Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-g7gxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-16T17:07:52.519Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Adaptation of the three-dimensional wisdom scale (3D-WS) for the Korean cultural context

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 October 2014

Seungyoun Kim  and
Bob G. Knight
Seungyoun Kim*
Affiliation:
Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, California, USA
Bob G. Knight
Affiliation:
Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, California, USA
*
Correspondence should be addressed to: Seungyoun Kim, Doctoral Candidate, Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90089-0191, USA. Phone: 213-740-8015. Email: [email protected].
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background:

Previous research on wisdom has suggested that wisdom is comprised of cognitive, reflective, and affective components and has developed and validated wisdom measures based on samples from Western countries. To apply the measurement to Eastern cultures, the present study revised an existing wisdom scale, the three-dimensional wisdom scale (3D-WS, Ardelt, 2003) for the Korean cultural context.

Methods:

Participants included 189 Korean heritage adults (age range 19–96) living in Los Angeles. We added a culturally specific factor of wisdom to the 3D-WS: Modesty and Unobtrusiveness (Yang, 2001), which captures an Eastern aspect of wisdom. The structure and psychometrics of the scale were tested. By latent cluster analysis, we determined acculturation subgroups and examined group differences in the means of factors in the revised wisdom scale (3D-WS-K).

Results:

Three factors, Cognitive Flexibility, Viewpoint Relativism, and Empathic Modesty were found using confirmatory factor analysis. Respondents with high biculturalism were higher on Viewpoint Relativism and lower on Empathic Modesty.

Conclusion:

This study discovered that a revised wisdom scale had a distinct factor structure and item content in a Korean heritage sample. We also found acculturation influences on the meaning of wisdom.

Keywords

wisdomculture3D-WSKorean heritage adults
Type
Research Article
Information
International Psychogeriatrics , Volume 27 , Issue 2 , February 2015 , pp. 267 - 278
Copyright
Copyright © International Psychogeriatric Association 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ardelt, M. (1997). Wisdom and life satisfaction in old age. The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 52, P15–P27. doi:10.1093/geronb/52B.1.P15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ardelt, M. (2003). Empirical assessment of a three-dimensional wisdom scale. Research on Aging, 25, 275–324. doi: 10.1177/0164027503025003004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ardelt, M. (2011). The measurement of wisdom: a commentary on taylor, bates, and webster's comparison of the SAWS and 3D-WS. Experimental Aging Research, 37, 241–255. doi:10.1080/0361073X.2011.554509.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ardelt, M. and Oh, H. (2010). Wisdom: Definition, assessement, and its relation to successful cognitive and emotional aging. In Jeste, D. V. and Depp, C. (eds.), Successful Cognitive and Emotional Aging (pp. 87–113). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.Google Scholar
Bangen, K. J., Meeks, T. W. and Jeste, D. V. (2013). Defining and assessing wisdom: a review of the literature. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry : Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry, 21, 1254.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bergman, L. R. and Magnusson, D. (1997). A person-oriented approach in research on developmental psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 9, 291–319. doi:10.1017/S095457949700206X.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berry, J. W. (2003). Conceptual approaches to acculturation. In Chun, K., Balls-Organista, P. and Marin, G. (eds.), Acculturation: Advances in Theory, Measurement and Applied Research (pp. 17–37). Washington, D.C, U.S: American Psychological Association [PsycBOOKS]. doi:10.1037/10472-004 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brislin, R. W. (1980). In Triandis, H. C. (ed.), Handbook of Cross-Cultural Psychology. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.Google Scholar
Brugman, G. (2006). Wisdom and aging. In Birren, J. E. and Schaie, K. W. (eds.), Handbook of the Psychology of Aging, 6th edn, (pp. 445–476). Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Academic Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, S. X., Bond, M. H., Chan, B., Tang, D. and Buchtel, E. E. (2009). Behavioral manifestations of modesty. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 40, 603–626. doi:10.1177/0022022108330992.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cuellar, I., Arnold, B. and Maldonado, R. (1995). Acculturation rating scale for Mexican americans-II: a revision of the original ARSMA scale. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 17, 275–304. doi:10.1177/07399863950173001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J. and Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71–75. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Erikson, E. H. (1959). Indentity and Life Cycle. New York: International University Bremen.Google Scholar
Glück, J. and Bluck, S. (2011). Laypeople's conceptions of wisdom and its development: cognitive and integrative views. The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 66, 321–324. doi:10.1093/geronb/gbr011.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Glück, J. et al. (2013). How to measure wisdom: content, reliability, and validity of five measures. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 405.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grossmann, I. et al. (2012). Aging and wisdom: culture matters. Psychological Science, 23, 1059–1066. doi:10.1177/0956797612446025.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knight, B. G. and Laidlaw, K. (2009).Translational Theory: A wisdom-based model for psychological interventions to enhance well-being in later life. In Bengtson, V. L. (ed.), Handbook of Theories of Aging (pp. 693–705). New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Le, T. (2011). Life satisfaction, openness value, self-transcendence, and wisdom. Journal of Happiness Studies, 12, 171–182. doi:10.1007/s10902-010-9182-1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levenson, M. R., Jennings, P. A., Aldwin, C. M. and Shiraishi, R. W. (2005). Self-transcendence: conceptualization and measurement. International Journal of Aging & Human Development, 60, 127–143. doi:10.2190/XRXM-FYRA-7U0X-GRC0.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Park, D. (2004). A Study About the Way of A True Priest Through the Life of a Scholar: Centering on The thought of the Scholar Yulgok. Catholic University Kwangju, South Korea Google Scholar
Paulhus, D. L. (1991). Measurement and control of response bias. In Robinson, J. P., Shaver, P. R. and Wrightsman, L. S. (eds.), Measures of Personality and Social Psychology Attitudes (pp. 17–59). New York: Academic Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, B. W., Robins, R. W., Caspi, A. and Trzesniewski, K. (2003). Personality trait development in adulthood. In Mortimer, J. and Shana-han, M. (eds.), Handbook of the Life Course (pp. 579–598). New York: Kluwer Academic Publishers/Plenum Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ryder, A. G., Alden or, L. E. and Paulhus, D. L. (2000). Is acculturation unidimensional or bidimensional? A head-to-head comparison in the prediction of personality, self-identity, and adjustment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 49–65. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.79.1.49.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shipley, W. C. (1940). A self-administering scale for measuring intellectual impairment and deterioration. Journal of Psychology, 9, 371–377. doi: 10.1080/00223980.1940.9917704 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Staudinger, U. M. and Glück, J. (2011). Psychological wisdom research: commonalities and differences in a growing field. Annual Review of Psychology, 62, 215–241. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.121208.131659.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Staudinger, U. M., Lopez, D. F. and Baltes, P. B. (1997). The psychometric location of wisdom-related performance: intelligence, personality, and more? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 1200–1214. doi:10.1177/01461672972311007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Takahashi, M. and Bordia, P. (2000). The concept of wisdom: a cross-cultural comparison. International Journal of Psychology, 35, 1–9. doi:10.1080/002075900399475.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Takahashi, M. and Overton, W. F. (2005). Cultural foundations of wisdom: an integrated developmental approach. In Sternberg, R. J. and Jordan, J. (eds.), A Handbook of Wisdom. Psychological Perspectives (pp. 32–60). New York, Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, M., Bates, G. and Webster, J. D. (2011). Conceptualizing and measuring wisdom: a reply to ardelt. Experimental Aging Research, 37, 256–259. doi:10.1080/0361073X.2011.554514.Google Scholar
Webster, J. D. (2003). An exploratory analysis of a self-assessed wisdom scale. Journal of Adult Development, 10, 13–22. doi:10.1023/A:1020782619051.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yang, S. (2001). Conceptions of wisdom among Taiwanese Chinese. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32, 662–680. doi:10.1177/0022022101032006002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar