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International Class Solidarity or Foreign Interventions?

Internationalists and Latvian Rifles in the Russian Revolution and the Civil War

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 December 2008

Marc Jansen
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More or less by definition, civil war refers to an armed conflict between citizens of the same country. However, the two outstanding European examples of this century, the civil wars in Spain and Russia, were in fact complicated by foreign intervention. Indeed, in the case of Spain, intervention by foreign powers proved decisive.

Type
Research Article
Information
International Review of Social History , Volume 31 , Issue 1 , April 1986 , pp. 68 - 79
Copyright
Copyright © Internationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis 1986

References

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34 Bernshtam reckons the Latvian Rifles among the internationalists.

35 Bernshtam, “Storony v grazhdanskoi voine”, loc. cit., p. 332.

36 Ibid., p. 333.

37 Bernshtam takes “Socialist” and “Communist” to be synonymous.

38 Ibid.

39 Bernshtam claims to have left out several other categories of internationalists.

40 Ibid., p. 332.

41 Maksudov, “Internatsionalisty i russkaia revoliutsiia”, loc. cit., pp. 221−62.

42 Ibid., pp. 233f.

43 Ibid., pp. 230f.

44 Ibid., p. 238.

45 Ibid., pp. 229, 242–46.

46 Id., “La composition nationale de l'Armée rouge d'après le recensement de 1920”, in: Cahiers du Monde Russe et Soviétique, XXIV (1983), PP. 483−92. Bernshtam's reply to Maksudov's article of 1980: “Mikrob kommunizma ili tifoznaia vosh'?”, in: Vestnik Russkogo Khristianskogo Dvizheniia, No 131, PP. 263−324; Maksudov's reaction: “O nekorrektnom ispol'zovanii istochnikov”, Ibid.

47 For instance, 30,000 to 40,000 Chinese: Eckson, J. Erickson, “The Origins of the Red Army”, in: Revolutionary Russia, ed. by Pipes, R.: (Cambridge, Mass., 1968), pp. 224–56, quote on p. 253; on p. 229, however, Erickson considers the internationalist units “small in number but potent in influence”.Google Scholar

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