Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-lnqnp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T19:46:50.687Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The World Trade Center attack: mental health needs and treatment implications

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2018

Daniel B. Herman
Affiliation:
Joseph L. Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, and Epidemiology of Mental Disorders Research Department, New York State Psychiatric Institute
Ezra S. Susser
Affiliation:
Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, Joseph L. Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, and Department Head, Epidemiology of Brain Disorders, New York State Psychiatric Institute
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

On 11 September 2001, the United States suffered the worst terrorist attacks in its history. In New York City, approximately 3000 persons were killed at the World Trade Center, while many thousands fled for their lives. Millions of other city residents observed the burning towers and breathed the acrid smoke that blanketed the city. Compounding the massive physical destruction and loss of life, the psychological impact of these terrifying events on the populace was profound – there were significant increases in mental distress and symptoms of disorder.

Type
Thematic Paper – Terrorism
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BYCreative Common License - NCCreative Common License - ND
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits noncommercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is unaltered and is properly cited. The written permission of Cambridge University Press must be obtained for commercial re-use or in order to create a derivative work.
Copyright
Copyright © The Royal College of Psychiatrists 2003

References

Foa, E. B. & International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (2000) Effective Treatments for PTSD: Practice Guidelines from the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Galea, S., Ahern, J., Resnick, H., et al (2002a) Psychological sequelae of the September 11 terrorist attacks in New York City. New England Journal of Medicine, 346, 982987.Google Scholar
Galea, S., Resnick, H., Ahern, J., et al (2002b) Posttraumatic stress disorder in Manhattan, New York City, after the September 11th terrorist attacks. Journal of Urban Health, 79, 340353.Google Scholar
Galea, S., Boscarino, J., Resnick, H., et al (2002c) Mental health in New York City after the September 11 terrorist attacks: results from two population surveys. In Mental Health, United States, 2001 (ed. Manderscheid, M. H. R. W.). Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
Herman, D., Felton, C. & Susser, E. (2002) Mental health needs in New York State following the September 11th attacks. Journal of Urban Health, 79, 322331.Google Scholar
Hoven, C. W., Duarte, C., Lucas, C., et al (2002) Effects of the World Trade Center Attack on NYC Public School Students – Initial Report to the New York City Board of Education. New York: Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York State Psychiatric Institute and Applied Research and Consulting, LLC.Google Scholar
Kessler, R. C., Sonnega, A., Bromet, E., et al (1995) Post-traumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52, 10481060.Google Scholar
National Institute of Mental Health (2002) Mental Health and Mass Violence: Evidence-Based Early Psychological Intervention for Victims/Survivors of Mass Violence. A Workshop to Reach Consensus on Best Practices. NIH Publication No. 02-5138. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
Norris, F. H. (2001) 50,000 Disaster Victims Speak: An Empirical Review of the Empirical Literature, 1981–2001. National Center for PTSD, Center for Mental Health Services (SAMSHA).Google Scholar
North, C. S., Nixon, S. J., Shariat, S., et al (1999) Psychiatric disorders among survivors of the Oklahoma City bombing. Journal of the American Medical Association, 282, 755762.Google Scholar
Schlenger, W. E., Caddell, J. M., Ebert, L., et al (2002) Psychological reactions to terrorist attacks: findings from the National Study of Americans' Reactions to September 11. Journal of the American Medical Association, 288, 581588.Google Scholar
Schuster, M., Stein, B., Jaycox, L., et al (2001) A national survey of stress reactions after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. New England Journal of Medicine, 345, 15071512.Google Scholar
Sprang, G. (1999) Post-disaster stress following the Oklahoma City bombing: an examination of three community groups. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 14, 169183.Google Scholar
Susser, E. S., Herman, D. B. & Aaron, B. (2002) Combating the terror of terrorism. Scientific American, 287(2), 7077.Google Scholar
Suzanna, R., Jonathan, B. & Simon, W. (2001) Psychological debriefing for preventing post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3, CD000560.Google Scholar
Submit a response

eLetters

No eLetters have been published for this article.