¹ Whipp, R., “Potbank and Union: A Study of Work and Trade Unionism in the British Pottery Industry 1900–1924” (Ph.D. thesis, Centre for the Study of Social History, Warwick University, 1983). A potbank is the local term for a pottery factory.Google Scholar

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⁸ The notion of managerial strategy used here derives from Chandler's definition, viz., “the determination of the basic long-term goals and objectives of an enterprise, and the adoption of courses for action and the allocation of resources necessary for carrying out these goals”, Chandler, A., Strategy and Structure: Chapters in the History of the American Industrial Enterprise (Cambridge, Mass., 1962), p. 13.Google Scholar

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¹⁰ Ceramic will be used here to denote any article made of pottery. The pottery industry at this time had six main product types: earthenware, china, sanitary ware, jet and rockingham, electrical and chemical ware, and tiles.

¹¹ Burton, W., evidence to Departmental Committee on the Truck Acts (1906), Report [Cd 442], q. 17077; Staffordshire Advertizer, 28 04 1900Google Scholar; The Pottery Gazette (hereafter PG), 1 November 1906, P. 1298; 1 December 1923, p. 1670 1 January 1926, p. 507; The Times Engineering Supplement, 21 April 1913, p. 8; The Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th ed., XXV, p. 951; J. Lovatt to Twyfords, 7 April 1913, for the differences between the larger and smaller firms, and 1924 Wage Inquiry, p. 48, both in the Ceramic and Allied Trade Union's Archive Collection (hereafter CATUAC), housed at the Union's head office, Hanley, , Stoke-on-Trent; Regional Development in Britain, ed. by Manners, G. et al. , 2nd ed. (Chichester, 1980), p. 234 History of the County of Stafford, II, ed. by M.W. Greenslade and J.G. Jenkins (Oxford, 1978), p. 44; United States Report on the Pottery Industry (Washington, 1915), p. 389.Google Scholar

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¹³ Kelly' Directory of 1891 lists 499 firms, Staffordshire Census, 1901, p. 69, 445 (excluding bricks and tiles), Staffordshire Census, 1911, p. 49, 548, and Staffordshire Census, 1921, pp. 54–55, 491.

¹⁴ PG, 1 02 1909, p. 321;Google Scholar British, Labour Statistics (1971), p. 408, shows that in 1930, nationally, 87.98% of firms employed under 200 workers.Google Scholar

¹⁵ PG, 1 10 1924, p. 1390.Google Scholar

¹⁶ Gay, P. and Smyth, R., The British Pottery Industry (1974), P. 42;Google Scholar Moisley, H., “The Potteries Coalfield” (M.Sc. thesis, Leeds, 1950), p. 131; PG, 1 06 1899, P. 683; 1 04 1920, p. 541; HMI Factories Report, 1909, p. 50; 1911 Pottery Regulations Inquiry, p. 18, CATUAC; National Society of Pottery Workers (hereafter NSPW), Reconstruction (Manchester 1945), p. 4;Google Scholar Fogarty, M., Survey of Britain (Oxford, 1945), p. 328; Regional Development in Britain, op. cit., p. 234.Google Scholar

¹⁷ Bailey, C. in PG, 1 01 1921, p. 97CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Moisley, ibid.; PG, 1 July 1908, p. 826; 1 October 1910, p. 1125; 1 January 1911, p. 88; United States Report on the Pottery Industry, op. cit., p. 389; The Times Engineering Supplement, 23 April 1913, p. 29; The Times Imperial and Foreign Trade Supplement, Pottery Section, 1917; Williams, “The Pottery Industry”, bc. cit., p. 292. See also A.E. Musson, The Growth of British Industry (1978), p. 292.

¹⁸ Staffordshire Advertizer, 3 11 1906, p. 8; PG, 1 07 1907, p. 811 (Forrester, T.); 1 10 1908, p. 1181 (F. Winkle)Google Scholar; 1 June 1913, p. 668 (W. Bailey); I November 1914, p. 1313 (F. Heath). 24 out of a sample of 100 employers taken from the Pottery Gazette's “profile” articles in the period 1900–25 were recorded as self-made men, i.e. they had successfully founded and sustained their own firms. See also Gutman, H.G., Work, Culture, and Society in Industrializing America (New York, 1976), p. 211.Google Scholar

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²⁰ PG, 1 12 1992, p. 1838.Google Scholar

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²⁶ PG, 1 November 1913, p. 1289.

²⁷ PG, 1 July 1908, p. 810; 1 October p. 1107; 1 November, 1915, p. 1240; 1917, p. 163.

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³⁰ PG, 1 April 1906, p. 469.

³¹ PG, 1 April 1910, p. 434.

³² Staffordshire, Advertizer, 4 05 1907, p.7; 10 07 1910, p. 5; PG, 1 04 1909, p. 445; 1 06 1915, p. 668; 1 02 1921, p. 251; Mr Entwistle in House of Commons Debates, 30 06 1927, c. 657.Google Scholar

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⁴⁰ Stringer, , New Hall Porcelain, pp. 62–63; National Council of the Pottery Industry, Minutes, 7 10 1925; United States Report on the Pottery Industry, pp. 405–07; Board of Trade Report, 1946, p. 17; PG, 1 12 1924, p. 2000. “Good-from-oven” was the custom whereby workers were only paid for producing ware which emerged good (unblemished) from the oven firing.Google Scholar

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⁴³ PG, 1 September 1908, p. 1074; 1 June 1909, p. 701; 1 July 1914, p. 710; HMI Factories Report, 1908, p. 143.

⁴⁴ PG, 1 March 1916, p. 283; 1 November 1915, p. 1218; 1924 Wage Inquiry, p. 75; Board of Trade Report, 1946, pp. 17–21; Noke, C.J. and Plant, H.J., Pottery. Common Commodities and Industries(1924), p. 131.Google Scholar

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⁴⁶ 1924 Wage Inquiry, p. D.

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⁴⁹ PG, 1 August 1908, p. 940.

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⁵³ PG, 1 December 1911, p. 1016.

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⁷⁰ PG, 1 January 1911, p. 89; 1 August 1916, p. 849; 1 July 1918, p. 562; 1 October 1919, 1109; 1 January 1920, p. 94.

⁷¹ Marriages: PG. 1 03 1906, p. 353; 1 07 1909 (local correspondent). Outings: PG,1 10 1906, p. 1179; 1 10 1908, p. 1181. Anniversaries: PG, 1 07 1910, p. 804. Whist drives and concerts: PG, 1 01, p. 520; 1 03 1926, p. 595.Google Scholar See Whipp, , “Potbank and Union”, table 16, “Social Activities of Pottery Firms 1900–1924”, p. 235.Google Scholar

⁷² PG, 1 January 1919, p. 64.

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⁸⁸ PG, 1 July 1906, p. 920.

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