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Management of behavioral and psychological symptoms in people with Alzheimer's disease: an international Delphi consensus

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 August 2018

Helen C. Kales Open the ORCID record for Helen C. Kales [Opens in a new window] ,
Constantine G. Lyketsos ,
Erin M. Miller  and
Clive Ballard
Helen C. Kales*
Affiliation:
Program for Positive Aging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA Department of Veterans Affairs, HSR&D Center for Clinical Management Research (CCMR), Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
Constantine G. Lyketsos
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bayview and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
Erin M. Miller
Affiliation:
Program for Positive Aging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
Clive Ballard
Affiliation:
University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
*
Correspondence should be addressed to: Helen C. Kales, MD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, 4250 Plymouth Road, Box 5765, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA. Phone: 7342320388; Fax: 7346158739. Email: [email protected].
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Abstract

Objectives:

Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) are nearly universal in dementia, a condition occurring in more than 40 million people worldwide. BPSD present a considerable treatment challenge for prescribers and healthcare professionals. Our purpose was to prioritize existing and emerging treatments for BPSD in Alzheimer's disease (AD) overall, as well as specifically for agitation and psychosis.

Design:

International Delphi consensus process. Two rounds of feedback were conducted, followed by an in-person meeting to ratify the outcome of the electronic process.

Settings:

2015 International Psychogeriatric Association meeting.

Participants:

Expert panel comprised of 11 international members with clinical and research expertise in BPSD management.

Results:

Consensus outcomes showed a clear preference for an escalating approach to the management of BPSD in AD commencing with the identification of underlying causes. For BPSD overall and for agitation, caregiver training, environmental adaptations, person-centered care, and tailored activities were identified as first-line approaches prior to any pharmacologic approaches. If pharmacologic strategies were needed, citalopram and analgesia were prioritized ahead of antipsychotics. In contrast, for psychosis, pharmacologic options, and in particular, risperidone, were prioritized following the assessment of underlying causes. Two tailored non-drug approaches (DICE and music therapy) were agreed upon as the most promising non-pharmacologic treatment approaches for BPSD overall and agitation, with dextromethorphan/quinidine as a promising potential pharmacologic candidate for agitation. Regarding future treatments for psychosis, the greatest priority was placed on pimavanserin.

Conclusions:

This international consensus panel provided clear suggestions for potential refinement of current treatment criteria and prioritization of emerging therapies.

Keywords

dementiabehavioralpsychosistreatmentconsensusDelphi
Type
Original Research Article
Information
International Psychogeriatrics , Volume 31 , Issue 1: Issue Theme: Parkinson's Disease , January 2019 , pp. 83 - 90
Copyright
Copyright © International Psychogeriatric Association 2018 

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