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United States Directive on Arctic Policy and the Ilulissat Declaration

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 February 2017

Evan T. Bloom
Evan T. Bloom*
Affiliation:
Office of Ocean and Polar Affairs, U.S. Department of State, remove from Footnotes
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Type
International Legal Materials
Information
International Legal Materials , Volume 48 , Issue 2 , April 2009 , pp. 370 - 383
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of International Law 2009

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References

End notes

* This text was reproduced and reformatted from the text available at the U.S. Artic Research Commission website: (visited March 10, 2009) <http://www.arctic.gov/files/FinalArcticPolicy.pdf>

* This text was reproduced and reformatted from the text available at the ILM Issue database: (visited March 10, 2009) <http://issuu.com/i.l.m./docs/ilulissat_declaration>

1 Presidential Decision Directive NSC-26 (PDD-26, 1994).

2 The earlier policy covered both the Arctic and Antarctica, but the new federal review touches on the Arctic only, leaving existing Antarctic policy intact.

3 For a description of the structure and history of the Council, see Evan. T. Bloom, Establishment of the Arctic Council, 93 AM. J. INT’L L. 712 (1999).

4 U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2008-3049, Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal: Estimates of Undiscovered Oil and Gas North of the Arctic Circle (July 23, 2008), available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2008/3049/.

5 Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks, opened for signature Dec. 4, 1995, U.N. G.A. Doc. A/CONF.164/37, reprinted in 34 I.L.M. 1542 (1995).

6 Int’l Maritime Org. [IMO], Mandatory Application of the Polar Guidelines: Submission by Denmark, Norway and the United States, MSC86/23/9 (Feb. 24, 2009).

1 These policies and authorities include Freedom of Navigation (PDD/NSC-32), the U.S. Policy on Protecting the Ocean Environment (PDD/NSC-36), Maritime Security Policy (NSPD-41/HSPD-13), and the National Strategy for Maritime Security (NSMS).