^{page 365 note 2} Thun, A., Geschichte der revolutionären Bewegung in Russland, Leipzig 1883Google Scholar; Venturi, F., Roots of Revolution, London 1960Google Scholar. The reader of this journal may find a condensed treatment of the position and influence of Vpered in Sapir, Boris, Unknown Chapters in the history of Vpered, in: International Review of Social History, Vol. II (1957), PP. 52–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{page 365 note 3} Kuliabko-Koretskii, N. G., Iz davnikh let, Vospominaniia lavrista, Moscow 1931.Google Scholar

^{page 365 note 4} Narodniki-Propagandisty 1873–1873 godov, in: Materialy dlia istorii russkogo revoliutsionnogo dvizheniia, Vol. X, Genève 1895.

^{page 366 note 1} Deutsch (Deich), L., Rol' evreev v russkom revoliutsionnom dvizhenii, Vol. I, Berlin 1923. P. 54.Google Scholar

^{page 366 note 2} Undated letter, preserved in the Axelrod archives in the Internationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis, Amsterdam.

^{page 366 note 3} See Tsinberg, S., Pervye sotsialisticheskie organy na evreiskom iazyke, in: Perezhitoe, Vol. I, St. Petersburg 1908, p. 235Google Scholar; Tscherikower, E., Der onheyb fun der yiddisher sotsialistisher bavegung, in: Historishe Shriftn, Vol. I, Warsaw 1929, pp. 491, 492 and 511Google Scholar. For a detailed treatment of Liberman's role in the socialist movement see: Sapir, B., Liberman et la socialisme russe, in: International Review for Social History, Vol. III (1958), pp. 25–88Google Scholar. This study and the present one are largely based on the archives of Valerian Nikolaevich Smirnov, the secretary of Vpered. These archives are preserved in the IISG and I was privileged to make copious notes from them prior to World War II.

^{page 366 note 4} Ginsburg to the redaction of Vpered early in August, 1875. This and some other letters of or concerning Liberman have been published in the International Review for Social History, Vol. III (1938), pp. 59–88.Google Scholar

^{page 366 note 5} “From Vilno”, 1875, nrs. 16 and 21; 1876, nrs. 32, 35 and 37; “From Bialystok”, 1875, nrs. 18, 19, 20, 23 and 24; 1876, nrs. 26 and 27 and “Indirect Result of the Governmental Panic”, 1875, nr. 18.

^{page 366 note 6} Evreiskoi intelligentnoi molodezhi, in: Vpered, the bi-monthly edition, 1876, nr. 38.

^{page 367 note 1} Ustav sotsial'no-revoliutsionnogo soiuza sredi evreev v Rossii, see Bukhbinder, N.A., Iz istorii revoliutsionnoi propagandy sredi evreev v Rossii v 70–kh gg, in: Istoriko-Revoliutsionnyi Sbornik, Vol. I, Moscow-Petrograd 1924, pp. 37–66.Google Scholar

^{page 367 note 2} Vpered, the bi-monthly edition, 1876, nr. 27, pp. 83–84.Google Scholar

^{page 367 note 3} Russkoi sotsial'no-revoliutsionnoi molodezhi, London 1874.

^{page 367 note 4} Gosudarstvennyi element v budushchem obshchestve, London 1876.

^{page 368 note 1} Vienna, May-September – 5 issues.

^{page 368 note 2} See: sotsial, Osnovanie'no-revoliutsionnogo obshchestva evreiskikh rabotnikov v Londone, in: Vpered, the bi-monthly edition, 1876, nr. 37, pp. 454–55.Google Scholar

^{page 368 note 3} Idem, p. 455.

^{page 368 note 4} For the history of the Agudah cf. E. Tscherikower, op. cit.

^{page 369 note 1} This pamphlet was: V. Varzar, Khitraia Mekhanika (The Cunning Mechanism), published by Vpered.

^{page 369 note 2} “Budet buria”, in: Vpered 1876, nr. 36.Google Scholar

^{page 369 note 3} Letter from Moskvich, to Vpered, , May 10, 1876Google Scholar. His correspondence was published in Vpered, the bi-monthly edition, 1876, nr. 35.

^{page 369 note 4} For the history of this trial, see: G[urevich], , Pervyi protsess nigilistov v Berline, in: Byloe, 1907, nr. 9, pp. 77–82.Google Scholar

^{page 370 note 1} Gurevich, G. to the redaction of Vpered, April 2, 1876.Google Scholar

^{page 370 note 2} A yiddish translation of “Prejudices…” was published in “Unzer Tsait”, Warsaw 1929.Google Scholar

^{page 371 note 1} The bi-monthly edition, 1875, nr. 4 and 1876, nr. 50 respectively.

^{page 373 note 1} Shriftn, Historishe, Vol. III, Vilno 1939, p. 127 note 242Google Scholar. Tscherikower's information about Deutsch is not correct. Deutsch does mention the name of Ginsburg and even indicates that he was a second-rate leader; see Deutsch, op. cit. p. 34.

^{page 373 note 2} moei zhizni, Roman, Moscow-Leningrad 1926.Google Scholar

^{page 374 note 1} Iasinskii, op. cit. p. 96.

^{page 374 note 2} Idem, p. 66.

^{page 375 note 1} Idem, p. 75.

^{page 375 note 2} Idem, p. 66.

^{page 376 note 1} These are in Vpered the non-periodical edition: Chaos of the Bourgeois Civilization (Vol. I, Part 2, pp. 97–119), Who is destroying the mainstay of the Society (Vol. II), Evgenii Stepanovich Semianovskii (Vol. V); in Vpered, the bi-monthly edition: Letter to Palen, Graf K. L. (1875, nr. 16).Google Scholar

^{page 377 note 1} From a letter of Ginsburg, to Smirnov, , October 5, probably 1875Google Scholar

^{page 377 note 2} Sazhin calls her mother Mrs Rosenblat, see Sazhin, M.P., Russkye v Tsiurikhe, in: Katorga i Ssylka, 1932, nr. 10Google Scholar. This may have been the name of her second husband or her maiden name, although I could not find any indication of her second marriage nor of a divorce from Khaim Iakershberg.

^{page 379 note 1} Sazhin refers to the latter, see Sazhin, op. cit.

^{page 380 note 1} VI. Iokhelson, Dalekoe proshloe, Iz vospominanii statogo narodovol'tsa, in: Byloe 1918, nr. 13; Chudnovskii, S. L., Iz dal'nikh let (Otryvki iz vospominanii), in: Byloe 1907, nr. 9Google Scholar; Chudnovskii, S. L., Iz dal'nikh let, Moscow 1934.Google Scholar

^{page 380 note 2} “From Bern”, 1876, nr. 35.Google Scholar

^{page 380 note 3} Deiateli revoliutsionnogo dvizheniia v Rossii, bio-bibliografischeskii slovar', Vol. II, issue 4, Moscow 1942, sub voce.

^{page 380 note 4} Meeting held on January 22, 1876. See report in Vpered, the bi-monthly edition, 1876, nrs. 27 and 28: The Anniversary of the Polish Insurrection of 1863 in London.

^{page 381 note 1} Deiateli revoliutsionnogo dvizheniia v Rossii, bio-bibliograficheskii slovar', Vol. II, issue 3, Moscow 1931, sub voce.

^{page 382 note 1} These data were used in “From Constantinople”, published in Vpered, the bi-monthly edition, 1876, nr. 29.

^{page 382 note 2} Vpered, , the bi-monthly edition, 1876, nr. 30.Google Scholar

^{page 383 note 1} Iokhelson, op. cit., pp. 56–57.

^{page 384 note 1} Letter of 16 August, Axelrod archives, IISG, Amsterdam.