Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-l7hp2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-20T07:40:53.830Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Intellectual Origins of French Jacobin Socialism

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 December 2008

Leo A. Loubère
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

This essay was written with the thought in mind that there is need for more clarification in the terminology used to describe certain socialist philosophies of the nineteenth century. It seems clear that the terms ‘democratic socialism” or “social democracy” have lost much of the meaning they might have had in the past. “Democratic” as an adjective or “democracy” as a noun, have been so abused that today they may convey the idea of either a civil libertarian kind of government or a form of totalitarianism. Indeed, the words made for confusion in the nineteenth century when Jacobins, Babouvians, Blanquists, even Bonapartists, claimed each to be true representatives of the general will, and either executed or would have executed those representing opposing wills. Nonviolent were P.-J.-B. Buchez and Louis Blanc, each of whom claimed to be a democratic socialist. Yet in 1848 they opposed each other with intense vehemence. There is need then, for definition and delineation.

Type
Research Article
Information
International Review of Social History , Volume 4 , Issue 3 , December 1959 , pp. 415 - 431
Copyright
Copyright © Internationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis 1959

References

page 415 note 1 See Marcel, Prélot, L'évolution politique du socialisme français, 1789–1934 (Paris, 1939).Google Scholar

page 416 note 1 Leroy, Maxime, Histoire des idées sociales en France (Paris, 1946), I, pp. 60–61.Google Scholar

page 416 note 2 Lichtenberger, André, Le socialisme français au XVIIIe siècle (Paris, 1895), p. 157.Google Scholar

page 416 note 3 Oeuvres, (Paris, 1852), II, p. 444.Google Scholar

page 416 note 4 Cassirer, Ernst, The Question of Jean-Jacques Rousseau (New York, 1954), pp. 56–64.Google Scholar

page 417 note 1 Morelly, , Code de la nature, edited by Chinard, Gilbert (Paris, 1950), pp. 241 ffGoogle Scholar. See Lichtenberger, , pp. 237–38Google Scholar; Hearnshaw, F. J. C., ed., The Social and Political Ideas of Some Great French Thinkers of the Age of Reason (London, 1930), pp. 237 ff.Google Scholar

page 417 note 2 Martin, Kingsley, The Rise of French Liberal Thought, edited by Mayer, J. P. (Rev. ed.: New York, 1956), pp. 202, 237.Google Scholar

page 417 note 3 Oeuvres, complètes (Lyon, 1792), VI, 525Google Scholar; for Rousseau see Alfred Cobban, Rousseau and the Modern State (London, 1934), chap. vii.

page 417 note 4 Code de la nature, pp. 196, 217–18, 230.

page 417 note 5 Quoted in Lichtenberger, p. 234; see also Hearnshaw, , pp. 246–47.Google Scholar

page 417 note 6 See the interesting remarks in Lasky, Harold, The Socialist Tradition in the French Revolution (London, 1930), p. 5.Google Scholar

page 417 note 7 Lichtenberger, A., Le socialisme et la Révolution française (Paris, 1889), p. 260.Google Scholar

page 418 note 1 Korngold, Ralph, Robespierre and the Fourth Estate (New York, 1941), pp. 87–88Google Scholar; Mathiez, A., La Révolution française (Paris, 1951), II, pp. 66–67.Google Scholar

page 418 note 2 Brinton, C. Crane, The Jacobins (New York, 1930), pp. 159–67.Google Scholar

page 418 note 3 Daniel, Guérin, La lutte des classes sous la première République (Paris, [1946]), I, pp. 72–79.Google Scholar

page 418 note 4 Histoire de la Révolution française (Paris, 1847–62), X, pp. 249–50; Histoire de dix ans (11th ed.: Paris, n.d.), TV, pp. 105–9.

page 419 note 1 Soltau, Roger, French Political Thought in the Nineteenth Century (London, 1931), p. 95Google Scholar; see also Leroy, II, p. 414.

page 419 note 2 Walter, Gérard, Babeuf (Paris, 1957), p. 153.Google Scholar

page 419 note 3 Dommanget, Maurice, ed., Pages choisies de Babeuf (Paris, 1935), p. 145.Google Scholar

page 419 note 4 See Soltau, „Introduction”.

page 419 note 5 Papiers de Buonarroti, n.a.f. 20804, f. 7, in the Bibliothèque Nationale. See f. 69 for his admiration of Rousseau.

page 419 note 6 For these documents see Victor Advielle, Histoire de Gracchus Babeuf (Paris, 1884), I, pp. 197–217.

page 420 note 1 See article 12 of the Acte d'insurrection, in: Louis, Paul, Histoire du socialisme en France (5th ed.: Paris, 1950), p. 53.Google Scholar

page 420 note 2 Dommanget, , ed., Pages choisies, pp. 213–14.Google Scholar

page 420 note 3 Leroy, , II, pp. 75–76.Google Scholar

page 420 note 4 Dommanget, , ed., Pages choisies, pp. 192–93.Google Scholar

page 420 note 5 Weill, Georges, Histoire du parti Républicain en France (Revised ed.: Paris, 1928), pp. 35–36.Google Scholar

page 421 note 1 Histoire de dix ans, IV, p. 182.

page 421 note 2 Procès des quinze (Paris, 1852), pp. 45–55.

page 421 note 3 See Cavaignac, Godfrey, Procès du droit d'association (Paris, 1832).Google Scholar

page 421 note 4 Perreux, Gabriel, Aux temps des sociétés secrètes (Paris, 1931), p. 24.Google Scholar

page 421 note 5 Le règne de Philippe, Louis, vol. VIII in: Jean, Jaurès, ed., Histoire socialiste (Paris, n.d.), p. 24.Google Scholar

page 421 note 6 Weill, p. 31.

page 421 note 7 Lehning, Arthur, Buonarroti and His International Secret Societies, in International Review of Social History, I (1956), pp. 112–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

page 422 note 1 Thomson, David, The Babeuf Plot (London, 1947), p. 64.Google Scholar

page 422 note 2 Tribune, , Aug. 29, 1853.Google Scholar

page 422 note 3 Quoted in Angrand, Pierre, Les tendances égalitaires et socialistes dans les sociétés secrètes françaises, 1830–34, in: 1848 et les révolutions du XIXe siècle, XXXIX (1948), p. 19.Google Scholar

page 423 note 1 Revue du progrès, V (March i, 1841), p. 95.

page 423 note 2 Quoted in Angrand, , p. 26.Google Scholar

page 424 note 1 Perreux, , pp. 281–82.Google Scholar

page 424 note 2 See the excellent study by Alan, B. Spitzer, The Revolutionary Theories of Louis Auguste Blanqui (New York, 1957)Google Scholar, chap, vi; see also Mason, E. S., Blanqui and Communism, in: Political Science Quarterly, XLIV (1929), pp. 498–527Google Scholar, and Garaudy, Roger, Les sources françaises du socialisme scientifique (Paris, 1949)Google Scholar, chap. v.

page 425 note 1 Prélot, pp. 35 ff.

page 425 note 2 Principes du socialisme (Paris, 1847), p. 69.

page 425 note 3 Tchernoff, I., Le Parti Républicain sous la Monarchie de juillet (Paris, 1901), p. 75.Google Scholar

page 426 note 1 Cuvillier, Armand, P.-J.-B. Buchez et les origines du socialisme chrétien (Paris, 1948), P. 33.Google Scholar

page 426 note 2 Muckle, F., Geschichte der sozialistischen Ideen im 19. Jahrhundert (Leipzig, 1909), II, p. 147Google Scholar. Muckle, however, has somewhat overstated this influence.

page 426 note 3 L'espérance, 1856–57, p. 172.

page 426 note 4 Edouard, Dolléans, Histoire du mouvement ouvrier (Paris, 1948), I, p. 76.Google Scholar

page 426 note 5 Revue encyclopédique, 1852, p. 305.

page 427 note 1 Quoted in Tchernoff, p. 107.

page 427 note 2 Quoted in David, Owen Evans, Le socialisme romantique, Pierre Leroux et ses contemporains (Paris, 1948), pp. 234–55.Google Scholar

page 427 note 3 Renard, Georges, La République de 1848, vol. IX in: Jean, Jaurès, ed., Histoire socialiste (Paris, 1907), p. 259.Google Scholar

page 428 note 1 Leo, A. Loubère, Louis Blanc's Philosophy of History, in: The Journal of the History of Ideas, XVII (1956), pp. 70–88.Google Scholar

page 428 note 2 See Blanc's Histoire de dix ans, III, pp. 61–62; also Warschauer, Otto, Geschkhte des Sozialismus und neueren Kommunismus, vol. III; Louis Blanc (Leipzig, 1896), pp. 159–60Google Scholar; Keller, Paul, Louis Blanc und die Revolution von 1848 (Zurich, 1926), p. 49.Google Scholar

page 429 note 1 Marcy, G., Constantin Pecqueur, fondateur du collectivisme d'état (Paris, 1934).Google Scholar

page 429 note 2 Leo, A. Loubère, The Evolution of Louis Blanc's Political Philosophy, in: The Journal of Modern History, XXVII (1955), pp. 39–60.Google Scholar

page 429 note 3 See his Organisation du travail (1st-9th eds.: Paris, 1840–50).

page 430 note 1 Dommanget, Maurice, Blanqui à Belle-lle (Paris, 1935), pp. 73, 177Google Scholar; Spitzer, , pp. 168–69.Google Scholar

page 430 note 2 Histoire de dix ans, V, pp. 373–88; Times (London), March 5, 1851.

page 430 note 3 Cuvillier, Armand, Un journal d'ouvriers, L'atelier (Paris, 1954), pp. 117Google Scholar, 145, 184.

page 430 note 4 Alvin, R. Caiman, Ledru-Rollin and the Second French Republic (New York, 1922), chaps, x-xii.Google Scholar

page 430 note 5 See Cohen, Georges, Louis Blanc et la Commission du Luxembourg (Paris, 1897)Google Scholar; Moniteur universel, April 27, May 2, 3, 6, 1848.

page 430 note 6 See the vivid description Barbes sent to Sand, George in Plauchut, Edmund, Autour de Nohant; lettres de Barbès à George Sand (Paris, 1897), pp. 239, 250Google Scholar; see also Caïman, A., Ledru-Rollin après 1848 et les proscrits français en Angleterre (Paris, 1921), pp. 35–37Google Scholar, 140 and passim; Gossez, René, La proscription et les origines de l'Internationale, in: 1848, revue des révolutions contemporaines, No. 189 (1951), pp. 97–115.Google Scholar

page 431 note 1 The research for this article was made possible by grants from the Social Science Research Council and the University of Buffalo.