British Industrial Relations.

^{page 9 note 1} Legien, Carl, “Die Ergebnisse der ämtlichen und der gewerkschaftlichen Streikstatistik”, in: Die Neue Zeit, XXII, 1 (1903–1904), pp. 475–6.Google Scholar

^{page 9 note 2} Several of these problems are discussed in Tilly and Shorter, “The Shape of Strikes”; see also “Incidence and Duration of Industrial Disputes”, in: International Labour Review, LVII (1958), p. 456.Google Scholar

^{page 10 note 1} Lorwin, Val R., “Reflections on the History of the French and American Labor Movement”, in: Journal of Economic History, XVII (1957), p. 25CrossRefGoogle Scholar and passim; Ross, Arthur M. and Hartman, Paul, Changing Patterns of Industrial Conflict (New York, 1960), pp. 89, 116.Google Scholar

^{page 10 note 2} Kerr, Clark and Siegel, Abraham, “The Interindustry Propensity to Strike – An International Comparison”, in: Kornhaus, A., Dubin, R., and Ross, A. M., eds. Patterns of Industrial Conflict (New York, 1954).Google Scholar

^{page 10 note 3} Ross and Hartman, Changing Patterns.

^{page 10 note 4} Tilly and Shorter, “The Shape of Strikes”.

^{page 10 note 5} Knowles, Strikes.

^{page 10 note 6} Tilly and Shorter, “The Shape of Strikes”.

^{page 11 note 1} travail, Direction du, Statistique des gràves et recours a conciliation, 1899–1914 (Paris, 1900–1915);Google ScholarBoard, of Trade, , Annual Reports on Strikes and Lockouts (London, 1900–1915);Google Scholar Revue du travail (Belgium), 1899–1914.

^{page 12 note 1} Goetz-Girey, Le Mouvement des gréves en France; Tilly and Shorter, “The Shape of Strikes”.

^{page 12 note 2} As with strike size, there are enduring national differences in strike frequency: Britain has long been an area of high frequency, the United States and Scandinavia middle-range, Germany, low. Again measurement must occur within these frameworks, the causes of which deserve serious investigation.

^{page 13 note 1} Sayous, Andé E., Les Grèves de Marseille en 1904 (Paris, 1904);Google ScholarSchoux, Antony, Des Grèves maritimes (Paris, 1910);Google Scholar Archives départementales des Bouches-du-Rhône, Marseilles, M6–2040 on the 1904 agitation, and M6–10824 on later patterns.

^{page 13 note 2} Paeplow, Fritz, Zur Geschichte der deutschen Bauarbeiterbewegung (Berlin, n.d.);Google ScholarMaurer, Zentralverband der u. Bauhilfsarbeiter Deutschlands, Jahrbuch 1910 (Hamburg, 1911);Google ScholarJoran, Raymond, L'Organisation syndicate dans l'mdustrie des bâtiments (Paris, 1914).Google Scholar

^{page 13 note 3} Stearns, , Revolutionary syndicalism, pp. 28–30.Google Scholar

^{page 14 note 1} Marousseur, Pierre du, “La Vie chère et les grèves de consommateurs”, in: La Réforme Sociale, I (1911), p. 730.Google Scholar

^{page 15 note 1} Stearns, , Revolutionary syndicalism, pp. 28–30.Google Scholar

^{page 15 note 2} Stearns, Peter N., “Against the Strike Threat: Employer Policy toward Labor Agitation in France, 1900–1914”, in: Journal of Modern History, XL (1968), pp. 474–500.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{page 15 note 3} Direction du travail, Statistique; Kaiserliches Statistisches Amt, Statistik über Streiks und Aussperrungen, 1899–1914.

^{page 16 note 1} Schofer, Lawrence, “Patterns of Labor Protest: Upper Silesia 1865–1914”, in: Journal of Social History, V (1971–1972), pp. 447–63.Google Scholar

^{page 16 note 2} Brown, Phelps, The Growth of British Industrial Relations; Industrial Council, Minutes of Evidence in Connection with their Enquiry into Industrial Agreements [Cd 6953] (London, 1913);Google ScholarMcKillop, Norman, The Lighted Flame: A History of the Associated Society of Locomotive Engineers and Firemen (London, 1950), pp. 91–8.Google Scholar

^{page 16 note 3} Taft, Philip and Ross, Philip, “American Labor Violence: Its Causes, Character, and Outcome”, in: Davis and Graham, Violence in America, pp. 281–365Google Scholar; Tilly and Shorter, “Le Déclin de la grève violente”; Stearns, “Against the Strike Threat”, loc. cit.

^{page 18 note 1} Stearns, Peter N., “Adaptation to Industrialization: German Workers as a Test Case”, in: Central European History, III (1970), pp. 303–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{page 18 note 2} Levenstein, , Aus der Tiefe, pp. 60–63.Google Scholar

^{page 18 note 3} Stearns, “Adaptation to Industrialization”, loc. cit.; Levenstein, Adolf, Die Arbeiterfrage (Munich, 1912).Google Scholar

^{page 19 note 1} Bolton and District Operative Cotton Spinners Provincial Association, Annuals Reports, 1890–1914.

^{page 19 note 2} Landé, Dora, Arbeits- und Lohnverhältnisse in der Berliner Maschinenindustrie zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts (Leipzig, 1910)Google Scholar; Bernhard, Ludwig, Die Akkord-arbeit in Deutschland (Leipzig, 1903)Google Scholar; Heiss, Clemens, “Die Entlöhnungsmetho-den in der deutscher Metallindustrie”, in: Jahrbuch für Gesetzgebung, Ver-waltung und Volkswirtschaft im Deutschen Reich, 1913, pp. 1475–84.Google Scholar

^{page 20 note 1} Perrot, Michelle, “Grèves, grévistes et conjoncture, Vieux probléme, travaux neufs”, in: Mouvement Social, No 63 (1968), pp. 109–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{page 20 note 2} Stearns, , Revolutionary Syndicalism, pp. 111–20.Google Scholar

^{page 20 note 3} Edwards, Wil Jon, From the Valley I Came (London, 1958).Google Scholar

^{page 20 note 4} Tressell, Robert, The Ragged Trousered Philanthropists (London, 1955), p. 58.Google Scholar

^{page 20 note 5} Desai, Ashok, Real Wages in Germany 1871–1913 (Oxford, 1968).Google Scholar

^{page 21 note 1} Schofer, “Patterns of Labor Protest”, loc. cit.

^{page 21 note 2} Steams, , “Adaptation to Industrialisation”, pp. 317–21.Google Scholar

^{page 22 note 1} Hobsbawm, Eric, “Customs, Wages and Workloads”, in Labouring Men, pp. 406–13.Google Scholar

^{page 22 note 2} Halbwachs, Maurince, La Classe Ouvrière et le niveau de vie (Paris, 1913)Google Scholar; Board of Trade, Report of an Enquiry into Working Class Rents, Housing and Retail Prices (London, 1908)Google Scholar; Report of an Enquiry into Working Class Rents, Housing and Retail Prices […] in the Principal Industrial Towns of France (London, 1909)Google Scholar, and Report of an Enquiry into Working Class Rents, Housing and Retail Prices […] in the Principal Industrial Towns of Germany (London, 1910).Google Scholar

^{page 22 note 3} Seilhac, Léon de, La Grève du tissage de Lille (Paris, 1910), p. 63.Google Scholar

^{page 23 note 1} Arnot, R. Page, The Miners (London, 1949–1953);Google ScholarThe Miners' Next Step (Tony-pandy, 1912).Google Scholar

^{page 23 note 2} Stearns, Revolutionary Syndicalism, p. 52. Saint-Malo construction workers, learning of a large public works contract, moved to “profit from these millions to be gained in the works under contract, to raise our pay”. Archives Nationales, Paris, F⁷ 13648.

^{page 23 note 3} Fédération provinciale des mineurs liègeois, La Vérité sur la grève des mineurs du bassin de Liège en janvier 1911 (Liège, 1911).Google Scholar

^{page 23 note 4} Seilhac, Léon de, Les Grèves du Chambon (Paris, 1912), p. 26.Google Scholar

^{page 23 note 5} Göhre, Paul, Drei Monate Fabrikarbeiter (Leipzig, 1913), p. 113Google Scholar, cites a socialist metalworker who noted: “There will always have to be rich and poor. We would not think of altering that.”

^{page 23 note 6} Archives Nationales, F⁷ 13868

^{page 24 note 1} Public Record Office, London, HO 45 B13077A and HO 45 154025; W. G. H. von Reiswitz, Ca' canny (Berlin, 1902).

^{page 25 note 1} Goetz-Girey, passim.

^{page 26 note 1} Niesz, John G., “Behavioral Variation in Austrian Strikes” (unpublished seminar paper, Rutgers Unversity, 1972).Google Scholar

^{page 26 note 2} Board of Trade, Annual Reports on Strikes, 1899–1914.Google Scholar

^{page 27 note 1} Stearns, Peter N., “National Character and European Labor History”, in: Journal of Social History, IV (1970–1971), pp. 95–124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{page 27 note 2} Kerr and Siegel, “The Interindustry Propensity to Strike”, loc. cit.

^{page 27 note 3} Thompson, E. P., “The Moral Economy of the English Crowd in the Eighteenth Century”, in: Past and Present, No 50 (1971), pp. 76–136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{page 27 note 4} Fricke, , Bergarbeiter-Streik; Heinrich Munz, Die Lage der Bergarbeiter im Ruhrrevier (Essen, 1909);Google Scholar Hauptstaatsarchiv Düsseldorf, Politische Akten 15915–6, reports on miners' agitation 1899–1905; Staatsarchiv Münster, Re-gierung Arnsberg I, 84, reports of the Oberbergamt Dortmund on agitation over the worm epidemic.