Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-8ctnn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T18:07:38.599Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Adaptation and analysis of psychometric features of the Caregiver Risk Screen: a tool for detecting the risk of burden in family caregivers

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 February 2013

Silvia Martinez-Rodriguez ,
Nuria Ortiz-Marqués ,
Ioseba Iraurgi ,
María Carrasco  and
José J. Miguel
Silvia Martinez-Rodriguez*
Affiliation:
Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
Nuria Ortiz-Marqués
Affiliation:
Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
Ioseba Iraurgi
Affiliation:
Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
María Carrasco
Affiliation:
Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
José J. Miguel
Affiliation:
Basque Society of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Bilbao, Spain
*
Correspondence should be addressed to: Silvia Martínez-Rodríguez, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Avda. Universidades, 24. 48007 Bilbao, Spain. Phone: +34944139013. Email: [email protected].
Get access

Abstract

Background: There are a limited number of scales available in the Spanish language that can be used to detect burden among individuals who care for a dependent family member. The purpose of this work was to adapt and validate the Caregiver Risk Screen (CRS) scale developed by Guberman et al. (2001) (Guberman, N., Keefe, J., Fancey, P., Nahmiash, D. and Barylak, L. (2001). Development of Screening and Assessment Tools for Family Caregivers: Final Report. Montreal, Canada: Health Transition Fund).

Methods: The sample was made up of 302 informal caregivers of dependent family members (average age 57.3 years, and 78.9% were women). Scale structure was subjected to a confirmatory factor analysis. Concurrent and convergent validity were assessed by correlation with validated questionnaires for measuring burden (Zarit Burden Inventory (ZBI)) and psychological health (SCL-90-R).

Results: The results show a high level of internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.86), suitable fit of the one-dimensional model tested via confirmatory factor analysis (GFI = 0.91; CFI = 0.91; RMSEA = 0.097), and appropriate convergent validity with similar constructs (r = 0.77 with ZBI; and r-values between 0.45 and 0.63 with SCL-90-R dimensions).

Conclusions: The findings are promising in terms of their adaptation of the CRS to Spanish, and the results enable us to draw the conclusion that the CRS is a suitable tool for assessing and detecting strain in family caregivers. Nevertheless, new research is required that explores all the psychometric features on the scale.

Keywords

agingcareimpairmentstressorshealthstructural equation modellingFACTOR program
Type
Research Article
Information
International Psychogeriatrics , Volume 25 , Issue 5 , May 2013 , pp. 755 - 764
Copyright
Copyright © International Psychogeriatric Association 2013

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Barbosa, A., Figueiredo, D., Sousa, L. and Demain, S. (2011). Coping with the caregiving role: differences between primary and secondary caregivers of dependent elderly people. Aging and Mental Health, 15, 490–499. doi:10.1080/13607863.2010.543660.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Behling, O. and McFillen, , , J. M. (2000). Translating Questionnaires and Other Research Instruments. Problems and Solutions. London: Sage.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bentler, P. M. (2004). EQS 6 Structural Equations Program Manual. Encino, CA: Multivariate Software.Google Scholar
Bentler, P. M. and Wu, E. J. (1995). EQS for Windows User's Guide. Encino, CA: Multivariate Software.Google Scholar
Bialon, L. and Coke, S. (2012). A study on caregiver burden: stressors, challenges, and possible solutions. American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine, 29, 210–218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bilotta, C., Bergamaschini, L., Arienti, R., Spreafico, S. and Vergani, C. (2010). Caregiver burden as a short-term predictor of weight loss in older outpatients suffering from mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease: a three months follow-up study. Aging and Mental Health, 14, 481–488. doi:10.1080/13607860903586128.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bond, J. and Rodriguez Cabrero, G. (2007). Health and dependency in later life. In Bond, J., Peace, S., Dittmann-Kohli, F., and Westerhof, G. (eds.), Ageing in Society (pp. 113–123). London: Sage.Google Scholar
del-Pino-Casado, R., Frias-Osuna, A., Palomino-Moral, P. A. and Pancorbo-Hidalgo, P. L. (2011). Coping and subjective burden in caregivers of older relatives: a quantitative systematic review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 67, 2311–2322. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2011.05725.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Derogatis, L. R. (1977). SCL-90-R: Administration, Scoring and Procedures: Manual 1. Baltimore, MD: Clinical Psychometric Research.Google Scholar
González de Rivera, J. L.et al. (1989). The Spanish Versión of the SCL-90-R. Normative Data in General Population. Towson, MD: Clinical Psychometric Research.Google Scholar
Guberman, N., Keefe, J., Fancey, P., Nahmiash, D. and Barylak, L. (2001). Development of Screening and Assessment Tools for Family Caregivers: Final Report. Montreal, Canada: Health Transition Fund.Google Scholar
Haley, W. E.et al. (1996). Appraisal, coping, and social support as mediators of well-being in Black and White family caregivers of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 121–129.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harwood, R. H., Sayer, A. A. and Hirschfeld, M. (2004). Curent and future worldwide prevalence of dependency, its relationship to total population and dependency ratios. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 82, 251–258.Google Scholar
Hoffman, N. G. and Overrall, P. B. (1978). Factor structure of the SCL-90 in a psychicatric population. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 46, 1187–1191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hu, L. and Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criterion for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huyck, M. H., Ayalon, L. and Yoder, J. (2007). Using mixed methods to evaluate the use of a caregiver strain measure to assess outcomes of a caregiver support program for caregivers of older adults. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 22, 160–165. doi:10.1002/gps.1707.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
IMSERSO (2005). Cuidados a las Personas Mayores en los Hogares Españoles. El entorno familiar. Madrid, Spain: Ministerio de Trabajo y Asuntos Sociales.Google Scholar
Lawton, M., Moss, M. S., Kleban, M. H. and Glicksman, A. (1991). A two-factor model of caregiving appraisal and psychological well-being. Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences, 46, 181–189.Google ScholarPubMed
Leggett, A. N., Zarit, S., Taylor, A. and Galvin, J. E. (2010). Stress and burden among caregivers of patients with Lewy Body Dementia. The Gerontologist, 51, 76–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
López, S. R. and Moral, M. S. (2005). Validación del Índice de Esfuerzo del Cuidador en la población española. Enfermería Comunitaria, 1, 12–17.Google Scholar
Lorenzo-Seva, U. and Ferrando, P. J. (2006). FACTOR: a computer program to fit the exploratory factor analysis model. Behavioral Research Methods, Instruments and Computers, 38, 88–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Losada, A., Márquez-González, M. and Romero-Moreno, R. (2011). Mechanisms of action of a psychological intervention for dementia caregivers: effects of behavioural activation and modification of dysfunctional thoughts. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 26, 1119–1127. doi:10.1002/gps.2648.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Makizako, H., Abe, T., Shimada, H., Ohnuma, T., Furuna, T. and Nakamura, Y. (2009). Combined effect of factors associated with burdens on primary caregiver. Geriatrics and Gerontology International, 9, 183–189. doi:10.1111/j.1447-0594.2009.00523.x.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mardia, K. V. (1970). Measures of multivariate skewnees and kurtosis with applications. Biometrika, 57, 519–530.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martín, M., Salvadó, I., Nadal, S., Miji, L. C., Rico, J. M. and Lanz, P. (1996). Adaptación para nuestro medio de la Escala de Sobrecarga del Cuidador (caregiver burden interview) de Zarit. Revista de Gerontología, 6, 338–346.Google Scholar
Pearlin, L. I. and Mullan, J. T. (1994). The structure and functions of AIDS caregiving relationships. Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal, 17, 51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pearlin, L. I., Mullan, J. T., Semple, S. J. and Skaff, M. M. (1990). Caregiving and the stress process: an overview of concepts and their measures. The Gerontologist, 30, 583–594.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pinquart, M. and Sörensen, S. (2007). Correlates of physical health of informal caregivers: a meta-analysis. Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 62B, 126–137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rankin, E. D., Haut, M. W., Keefover, R. W. and Franzen, M. D. (1994). The establishment of clinical cutoffs in measuring caregiver burden in dementia. The Gerontologist, 34, 828–832.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reinares, M.et al. (2004). Impact of a psychoeducational family intervention on caregivers of stabilized bipolar patients. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 73, 312–319.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robinson, B. (1983). Validation of a Caregiver Strain Index. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 38, 344–348.Google ScholarPubMed
Rogero-García, J. and Rosenberg, M. W. (2011). Paid and unpaid support received by co-resident informal caregivers attending to community-dwelling older adults in Spain. European Journal of Ageing, 8, 95–107.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Satorra, A. (2002). Asymptotic robustness in multiple group linear-latent variable models. Econometric Theory, 18, 297–312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Satorra, A. and Bentler, P. M. (1990). Model conditions for asymptotic robustness in the analysis of linear relations. Computational Statistics and Data Analysis, 10, 235–249.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H. and Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: test of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research, 8, 23–74.Google Scholar
Teixidó-Planas, J., Tarrats, L., Arias, N. and Cosculluela, A. (2006). Cuestionario de sobrecarga de cuidadores de pacientes de diálisis peritoneal. Nefrología, 26, 74–83.Google Scholar
Timmerman, M. E. and Lorenzo-Seva, U. (2011). Dimensionality assessment of ordered polytomous items with parallel analysis. Psychological Methods, 16, 209–220.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Durme, T., Macq, J., Jeanmart, C. and Gobert, M. (2012). Tools for measuring the impact of informal caregiving of the elderly: a literature review. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 49, 490–504.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Mierlo, L. D., Meiland, F. M., Van der Roest, H. G. and Dröes, R. (2012). Personalised caregiver support: effectiveness of psychosocial interventions in subgroups of caregivers of people with dementia. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 27, 1–14. doi:10.1002/gps.2694.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Velicer, W. F. (1976). Determining the number of components from the matrix of partial correlations. Psychometrika, 41, 321–327.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vilaplana, M.et al. (2007). Validación en la población española de la entrevista de carga familiar objetiva y subjetiva (ECFOS-II) en familiares de pacientes con esquizofrenia. Actas Españolas de Psiquiatría, 35, 372–381.Google Scholar
Zarit, S. H. (2009). Empirically supported treatment for family caregivers. In Qualls, S. H. and Zarit, S. H. (eds.), Ageing Families and Caregiving (pp. 131–153). New Jersey: John Wiley.Google Scholar
Zarit, S. H., Femia, E. E., Kim, K. and Whitlatch, C. J. (2010). The structure of risk factors and outcomes for family caregivers: implications for assessment and treatment. Aging and Mental Health, 14, 220–231. doi:10.1080/13607860903167861.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zarit, S. H., Reever, K. E., and Bach-Peterson, J. (1980). Relatives of the impaired elderly: correlates of feelings of burden. The Gerontologist, 20, 649–655.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zarit, S. H. and Zarit, J. M. (2008). Flexibility and change: the fundamentals for families coping with dementia. In Downs, M. and Bowers, B. (eds.), Excellence in Dementia Care (pp. 85–102). New York: Open University Press.Google Scholar