^{page 163 note 2} “Rätewahlen,” in Die Freiheit: Berliner Organ der Unabhângigen Sozialdemokratischen Partei Deutschlands, November 16, 1918 (evening)Google Scholar; A. Stein, “Räteorganisation und Revolution,” in ibid., November 17, 1918 (morning); Vorwärts: Berliner, Volksblatt, Zentralorgan der Sozialdemokratischen Partei Deutschlands, November 9, 1918Google Scholar (1st, 3rd, and 5th Extraausgabe); November 10, 1918 (8th Extraausgabe); Leipziger, Volkszeitung: Organ fü die Interessen des gesamten werktätigen Volkes, November 5–9, 1918Google Scholar; “Wahl der Arbeiterräte,” in Rote Fahne (Ehemaliger Berliner Lokal-Anzeiger), November 10, 1918. For further information on the German Revolution, the socialist parties, and the formation of the workers' and soldiers' councils, see Emil, Barth, Aus der Werkstatt der deutschen Revolution (Berlin, 1919), pp. 24–56Google Scholar; Berlau, A. Joseph, The German Social Democratic Party, 1914–1921 (New York, 1949), pp. 187–195Google Scholar; Eduard, Bernstein, Die deutsche Revolution (Berlin, 1921), pp. 19–31Google Scholar; Wilhelm, Dittmann, “Die Unabhängige Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands,” in Handbuch der Politik (Berlin and Leipzig, 1921), III, 119Google Scholar; Flechtheim, Ossip K., Die Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands in der Weimarer Republik (Offenbach, 1948), pp. 1–36Google Scholar; Müller, Hermann, Die November Revolution (Berlin, 1928), pp. 23–62Google Scholar; Müller, Richard, Vom Kaiserreich zur Republik (2 vols., Vienna, 1925), II, 9–26Google Scholar; Gustav, Noske, Von Kiel bis Kapp (Berlin, 1920), pp. 8–29Google Scholar; Eugen, Prager, Geschichte der U.S.P.D. (Berlin, 1921), pp. 175–178Google Scholar; Arthur, Rosenberg, Entstehung und Geschichte der Weimarer Republik, Herausgegeben von Kurt Kersten (2 vols, in one, Frankfort on the Main, 1955), pp. 208–246, 275–296Google Scholar; Philipp, Scheidemann, Der Zusammenbruch (Berlin, 1921), pp. 193–208Google Scholar; Snell, John L., “Die Republik aus Versâumnissen,” in Die Welt als Geschichte, XV (1955), pp. 196–219Google Scholar; Walter, Tormin, Zwischen Rätediktatur und Sozialer Demokratie (Düsseldorf, 1954), pp. 55 ff.Google Scholar; Volkmann, E. O., Revolution über Deutschland (Oldenburg, 1936), pp. 11–68.Google Scholar

^{page 164 note 1} The Provisional Government called itself, interchangeably, the “Council of People's Representatives,” the “Cabinet,” the “Reich Government,” and the “Reich Leadership.”

^{page 164 note 2} The largest socialist party was the Social Democratic Party of Germany (Sozialdemo-kratische Partei Deutschlands [SPD]), also known as the Majority Socialists. The SPD, which tended to be reformist, had voted the war credits in the Reichstag since 1914. The socialists who opposed voting for the war credits, known as the Minority Socialists, had seceded from the SPD in 1917, and had formed the somewhat more radical Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (Unabhângige Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands [USPD]). There were also two semi-independent socialist organizations. One was the organization of the revolutionary shop stewards (revolutionäre Obleute), centered primarily in the metal industry in Berlin. Its leaders, who had organized the strikes of 1917 and 1918, were an important segment of the left wing of the USPD. The other organization was the Spartacus Union (Spartakusbund), led by Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg. It was very loosely associated with the USPD, and transformed itself into the German Communist Party at the end of December 1918.

^{page 164 note 3} For the formation and composition of the coalition cabinet, see Vorwärts, , November 10, 1918Google Scholar (7th Extraausgabe); November 10, 1918; November 11, 1918; Leipziger Volks-zeitung, November 11, 1918; Rote Fahne, November 10, 1918; Die Internationale (fruuml;her: Norddeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung), November 10, 1918; Bernstein, , pp. 33–36Google Scholar, 45–46. For the composition of the Executive Council, see Augemeiner, Kongress der Arbeiter – und Soldatenräte Deutschlands vom 16. bis 21. Dezember 1918 im Abgeord-netenhause zu Berlin, Stenographische Berichte (Berlin, 1919)Google Scholar, column 48 [Hereafter cited as Kongress] Hermann, Müller, p. 92.Google Scholar For the meeting of the workers' and soldiers' councils in the Zirkus Busch in Berlin on November 10, 1918, at which the Cabinet and the Executive Council were elected, see Vorwärts, November 11, 1918; Leipziger, Volkszeitung, November n, 1918Google Scholar; November 12, 1918; Mitteilungs-Blatt des Verbandes der sozialdemokratischen Wahlvereine Berlins und Umgegend, Unabhängige sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands, November 17, 1918; Richard Müller in Kongress, col. 18; Barth, , pp. 61–63Google Scholar. Lists of the state secretaries and socialist delegates in the Reich ministries can be found in Freiheit, Vorwarts, and Leipziger, Volkszeitung, November 15, 1918Google Scholar (morning); Berlau, , p. 223n.Google Scholar On November 11, 1918, the socialist parties formed a coalition government in Prussia, which was ratified by the Executive Council: see Freiheit, , November 15, 1918Google Scholar (morning); November 28, 1918 (evening); Vorwärts, , November 12, 28, 1918Google Scholar; Mitteilungs-Blatt, , November 17, 1918Google Scholar; Berliner, Tageblatt, November 28, 1912Google Scholar (morning).

^{page 165 note 1} Reichskanzlei (Alte Reichskanzlei), Akten betreffend: Protokolle der Kabinettssitzungen (Vorakten zu R. Min. 2 b), microfilmed as Foreign Office/State Department: German War Documents Project, serial 8935H, November 18, 1918, vol. I. p. 9 (frame E626972) [Hereafter cited as RdV (date, volume, pages, and frames)] Barth, pp. 71–72; Richard Müller, II, 55.

^{page 165 note 2} The spheres of authority of the Cabinet and the Executive Council were delineated in a proclamation adopted in the Zirkus Busch meeting of the Berlin workers' and soldiers' councils on November 10, 1918. As the USPD and Spartacus did not have a daily newspaper in Berlin from November 10 to 15, this proclamation was not printed in any of the Berlin dailies, including the majority socialist Vorwärts. The text can be found in the leading USPD newspaper outside Berlin, Leipziger Volkszeitung (November 11, 1918). See also Müller, Richard, II, 237–238Google Scholar; Kongress, col. 18–20.

^{page 165 note 3} See the Cabinet's proclamation of November 12, 1918, in Reichsgesetzblatt, 1918, pp. 1303–1304Google Scholar; Vorwärts, Leipziger Volkszeitung, Tageblatt, Berliner, and Zeitung, Vossische, November 13, 1918Google Scholar (morning); Müller, Richard, II, 237–238.Google Scholar The Prussian government's proclamation of November 13, 1918, in Preussische, Gesetzsammlung 1918, pp. 187–189Google Scholar; Vorwärts, Berliner Tageblatt, and Zeitung, Vossische, November 14, 1918Google Scholar (morning); Müller, Richard, II, 239–240.Google Scholar The Executive Council's proclamation of November 11, 1918, in Vorwärts, , November 13, 1918Google Scholar; Mitteilungsblatt, , November 17, 1918Google Scholar; Müller, Richard, II, 235–236.Google Scholar See also “Die ersten Gesetze der Deutschen Republik,” in Vorwärts, , November 14, 1918Google Scholar; “Die Regierung Ebert-Haase und die A. und S.-Räte,” in Rote, Fahne. Zentralorgan des Spartakusbundes, December 10, 1918; Kongress, col. 29; Ledebour in RdV, December 7, 1918, I, 96 (E 62705 9). The chairman of the Executive Council lamented that “the Executive Council's powers were undefined. It had all the power and it had no power.” Müller, Richard, II, 54.Google Scholar

^{page 165 note 4} Müller, Hermann, p. 127.Google Scholar

^{page 166 note 1} RdV, November 20, 1918, I, 22 (E626985); November 21, 1918, I, 24 (E626987); November 22, 1918, I, 40 (E627003); December 2, 1918, I, 70 (E62703;); Landsberg in Kongress, col. 80; Obuch in ibid., col. 291–294; ibid., col. 30; Freiheit, , November 18, 1918Google Scholar (morning); Rosa Luxemburg, “Um den Vollzugsrat,” in Rote, Fahne, December 11, 1918Google Scholar; Müller, Richard, II, 145–147Google Scholar; Müller, Hermann, pp. 133–134.Google Scholar

^{page 166 note 2} RdV, November 18, 1918, I, 14–15 (E626977–8); December 13, 1918, I, 192–194 (E627155–7); Rote, Fahne, December 14, 1918Google Scholar; proclamation of the Cabinet, in Vorwärts, November 12, 1918; proclamation of the Prussian government, in Preussische Gesetz-sammlung 1918, p. 191; “Keine unbefugten Eingriffe!” in Vorwärts, , November 14, 1918.Google Scholar

^{page 166 note 3} RdV, November 18, 1918, I, 9 (E626972); Richard Müller in Kongress, col. 30–33.

^{page 166 note 4} RdV, December 4, 1918,1, 78 (E627041); Landsberg in Kongress, col. 79–80; Scheidemann, , pp. 218–219.Google Scholar

^{page 166 note 5} Obuch in Kongress, col. 293; Richard Müller at the meeting of the Berlin workers' councils on December 23, 1918, in Freiheit, , Vorwärts, , December 24, 1918Google Scholar (morning).

^{page 166 note 6} Landsberg in Kongress, col. 297.

^{page 167 note 1} Rosa Luxemburg, “Um den Vollzugsrat,” in Rote, Fahne, December 10, 1918.Google Scholar The Cabinet foiled the attempt of the Executive Council to form a red guard: proclamation of the Executive Council calling for the formation of a red guard, in Leipziger Volkszeitung, November 14, 1918; retraction of the proclamation, in Vorwärts, November 14, 15, 1918; meeting of the Berlin soldiers' councils on November 15, 1918, in Vorwärts, November 15, 1918; “Täuschende Parolen,” in Freiheit, , November 15, 1918Google Scholar (morning); Müller, Herman, p. 118Google Scholar; Müller, Richard, II, 137–139Google Scholar. The Executive Council's attempt to influence foreign affairs was prevented by the Cabinet (the Council had to retract its invitation to a Russian delegation, and the Cabinet disregarded the Council's demand that Solf and Erzberger be removed from the foreign office and the armistice commission respectively): meeting of the Executive Council on November 29, 1918, in Freiheit, , Vorwärts, November 30, 1918Google Scholar (morning); meeting on December 4, 1918, in Freiheit, , December 5, 1918Google Scholar; ibid., November 28, 1918 (morning); December 3, 12, 1918 (morning); Vorwärts, , November 28, 1918Google Scholar; Rosa Luxemburg, “Der Vollzugsrat kuscht,” in Rote, Fahne, December 12, 1918Google Scholar; Kongress, col. 31–33; Müller, Hermann, pp. 157–159Google Scholar; Müller, Richard, II, 149–151.Google Scholar Early in December 1918 the Cabinet once again refused to admit the Executive Council's supervisors into the ministries: RdV, December 4, 1918, I, 78 (E627041); meeting of the Executive Council on December 12, 1918, in Freiheit, Vorwärts, , December 13, 1918Google Scholar (morning and evening); Müller, Hermann, pp. 135–138.Google Scholar

^{page 167 note 2} Agreement between the Cabinet and the Executive Council on November 23, 1918, in Freiheit, , Vorwärts, November 23, 1918Google Scholar (evening); Genossen! Kameraden! (leaflet by the Executive Council, November 23,1918, in Hoover Library); RdV, November 20,1918, I, 20–21 (E626983–4); Müller, Hermann, pp. 130–131Google Scholar; Müller, Richard, II, 253.Google Scholar See also the Executive Council's proclamation on November 23, 1918, in Freiheit, , November 25, 1918Google Scholar (evening); Vorwärts, Rote, Fahne, November 26, 1918Google Scholar; Richard, Müller, II, 255–257.Google Scholar

^{page 167 note 3} Freiheit, , December 16, 1918Google Scholar (morning); Richard Müller in Kongress, col. 28–31; Rosa Luxemburg, “Um den Vollzugsrat,” in Rote, Fahne, December 16, 1918Google Scholar; Karl Liebknecht at the meeting of the Berlin USPD on December 15, 1918, in Freiheit, , December 16, 1918Google Scholar (morning). Matthias Erzberger, the bourgeois head of the armistice commission, refused even to receive the representative of the Executive Council: Müller, Hermann, p. 137.Google Scholar

^{page 167 note 4} Richard Müller's report to the congress, in Kongress, col. 13 ff. See also the debates and votes on the “resolution Lüdemann” and the “Haase declaration” (demarcation of authority between the Cabinet and the Central Council of the Workers' and Soldiers' Councils), in ibid., col. 176–177, 252, 288–300, 309.

^{page 168 note 1} Rosa Luxemburg, “Der Vollzugsrat kuscht,” in Rote, Fanne, December 12, 1918.Google Scholar

^{page 168 note 2} Vorwärts, , November 9, 1918Google Scholar (2nd and 6th Extraausgabe); Baden, Max von, Erinnerungen und Dokumente (Berlin, 1927), pp. 630–643Google Scholar; Scheidemann, , p. 212.Google Scholar

^{page 168 note 3} Kongress, col. 29, 75–76, 90; Bernstein, , p. 65.Google Scholar

^{page 168 note 4} Meeting of the Executive Council on December 12, 1918, in Freiheit, Vorwärts, , December 13, 1918Google Scholar (morning); “Ententepläne gegen die Revolution?” in Freiheit, December 11, 1918 (evening); ibid., November 20, 1918 (morning); December 14, 19, 20, 1918 (morning); Vorwärts, , November 20, 1918Google Scholar; December 2, 1918 (evening); December 3, 11, 1918 (morning).

^{page 168 note 5} Richard Müller in Kongress, col. 14–15; Hermann Müller in ibid., col. 60; Landsberg in ibid., col. 76; Ledebour in RdV, December 7, 1918, I, 96–97 (E627058–9); Landsberg in RdV, December 28, 1918, II, 57–58 (E627215–6); “Die Panikmache,” in Freiheit, November 24, 1918 (morning); Müller, Hermann, pp. 106Google Scholar, 133, 139; Müller, Richard, II, 159–160.Google Scholar

^{page 168 note 6} Kongress, p. iii; col. 20–21; Freiheit, November 24, 1918.

^{page 169 note 1} Meeting of the Berlin workers' councils on December 23, 1918, in Freiheit, Vorwärts, December 24, 1918 (morning). 2 The report originated with the news agency Hofrichter (formerly directed by the majority socialist Baake, who became, during the revolution, state secretary in the Reich chancellery), and was circulated by WTB:Google ScholarVorwärts, , December 2, 1918Google Scholar (evening); A. Hofrichter, “Die Finanzen der A.- und S.-Räte,” in ibid., December 11, 1918 (morning); “Vergeudete Millionen?” in Freiheit, , December 4, 1918Google Scholar (evening); “Die Ausgaben der A.- und S.-Räte,” in ibid., December 7, 1918 (evening); Müller, Richard, II, 123.Google Scholar

^{page 169 note 3} Richard Müller in Kongress, col. 15, 24–25; Hermann Müller in ibid., col. 59. The financial status of the Executive Council was chaotic. It had to finance its operation with confiscated money, as the Cabinet refused to approve the Council's budget. See Max Maynz, majority socialist treasurer of the Executive Council, in Kongress, col. 36–38; Landsberg in ibid., col. 78–79; Ledebour in ibid,, col. 84; Scheidemann in ibid., col. 166, 170; Ledebour and Richard Müller in ibid,, col. 152; RdV, December 5, 1918, I, 86 (E627049); December 7, 1918, I, 101–102 (E627064–5); December 13, 1918, I, 190–191 (E627153–4); December 14, 1918, II, 1–2 (E627159–60); December 28, 1918, II, 157 (E 627315); Richard Müller, II, 160.

^{page 169 note 4} H. Limbertz, majority socialist delegate from Essen, in Kongress, col. 50–51; a majority socialist delegate from Augsburg, in ibid., col. 62; Gottlieb Reese, majority socialist delegate from Saarbriicken, in idib., 103–105.

^{page 169 note 5} See above, p. 165, note 3.

^{page 169 note 6} Press conference by Ebert, in Vorwärts, , November 11, 1918Google Scholar; press conference by Landsberg, in Freiheit, , November 17, 1918Google Scholar (morning); Ebert and Haase at the conference of the German states on November 25, 1918, in ibid., November 26, 1918 (morning); Haase at the meeting of the Berlin USPD on December 15, 1918, in ibid., December 16, 1918 (morning). See also Rudolf Hilferding, “Revolutionâres Vertrauen,” in ibid., November 18, 1918; Rote Fahne, December 6, 1918.

^{page 170 note 1} Proclamation of November 17, 1918, in Kongress, col. 16–17.

^{page 170 note 2} Richard Müller at the meeting of the Verwaltungsstelle Berlin des deutschen Metallarbeiterverbandes on November 17, 1918, in Freiheit, Vorwärts, November 20, 1918Google Scholar (morning); Paul Wegmann at the meeting of the Berlin workers' councils on November 29, 1918, in Freiheit, Vorwärts, November 30, 1918Google Scholar (morning); RdV, November 23,1918, 1,42–43 (E 627005–6). See also “Der Juncker vom anderen Ende,” in Vorwärts, November 30, 1918.

^{page 170 note 3} Vorwärts, , November 20, 1918.Google Scholar

^{page 170 note 4} A. Z., “Der lebende Leichnam,” in Vorwärts, December 5, 1918 (morning); ldquo;Richard I-Wilhelms-Ersatz,” in ibid., December 18, 1918 (morning); “Die Demokratie auf dem Marsche!” in Rote, Fahne, December 1, 1918.Google Scholar

^{page 170 note 5} Emil Barth, “An den Laternenpfahl!” in Freiheit, , December n, 1918Google Scholar (morning); “Das bequeme und angenehme Leben,” in Rote, Fahne, December 9, 1918.Google Scholar

^{page 170 note 6} Müller, Hermann, p. 109Google Scholar; Müller, Richard, II, 157–158.Google Scholar See also “An die niedrigsten Instinkte,” in Die Republik (editor Wilhelm Herzog), December 5, 1918; “Gesindel,” in Freiheit, , December 7, 1918Google Scholar (morning); “Selbsthilfe gegen die Hetze,” in Rote, Fahne, December 9, 1918Google Scholar; proclamation of the Executive Council, in Freiheit, , December 9, 1918Google Scholar; proclamation of the Executive Council, in ibid., December 14, 1918 (morning).

^{page 170 note 7} For the details of the Putsch of December 6, see Freiheit, Vorwärts, Fahne, Rote, Tageblatt, Berliner, and Zeitung, Vossische, December 7–9, 1918.Google Scholar

^{page 171 note 1} See proclamation of the Cabinet, in Freiheit, Vorwärts, , December 8, 1918Google Scholar; RdV, December 7, 1918, 1, 91 (E627054); Emil, Eichhorn, Meine Tätigkeit im Berliner Polizei-präsidium (Berlin, 1918), p. 40.Google Scholar Also joint declaration of the Cabinet and the Executive Council on December 9, 1918, reaffirming the division of authority agreed upon on November 23, 1918 (see above, p. 167, note 2): Freiheit, Vorwärts, December 10, 1918Google Scholar (morning). The relations between the Cabinet and the Executive Council, the status of the two revolutionary bodies, and the behavior of the cabinet members during the Putsch of December 6, 1918, are discussed at a joint meeting of the Cabinet and Executive Council on December 7, 1918: RdV, December 7, 1918, I, 94–108 (E627057–71); Kongress, col. 87–88, 160.

^{page 172 note 1} The names of the members of the SPD Executive Committee can be found in Sozial-demokratische Partei Deutschlands, Protokoll Über die Verhandlungen des Parteitages der Sozialdemokratischen Partei Deutschlands… in Würzburg… 1917 (Berlin, 1917), p. 469. The members of the USPD Central Committee are listed in Unabhängige Sozial-demokratische Partei Deutschlands Protokoll iiber die Verhandlungen des Gründungs-Parteitags der U.S.P.D. vom 6. bis 8. April 1917 in Gotha. Mit, Anhang: Bericht über die Gemeinsame Konferenz der Arbeitsgemeinschaft und der Spartakusgruppe vom 7. Januar 1917 in Berlin, Herausgegeben von Emil Eichhorn (Berlin, 1921), p. 71.Google Scholar For Däumig's position on the USPD Central Committee, see signatures of the committee members in Freiheit, Novermber 15, 1918 (morning). For the Composition of the Executive Council, see Müller, Hermann, pp. 91Google Scholar, 98–99, 101–102.

^{page 172 note 2} Müller, Hermann, pp. 92Google Scholar, 100, 105; Barth, , p. 89Google Scholar; Müller, Richard, II, 53Google Scholar; Freiheit, , December 17, 1918Google Scholar (evening).

^{page 172 note 3} See the speech by Ernst Däumig in defense of the Executive Council at the 2nd Congress of the Communist International in 1920: Kommunistische Internationale, Der Zweite Kongress der Kommunistischen Internationale. Protokoll der Verhandlungen… in Petrograd und… 1920 in Moskau (Hamburg, 1921), p. 368.

^{page 172 note 4} Jacob, Altmaier, Frankfurter Revolutionstage (Frankfort on the Main, 1919), pp. 49–50.Google Scholar See also “Die weinenden Erben,” in Rote, Fahne, December 4, 1918.Google Scholar

^{page 172 note 5} This fear about the future of Germany shows itself in the discussions at most of the meetings of the Cabinet: RdV, passim. See also Ebert in Kongress, col. 3–4; Paul Levi, “Und nun?—der Friede?” in Rote, Fahne, November 19, 1918.Google Scholar

^{page 172 note 6} Bartb at the meeting of the Berlin workers' councils on November 27, 1918, in Freiheit, Vorwärts, November 28, 1918 (morning and evening); “Berliner Arbeiterrat und Streik-bewegung,” in Rote, Fahne, November 28, 1918Google Scholar; Barth, , p. 29.Google Scholar

^{page 173 note 1} Barth, , pp. 71–72Google Scholar; Barth in Kongress, col. 106, 528; Barth's attack on Rosa Luxemburg at the meeting of the Berlin USPD on December 15, 1918, in Freiheit, December 16, 1918 (morning); Barth at the meeting of the Verwaltungsstelle Berlin des deutschen Metallarbeiterverbandes on November 17, 1918, in Freiheit, Vorwärts, November 20, 1918Google Scholar (morning); “Barths Fantasien,” in Rote, Fahne, December 11, 1918.Google Scholar

^{page 173 note 2} Barth at the meeting of the Berlin workers' councils on November 29, 1918, in Freiheit, , November 30, 1918Google Scholar (morning); Vorwärts, , December 9, 1918Google Scholar (morning); Rote, Fahne, November 30, 1918.Google Scholar See also the official communist history of the revolution: Illustrierte Geschichte der Deutschen Revolution (Berlin, 1929), p. 248.

^{page 173 note 3} Kongress, col. 295.

^{page 173 note 4} Müller, Hermann, p. 104Google Scholar; Friedrich Stampfer, “Die Reichsregierung und die Arbeiterund Soldatenräte,” in Vorwärts, , November 13, 1918.Google Scholar It is interesting to note that radical USPD members like Ledebour had refused to enter the Provisional Government together with the SPD on November 10, 1918, but that they did not object to the presence of SPD members in the Executive Council: Ledebour in Kongress, col. 95; Der Ledebour Prozess (Berlin, 1919), p. 35; Haase at the meeting of the Berlin USPD on December 15, 1918, in Freiheit, , December 16, 1918Google Scholar (morning).

^{page 173 note 5} Müller, Hermann, p. 104.Google Scholar Several times a week Hermann Müller visited Ebert at night to explain the actions of the Executive Council and to settle conflicts between the Cabinet and the Council: ibid.

^{page 173 note 6} ibid., p. 103; Müller, Richard, II, 47.Google Scholar

^{page 173 note 7} Kongress, col. 149. See also Schäfer, Heinrich, Tagebuchbl¨tter eines rheinischen Sozialisten (Bonn, 1919), pp. 63–70.Google Scholar

^{page 174 note 1} Altmaier, , p. 49.Google Scholar See also Müller, Hermann, pp. 89–91.Google Scholar

^{page 174 note 2} Richard Müller in Kongress, col. 24, 149, 152; A.S., “Mangelnde Organisation,” in Freiheit, , November 30, 1918Google Scholar (evening); “Revolution oder Durcheinander?” in Vorwärts, , November 28, 1918Google Scholar (evening); Rosa Luxemburg, “Der VolJzugsrat kuscht,” in Rote, Fahne, December 12, 1918Google Scholar; Erich Dombrowski, “Das Durcheinander,” in Berliner, Tageblatt, November 29, 1918Google Scholar (evening).

^{page 174 note 3} Vorwärts, , December 17, 1918Google Scholar (morning).

^{page 174 note 4} Richard Müller in Kongress, col. 21–22, 35; Müller, Hermann, pp. 92ff.Google Scholar; Karl Liebknecht, “Der neue Burgfrieden,” in Rote, Fahne, November 19, 1918Google Scholar; Karl Liebknecht, “Das, was ist,” in ibid., November 21, 1918. See also the debate about the medical student Bergmann, soldier delegate on the Executive Council, at the meeting of the Berlin soldiers' councils on December 8, 1918, in Freiheit, Vorwärts, , December 9, 1918Google Scholar (morning).

^{page 174 note 5} Meeting of the Berlin soldiers' councils on December 8, 1918, in Freiheit, Vorwärts, December 9, 1918Google Scholar (morning); Kongress, col. 22–23, 48–50; Meeting of the Executive Council on November 26, 1918, in Freiheit, Vorwärts, November 27, 1918Google Scholar (morning); “Unklare Stimmen,” in Freiheit, , November 29, 1918Google Scholar (morning); “Verbrauchte Männer,” in Rote, Fahne, November 29, 1918Google Scholar; Müller, Hermann, pp. 92–93Google Scholar, 97–98; Müller, Richard, II. 55, 154–156.Google Scholar

^{page 175 note 1} Müller, Richard, II, 153.Google Scholar

^{page 175 note 2} Meeting of the Berlin soldiers' councils on December 5, 1918, in Freiheit, Vorwärts, December 6, 1918Google Scholar (morning); meeting on December 11, 1918, in Freiheit, , December 12, 1918Google Scholar (morning); meeting on December 14, 1918, in Freiheit, Vorwärts, December 15, 1918.Google Scholar The soldier delegate on the Executive Council, Strobel, was removed from his position on the Council after publishing an anti-semitic diatribe in a right wing news paper: Pinson, Koppel S., Modern Germany (New York, 1954), p. 405.Google Scholar For the Strobel affair, see also the meeting of the Executive Council on December 13, 1918, in Freiheit, , December 14, 1918Google Scholar (evening); Müller, Hermann, p. 97.Google Scholar

^{page 175 note 3} Müller, Hermann, p. 93.Google Scholar

^{page 175 note 4} Meeting of the Berlin soldiers' councils on November 28, 1918, in Freiheit, , November 29, 1918Google Scholar (morning), Vorwärts, , November 29, 1918Google Scholar (evening), Rote, Fahne, November 30, 1918.Google Scholar See also Ledebour in Kongress, col. 84; Richard Müller in ibid., col. 150; Landsberg in ibid., col. 167; Freiheit, Vorwärts, November 21, 1918Google Scholar (morning); Müller, Hermann, pp. 93–96.Google Scholar

^{page 176 note 1} Richard Müller in Kongress, col. 21, 24; ibid., col. 63–64; Meeting of the Executive Council on December 13, 1918, in Freiheit, , December 14, 1918Google Scholar (evening); letter by Richard Müller, in Rote, Fahne, December 4, 1918.Google Scholar

^{page 176 note 2} Müller, Hermann, p. III.Google Scholar

^{page 176 note 3} Kongress, col. 172.