^{page 74 note 1} Howell, to Stansfeld, James M.P., 18th. 09 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 74 note 2} Howell, to Guile, D., 2310. 09 1868 and on 24th. 09 letters to Allan, Applegarth, Coulson and the secretary of the cordwainers.Google Scholar

^{page 74 note 3} Howell, to Stansfeld, J. M.P., 22nd. 09 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 74 note 4} E.C.R.L. Minutes of “Special Meeting”, 10th. 08 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 74 note 5} Howell, to Stansfeld, James, 6th. 01 1869.Google Scholar

^{page 74 note 6} Howell, to Stansfeld, J., 26th. 09 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 74 note 7} Howell's letters to Morley, S. & Stansfeld, J., 2nd. 10 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 74 note 8} Howell, to Morley, S., 30th. 09 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 75 note 1} Howell, to Morley, S., 26th. 10 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 75 note 2} Howell, to Morley, 22nd. 10 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 75 note 3} Howell, to Morley, S., 31st. 10 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 75 note 4} Howell, to Kell, and Bradford, Co, 4th. 11 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 75 note 5} Howell, to Morley, S., 9th. 11 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 75 note 6} Ledger, Cash, Special Fund Folios 127–133 Ref. 4058.Google Scholar

^{page 75 note 7} Marx, to Engels, , 27th. 07 1866.Google Scholar

^{page 76 note 1} Howell, to Rathbone, W. M.P., 27th. 10 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 76 note 2} Jones, Lloyd to Howell, , 26th. 10 1868Google Scholar and Howell, to Mottershead, , 27th. 10 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 76 note 3} Howell, to Mundella, A. J., 26th. 10 1868Google Scholar and to Hales, and Brighty, on 2nd., 7th. 10 and on 10th. 11 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 76 note 4} Howell, to Butcher, J. Esq. of Banbury, 22nd. 09 1868. (Headed “private”.)Google Scholar

^{page 76 note 5} Howell, to Samuelson, B. M.P., 1st. 10 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 77 note 1} Howell, to Samuelson, B. M.P., 7th. 10 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 77 note 2} Howell, to Stanhope, H. S. M.P., 29th. 10 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 77 note 3} Glyn, to Gladstone, , 24th. 10 1868. BM Add. Mss. 44347 f. 212.Google Scholar

^{page 77 note 4} Howell, to White, R. of York, 24th. 09 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 77 note 5} See first part of this article in Vol. V(1960), Part 3, pp. 452–453.Google Scholar

^{page 77 note 6} Beesly, E. S., The Brighton Elections, in: Bee-Hive, 13th. 02 1864.Google Scholar

^{page 78 note 1} Guardian, Brighton, 18th. 11 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 78 note 2} Ibid., 11th. Nov. 1868.

^{page 78 note 3} Guardian, Brighton, 11th. 11 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 78 note 4} Howell, to Thompson, J., 28th. 10 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 78 note 5} Guardian, Brighton, 18th. 11 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 79 note 1} Guardian, Brighton, 30th. 10 1868, reprinting a letter from the Daily News.Google Scholar

^{page 79 note 2} Howell, to Conningham, W., 21st. 11 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 79 note 3} The Staffordshire Sentinel, 17th. 10 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 79 note 4} Glyn, to Gladstone, , 3rd. 11 1868. BM. Add. Mss. 44347 f. 226.Google Scholar

^{page 80 note 1} Beesly, E. S. to Macdonald, A., 7th. 09 1868.Google ScholarKilmarnock Standard 12th. 09 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 80 note 2} Howell, to McEwen, , 24th. 08 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 80 note 3} Kilmarnock Advertiser, 31st. 10 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 80 note 4} Ibid., 14th. Nov. 1868.

^{page 80 note 5} Speech by Mundella, A. J., Nottingham Review, 4th. 09 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 81 note 1} Nottingham Review, 25th. 09 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 81 note 2} Nottingham Review, 6th. 11 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 81 note 3} G. C. R. L. Minutes, 4th. 09 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 81 note 4} E.C.R.L. Minutes, 4th. 11 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 81 note 5} Nottingham Review, 6th. 11 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 81 note 6} Crimes, T., Edward Owen Greening, Manchester 1923Google Scholar; Greening, E. O. to Hughes, T., 4th. 09 1868, in: Halifax Guardian, 24th. 10 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 82 note 1} Halifax Guardian, 7th. 11 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 82 note 2} Akroyd, E. to Hughes, T., 9th. 09 1868, in: Halifax Guardian, 24th. 10 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 82 note 3} Stansfeld, Howellto, 15th. 09 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 82 note 4} Ibid., 18th. Sept. 1868.

^{page 82 note 5} Ibid., 22nd. Sept. 1868.

^{page 82 note 6} Halifax Guardian, 3rd. 10 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 82 note 7} Halifax Guardian, 31st. 10 1868. – The reference is to James Finlen being hounded out of public life by Parliament and the press for his defence of the Fenians. Finlen was accused of driving his wife mad and leaving his children to starve.Google Scholar

^{page 82 note 8} Ibid., 12th. Dec. 1868.

^{page 83 note 1} Howell, to Stansfeld, , 11th. 12 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 83 note 2} Howell's Draft Autobiography.

^{page 83 note 3} Minutes E.C.R.L., 14th. 10 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 83 note 4} Howell, to Royal, C., 16th. 10 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 83 note 5} Howell, to Butler, C. S., 5th. 04 1869.Google Scholar

^{page 83 note 6} Glyn, to Gladstone, , 10th. 09 1868. BM. Add. Mss. 44347 f. 157.Google Scholar

^{page 84 note 1} Howell, to Clarke, S., 11th. 07 1868.Google Scholar (Clarke was corresponding Secretary of the Northampton Branch. He was charged with withholding correspondence favourable to Bradlaugh. National Reformer, 23rd. August 1868.)

^{page 84 note 2} National Reformer, 5th. 07 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 84 note 3} Ibid., 12th. July 1868.

^{page 84 note 4} Howell, to Gilpin, C. M.P., 29th. 07 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 84 note 5} Minutes of G.C.R.L., 22nd. 07 1868 & Howell to the editor of the Daily Telegraph, 6th. 08 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 84 note 6} Howell, to Yorke, , Sec. of Northampton Branch, 14th. 08 1868Google Scholar

^{page 84 note 7} Howell, to Wells, F., 10th. 08 1858.Google Scholar

^{page 84 note 8} National Reformer, 23rd. 08 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 84 note 9} National Reformer, 22nd. 11 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 85 note 1} Minutes G.C.R.L., 4th. and 16th. 09 1868. Also Minutes of ECRL 13th. 01 1869.Google Scholar

^{page 85 note 2} Howell, to Glyn, , 30th. 11 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 85 note 3} Howell's diary, 16th. 01 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 85 note 4} Ibid.

^{page 85 note 5} Ibid., 17th. Jan. 1868.

^{page 85 note 6} Ibid., 25th. March 1868.

^{page 85 note 7} 6th. Jan. 1869.

^{page 85 note 8} Ibid., 3rd. August 1869.

^{page 85 note 9} National Reformer, 23rd. 08 1869.Google Scholar

^{page 85 note 10} Chelsea News, 31st. 10 & 7th. 11 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 86 note 1} Howell, to Glyn, , 3rd. 12 1868 (Headed “Private”).Google Scholar

^{page 86 note 2} Glyn, to Gladstone, , 12th. 11 1868, BM Add. Mss. 44347 f. 241.Google Scholar

^{page 86 note 3} Glyn, to Gladstone, , 13th. 11 1868. BM. Add. Mss. 44347 f. 107 (catalogued as if written in March).Google Scholar

^{page 86 note 4} ER: Warwick: Hales and Brighty.

^{page 86 note 5} Howell, to R.S. Gold of Warwick, 4th. 09 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 86 note 6} Glyn, to Gladstone, , 13th. 11, 1868. BM Add. Mss. 44347 f. 107.Google Scholar

^{page 86 note 7} de Rothschild, N. M. to Howell, , 23rd. 11, 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 87 note 1} Howell, G.: Address to the Electors of the Borough and Hundreds of Aylesbury, 22nd. 10 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 87 note 2} Howell's Diary, 20th. 01 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 87 note 3} Engels, to Marx, , 18th. 11 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 87 note 4} Standard, 18th. 12 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 87 note 5} Engels, to Marx, , 18th. 11 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 87 note 6} Huddersfield Observer, 21st. 11 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 88 note 1} Northampton Mercury, 21st. 11 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 88 note 2} Standard, 2nd. 11 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 88 note 3} Judy, , 11th. 11 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 89 note 1} Howell's draft of the Report and Balance Sheet of the Reform League, 05 1st.-11 30th. 1868.Google Scholar (In letter book for 1868. Folios 829–833. The Report was adopted in the E.C.R.L. Minutes after the entries for 25th. 07 1868.)Google Scholar

^{page 90 note 1} Howell, to Morley, S., 1st. 12 1868 (Headed “Private”).Google Scholar

^{page 90 note 2} Howell, to Glyn, , 12th. 12 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 90 note 3} Howell, to Stansfeld, , 6th. 01 1869.Google Scholar

^{page 90 note 4} Of the 47 seats listed as “won” the following were mentioned in the “Election Reports”: Bath; Buckingham; Cambridge (2 seats); Cheltenham; Derby; Durham; Exeter; Grant-ham (2 seats); Guildford; Helston; Ipswich; Kidderminster; Knaresborough; Leeds; Liverpool; Maldon; Marlborough; Newport; Sunderland; Tewkesbury; Tiverton; Warrington; Whitby; Wigan; Christchurch; Cockermouth; Colchester; Cricklade; Mon-mouth, and Newark, and Newark. (30 places, 32 seats.) The reader will note Guildford is included – it was won by 20 votes. The inclusion of Liverpool suggests that Howell's claims to have helped ought not to be taken too seriously. The city returned 3 members, and before Joseph Chamberlain showed the way in Birmingham, the minority party could count on securing one seat.

The other 15 seats listed as won were: Burnley; Bodmin; Canterbury; Carlisle; Devon-port; Dover; Gravesend; Kendal; Salisbury; Wenlolck; Windsor; Bedford; Montgomery; Sheffield and stoke. (“Secured” was written against the last named.)

Canterbury had been represented by Butler-Johnstone. Sympathetic to the claims of Labour, he was a Tory. In Grantham, Kendal, Marlborough, Tiverton [sic], Wenlock and Montgomery, there were no contests.

^{page 91 note 1} Report of the Finance Committee (Mottershead, Weston, Worley), 9th. 12 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 92 note 1} “Copy of Expenditure on Account of the ‘Special Fund’ at the late general Election, 17th November 1868”, accompanying Howell's letter to Stansfeld, , 6th. 01 1869.Google Scholar

^{page 92 note 2} Howell, and Cremer, to an unnamed correspondent, 13th. 02 1869 (headed “Private”).Google Scholar

^{page 92 note 3} Standard, 16th. 12 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 93 note 1} The Republican, 1st. 09 and 1st. 10 1870.Google Scholar

^{page 93 note 2} Beesly, E. S., The Division on the Trades Union Bill, in: Bee-Hive, 29th. 07 1871.Google Scholar

^{page 93 note 3} Howell, G., Professor Beesly and the Pall Mall Gazette, in: Bee-Hive, 4th. 11 1871.Google Scholar

^{page 93 note 4} This point had been made at the time by Beesly: “it is said that all candidates who offered themselves expressly as representatives of workmen were rejected. I ask, in what sense did they represent workmen? What did they offer to Labour? Why, the very workmen who stood laid but faint stress on the industrial question… Perhaps they feared to alienate middle-class supporters and expected the workmen to divine their benevolent intentions. This was a fatal mistake”. Bee-Hive, 12th. 12 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 94 note 1} Engels, F., The English Elections, in: Der Volksstaat, 4th. 03 1874.Google Scholar (Reprinted in English in: Marx, Karl and Frederick Engels on Britain, Moscow 1953, London 1954; pp. 464–470).Google Scholar

^{page 95 note 1} Coltham, S., George Potter and the Bee-Hive Newspaper. D. Phil. Thesis, Oxford 1956, p. 200.Google Scholar

^{page 95 note 2} Dr Coltham discovered this circular in the cover of one of the duplicate volumes of the Bee-Hive kept in the John Burns Collection.

^{page 95 note 3} Morley, S. to Solly, H., 17th. 10 & 2nd. 12 1870 & 3rd. 01 1871.Google Scholar (Solly Collection, British Library of Political and Economic Science.)

^{page 95 note 4} Marx, to Beesly, , 12th. 06 1871.Google Scholar

^{page 96 note 1} Howell, to Glyn, , 12th. 12 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 96 note 2} E.C.R.L. Minutes, 2nd. 12 1868.Google Scholar (Moved by Odger, seconded by Dell.)-J. A. Samuda was a notorious foe of trades unionism. After he was returned in 1868, he is alleged to have implored Gladstone to make no concessions to the unionists. (Crompton, Henry, The Defeat of the Workmen, in: Bee-Hive, 2nd. 09 1868.)Google Scholar He beat Beales, but this may well have been due to the intervention, not of Glyn, but of Newton of the Engineers, who also stood for Tower Hamlets.

^{page 96 note 3} Ibid.

^{page 96 note 4} E.C.R.L. Minutes, 16th. 12 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 96 note 5} Howell to Beales, 10th. 12 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 97 note 1} Minutes of ECRL, 2nd. Dec. 1868. The Basses were the famous brewers. M. T. Bass was the Member for Derby. He played an important part in the early history of trades unionism on the railways. (See Alcock, G. W., Fifty Years of Railway Trade Unionism, London, 1922.)Google Scholar Arthur Bass had been a candidate for Stafford (one of Glyn's “specials”) but withdrew.

^{page 97 note 2} Ibid., 9th. Dec. 1868.

^{page 97 note 3} Ibid. (Remarks by Connolly, Mottershead and Odger himself.)

^{page 97 note 4} Ibid.

^{page 97 note 5} Copy of Glyn's letter in E.C.R.L. Minutes, 16th. 12 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 97 note 6} Minutes E.C.R.L., 5th. 12 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 97 note 7} Howell, to Glyn, , 17th. 12 1868Google Scholar. (Beales was seeking favours from the Ministry, Howell, to Beales, 12th. 12 1868.)Google Scholar

^{page 98 note 1} Minutes of Specially Summoned E.C.R.L., 8th. 01 1869.Google Scholar

^{page 98 note 2} Howell, to Beales, , 2nd. 12 1868 (headed “Private”).Google Scholar

^{page 98 note 3} Howell, to Beales, , 10th. 12 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 98 note 4} Minutes E.C.R.L., 23rd. 12 1868. Adoption moved by J. B. Langley, seconded by Wm. Osborne.Google Scholar

^{page 98 note 5} Howell, to Morley, S., 24th. 12 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 98 note 6} Howell, to Morley, S., 21st. 01 1869.Google Scholar

^{page 99 note 1} Minutes E.C.R.L., 23rd. 12 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 99 note 2} Bradlaugh, to Gladstone, , 9th. 06 1869. (Date in pencil by another hand.)Google Scholar

^{page 99 note 3} Jones, Lloyd to Howell, , 26th. 10 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 99 note 4} Howell, to Beales, , 10th. 12 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 100 note 5} Minutes E.C.R.L., 12th. 03 1869.Google Scholar

^{page 100 note 1} Report of the Finance Committee of the Reform League, 9th. 12 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 100 note 2} Minutes E.C.R.L., 12th. 03 1869.Google Scholar

^{page 100 note 3} Howell, to Beales, , 10th. 03 1869.Google Scholar

^{page 100 note 4} Minutes E.C.R.L., 13th. 01 1869.Google Scholar

^{page 100 note 5} Ibid., 20th. Jan. 1869.

^{page 100 note 6} 12th. March 1869.

^{page 100 note 7} See p. 79.

^{page 100 note 8} Standard, 20th. 11 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 101 note 1} Howell, to Smith, A. of Stoke, 13th. 02 1869.Google Scholar

^{page 101 note 2} Howell, and Cremer, to an unnamed correspondent, 13th. 02 1868 (headed “Private”).Google Scholar

The correspondent was almost certainly Glyn. Howell's diary for 13th. Feb. 1869 reads: “Sent letter to Glyn about fee [sic] for work done…”

^{page 101 note 3} Howell's diary, 3rd. 02 1869.Google Scholar

^{page 101 note 4} Ibid., 20th. Feb. 1869.

^{page 101 note 5} Ibid.

^{page 101 note 6} Howell, to Morley, , 21st. 01 1869.Google Scholar

^{page 102 note 1} Howell, to Stansfeld, , 24th. 04 1869.Google Scholar

^{page 102 note 2} Howell, to Glyn, , 12th. 12 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 102 note 3} Howell's rough notes on Balance sheet of Registration and Election Agency.

^{page 102 note 4} Howell, to Stansfeld, , 2nd. 11 1869.Google Scholar

^{page 102 note 5} Ibid.

^{page 102 note 6} Howell's diary, 1868, “Personal Financial Review for the past year” & the cash account at the end of the diary for 1869.

^{page 102 note 7} Evans, H., SirCremer, R.: His Life and Work, London 1909, p. 48.Google Scholar & Howell, to Morley, S., 20th. 07 1871.Google Scholar

^{page 102 note 8} Howell, to Hind, E., 3rd. 12 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 103 note 1} Howell, to Beales, , 23rd. 08 1871.Google Scholar

^{page 103 note 2} Mundella, A. J. to Leader, R., 13th. 10 1871.Google Scholar Sheffield University Library. (A postscript to the letter headed “Private” runs: “Applegarth works for Glyn whenever needed, and is always ready to help the Government”.)

^{page 104 note 1} J. C. Proudfoot to Lord Elcho, n.d. (Gosford House archives. Courtesy of Earl of Wemyss and March).

^{page 104 note 2} Ibid., 8th. August 1868.

^{page 105 note 1} See first part of this article, Vol. V (1960), Part 3, p. 430.Google Scholar

^{page 105 note 2} Beesly, E. S., The Elections, in: Bee-Hive, 12th. 12 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 106 note 1} Harrison, R. J., The English Positivists and Labour Movements, D. Phil. Thesis, Oxford 1955.Google Scholar

^{page 106 note 2} See the controversy between Beesly and Harrison on the one hand and Howell on the other in the Bee-Hive between 13th. Jan. and 14th. June 1872.

^{page 106 note 3} The Kilmarnock Advertiser, 31st. 10 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 106 note 4} Morley, J., Old Parties and New Policy, in: Fortnightly Review, 09 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 107 note 1} Howell, to Stansfeld, J., 8th. 11 1869.Google Scholar

^{page 107 note 2} Gazette, Brighton, 18th. 11 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 108 note 1} Howell, to Nieas, J. D., 22nd. 08 1868.Google Scholar

^{page 109 note 1} Howell, to Bartlett, C., 27th. 06 1871.Google Scholar

^{page 109 note 2} Ibid., 9th. Jan. 1871.

^{page 109 note 3} Soutter, F. W., Recollections of a Labour Pioneer, 1923, p. 120.Google Scholar

^{page 109 note 4} The Englishman, 10th. 06 1876.Google Scholar (“This is MORLEY'S Shop, he having been the largest contributor to the erection of the building, and it is the home of very [every?] milk-and-water kind of gospel…”)