* This text was reproduced and reformatted from the text available at the European Court of Human Rights website (visited October 17, 2014), http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/sites/eng/pages/search.aspx?i=001-145546.

1 The U.S. bitterly complained about Russia’s supposed involvement in this conflict, both in and outside of South Ossetia and Abkhazia. See William R., Slomanson, Legitimacy of the Kosovo, South Ossetia, and Abkhazia Secessions: Violations in Search of a Rule , 6 Miskolc J. Int’l L.1 (2009), available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1472487 Google Scholar.

2 International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, Mar. 12, 1969, 660 U.N.T.S. 195, available at http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CERD.aspx.

3 Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georg. v. Russ.), Request for the Indication of Provisional Measures, 2008 I.C.J. 642 (Oct. 15), available at http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/140/14657.pdf. For an edited version of the order, see http://www.tjsl.edu/slomansonb/10.3_Georgia_Russia_CERD.pdf and ¶ 149.

4 Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georg. v. Russ.), Judgment, 2011 I.C.J. 70 (Apr. 1) [hereinafter ICJ CERD Judgment], available at http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/140/16398.pdf. For an edited version of the judgment, see http://www.tjsl.edu/slomansonb/10.3_GeorgiaRussia_CERD.docx and ¶ 181.

5 European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Nov. 4, 1950, 213 U.N.T.S. 222, available at http://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/Convention_ENG.pdf.

6 Georgia v. Russian Federation, Fifth Chamber, Admissibility, 2011 Eur. Ct. H.R., available at http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/sites/eng/pages/search.aspx?i=001-108097.

7 Georgia v. Russian Federation, Grand Chamber, Judgment, 2014 Eur. Ct. H.R. ¶ 102, available at http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/sites/eng/pages/search.aspx?i=001-145546.

8 Id. ¶ 24.

9 Id. ¶ 25.

10 Id. ¶ 39. But see id. (dissenting opinion of Judge Dedov).

11 Id. ¶ 48.

12 Id. ¶ 55.

13 See also id. (dissenting opinion of Judge Dedov). 14 Id. ¶ 188.

15 Id. ¶ 204.

16 Id. (partly dissenting opinion of Judge Tsotsoria at § 1).

17 Id. (dissenting opinion of Judge Dedov).

18 Id.

19 This characterization apparently draws upon the Statute of the International Court of Justice, Article 38(1)(d) description of the decisions of international courts as being a “subsidiary means for the determination of rules of [international] law.”

20 ICJ CERD Judgment, supra note 4, ¶ 17 (discussing the Grand Chamber’s holding).

21 ICJ Statute, supra note 19. Article 59 states: “The decision of the Court has no binding force except between the parties and in respect of that particular case.” Even if there were no Article 59, there is no hierarchical relationship between the ECHR and the ICJ.

22 Compare the Racial Discrimination Convention (initial ICJ proceedings) and the Fundamental Freedoms Convention (ensuing ECHR proceedings).

1 In the light of the scope of the applicant State’s complaints (see heading IX of the judgment), Article 18, which provision has no autonomous role, could be invoked only in conjunction with Article 5, as a violation of the former can only arise where the right or freedom concerned is subject to restrictions permitted under the Convention (see Gusinskiy v. Russia, no. 70276/01, §73, 19 May 2004).

2 Collected edition of the “Travaux préparatoires” of the European Convention on Human Rights. Vol. 5/Council of Europe. The Hague; Boston; London; Dordrecht; Lancaster: Martinus Nijhoff, 1979, p. 290.

3 Guy S., Goodwin-Gill, “The Limits of the Power of Expulsion in Public International Law”, British Yearbook of International Law, Vol. 47, Issue 1, 1975, pp. 79–80 Google Scholar, with further references.

4 It should be noted that some of the Georgians against whom expulsion orders were issued left Russia by their own means (see paragraph 45 of the judgment).

5 Jean-Marie Henckaerts, “Mass Expulsion in Modern International law and Practice”, 1995, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, The Hague/Boston/London, p. 17.

6 Resolution of State Duma No. 3536-4 ΓД, see Annex to Georgia v. Russia (no. I) (dec.), no. 13255/07, 30 June 2009, pp. 12–13.

7 Ibid, Annex pp. 8–11 and 117–22; The Report by Human Rights Watch (HRW) “Singled Out. Russia’s detention and expulsion of Georgians”, Volume 19 No.5 (D), October 2007, pp. 2, 22, 30–33.

8 Committee on the Honouring of Obligations and Commitments by Member States of the Council of Europe (Monitoring Committee) of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, “Current Tensions between Russia and Georgia,” AS/Mon(2006)40 rev, 22 January 2007, § 63; HRW, “Singled Out”, cited above, p. 32.

9 See Svetlana Gannushkina, Human Rights in Russia: Year 2006, European Parliament, Directorate General External Policies of the Union, p.4, available at: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/note/join/2006/348611/EXPODROI_NT(2006)348611_EN.pdf, p. 4, accessed on 10.03.2014.

10 Russia Targets Georgians for Expulsion, Human Rights Watch, 1 October 2007, available at: http://www.hrw.org/news/2007/09/30/russia-targets-georgians-expulsion, accessed on 05.06.2012.

11 See James Crawford, “The International Law Commission’s Articles on State Responsibility”, Introduction, Text and Commentaries, Cambridge University Press, 2007, pp. 281–305; James Crawford, Alain Pellet, and Simon Olleso,.”The Law of International Responsibility”, Oxford University Press 2010, pp. 470–73; Jean-Marie Henckaerts, “Mass Expulsion in Modern International law and Practice”, cited above, p. 46.

12 For the causes of the conflict between the two States see the PACE report.

13 The European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI), Fourth report on the Russian Federation adopted on 16 December 2005, §167; See also” Tajikistan ready for talks, Moscow threatens deportations over jailed pilot”, available at: http://en.rian.ru/world/20111111/168596798.html accessed on 25.04. 2012; “Mass deportation of Tajiks as pilot row escalates” by Tom Washington, at 11/11/2011 13:10, available at: http://www.themoscownews.com/politics/20111111/189196644.html, accessed on 25 April 2012; “Russia to deport Tajik immigrants over jailed pilot case” available at: http://rt.com/news/primetime/tajikistan-russia-pilots-swap-105/, accessed on 25.04.2012.

14 See European Parliament Resolution on the Pressure Exerted by Russia on Eastern Partnership Countries (in the context of the upcoming Eastern Partnership Summit in Vilnius), No. 2013/2826(RSP), September 10, 2013; “Russia Pressures Former Soviet Republics to Join his Economic Union”, by Editorial Board, September 29, 2013, available at http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/putin-pressures-former-soviet-republics-to-join-hiseconomic-union/2013/09/29/d169d736-2610-11e3-b75d-5b7f66349852_story.html, accessed on 02.03.2014; Poccия нaчaлa депорƬaџию молдaвских гaссƬaрбaйƬeров нaорлинy, 17 September 2013, available at: http://www.grenada. md/post/rossiea_na4ala_deport_v_md, accessed on 07.10.2013.

15 Jean-Marie Henckaerts, “Mass Expulsion in Modern International law and Practice”, cited above, p. 47.

16 Klaus Dieter Deumeland, “Das Verbot der Xenelasie bei Ausweisung von Ausländern in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland”, 22 AWR 182, 186 (1984) in Jean-Marie Henckaerts, “Mass Expulsion in Modern International law and Practice”, cited above, p. 25.

17 Nationality is defined in formal terms of State membership in the West, but increasingly in terms of ethnicity and culture as one moves East. In the Russian Federation the terms “nation” and “nationality” denote an ethnic concept rather than State membership – citizenship in Russian ; hence the divergence in the terms. See Eric Lohr, “Russian Citizenship from Empire to Soviet Union”, Harvard University Press, 2012, p. 3, Azar Gat with Alexander Yakobson, “Nations: The Long History and Deep Roots of Political Ethnicity and Nationalism”, Cambridge University Press, 2013, pp. 359–60; Ş ener Aktürk, “Regimes of Ethnicity and Nationhood in Germany, Russia and Turkey”, Cambridge University Press 2012.

18 See Dissenting opinion of Judge Tanaka in South West Africa case, ICJ, Judgment of 18 July 1966 Judgment, pp. 284–317, James Crawford, “Brownie’s Principles of Public International Law”, 8^th edition, Oxford University Press, 2012, pp. 644–46.

19 Harris, O’Boyle & Warbrick, “Law of the European Convention on Human Rights”, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2009, p 578; Samantha Knights, “Freedom of Religion, Minorities, and the Law”, Oxford University Press, 2007, pp. 56–57, Janneke Gerards, “The Discrimination Grounds of Article 14 of the European Convention on Human Rights”, Human Rights Law Review Vol. 13 no.1, 2013, pp. 99–124; Ivana Radacic, “Gender Equality Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights”, The European Journal of International Law Vol. 19 no. 4, 2008, pp. 841–57; Dissenting opinion of Judge Bonnello in Anguelova v. Bulgaria, no. 38361/97, ECHR 2002-IV.

20 Guy S. Goodwin-Gill, “The Limits of the Power of Expulsion in Public International Law”, cited above, p. 75.

21 “Migration and International Human Rights Law”. Practitioners guide no. 6; International Commission of Jurists, 2011, p.128 with further references; See Henckaerts, “Mass Expulsion in Modern International law and Practice”, cited above, pp. 21–28.

22 Ibid, Henckaerts, “Mass Expulsion in Modern International law and Practice”, p. 21.

23 Guy S. Goodwin-Gill, “The Limits of the Power of Expulsion in Public International Law”, cited above, p. 154.

24 See, among others, Concluding Observations of the United Nations Human Rights Committee: Russian Federation, UN Doc. CCPR/C/79/Add.54, 26 July 1995; Concluding Observations of the United Nations Human Rights Committee: Russian Federation, UN Doc. CCPR/CP/79/RUS 6 November 2003; Concluding observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination: Russian Federation, 21 March 2003. CERD/C/62/CO/7; The European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI), Third report on the Russian Federation Adopted on 16 December 2005, ECRI Fourth Report on the Russian Federation, cited above; Annual Reports of the Commissioner for Human Rights of the Russian Federation are available in Russian at: http://ombudsmanrf.org/doklady; Amnesty International, Dokumenty! Discrimination on Grounds of Race in the Russian Federation, at 11 (AI Index EUR 46/001/2003), available at: http://www.amnesty.org/fr/library/asset/EUR46/001/2003/en/70300437-d760-11dd-b024-21932cd2170d/eur460012003en.pdf, accessed on 20.05.2012. 25 Implementation of General Assembly Resolution 60/251 of 15 March 2006 entitled “Human Rights Council” Report of the Special Rapporteur on Contemporary Forms of Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance, Doudou Diène Addendum Mission to the Russian Federation, A/HRC/4/19/Add.3, 30May2007 §76; Open Society Justice Initiative, “Ethnic Profiling in the Moscow Metro,” Open Society Institute Justice Initiative, 2006 available at http://www.opensocietyfoundations. org/sites/default/files/metro_20060613.pdf, p. 15–17, accessed on 19.05.2012.

26 Ibid, Special Rapporteur on Contemporary Forms of Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance, Addendum Mission to the Russian Federation, §76.

27 Memorial Human Rights Center. The Civic Assistance Committee. On anti-Georgian campaign launched on the territory of Russia, p. 3, available at: http://www.europarl.europa. eu/meetdocs/2004_2009/documents/dv/memorial_/memorial_en.pdf, accessed on 24.02.2014.

28 Russia Cancels Employment Quotas for Georgians, Civil Georgia, 5 October, 2006, available at: http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?i=13783, accessed 24.02.2014.

29 Witness Statement no.2, Verbatim Record of the oral evidence given by the witnesses before the delegation of judges of the Grand Chamber from 31 January to 4 February 2011 (hereafter “Verbatim Record”), pp. 35, 37.

30 Materials submitted by the respondent State on 16.03.2009 for the hearing on admissibility of the application, pp. 199– 200 (in Russian), an English translation of the same document was provided on 06.04.2009, pp. 215–16.

31 Witness statement no. 1, Verbatim Record, p. 20.

32 Witness statement no. 1, Verbatim Record, p. 22.

33 Witness statement no. 7, Verbatim Record, p. 112.

34 Witness statement no. 3, Verbatim Record, p. 57.

35 James A., Goldston, “Race Discrimination in Europe: Problems and Prospects” EHRLR, Issue 5, Sweet & Maxwell LDT, 1999, pp. 463–83 Google Scholar.

36 See ECRI Third report on the Russian Federation, §§50 and 54; ECRI Fourth report on the Russian Federation §§80-81; Human Rights First, Violent Hate Crime in the Russian Federation p. 2. Available at: https://www.humanrightsfirst. org/wp-content/uploads/pdf/080908-FD-individual-upr-russianfed. pdf, accessed 24.02.2014; Amnesty International Russian Federation. Violent Racism Out of Control, EUR 46/022/2006, 3 May 2006, available at: http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/EUR46/022/2006/en/35a59479-d432-11dd-8743-d305 bea2b2c7/eur460222006en.html#0.3.3.2.Citizenship% 20issues⎪outline, accessed on 14.05.2013.

37 Catherine, Phuong, “Minimum Standards for Return Procedures and International Human Rights Law”, European Journal of Migration and Law 9 (2007), p. 120 Google Scholar; Walter, Kälin, “Aliens, Expulsion and Deportation”, 2013 Max Planck Institution for Comparative Public Law and International law, Heidelberg and Oxford University Press, Max Planck online dictionary, as of October 2010, §21 Google Scholar.

38 “Deportation Procedures by Air”, Extract from the 13th General Report on the CPT’s Activities, CPT/Inf (2003) 35, 10 September 2003, §§ 28, 31.

39 Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe Recommendation 1547 (2002), “Expulsion Procedures in Conformity with Human Rights and Enforced with Respect for Safety and Dignity”.

40 Council of Europe: Committee of Ministers, Twenty Guidelines on Forced Return, 4 May 2005, Guideline 16.

41 See UN Human Rights Committee, Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties under Article 40 of the Covenant, Concluding Observations of the Human Rights Committee, Switzerland, UN Doc CCPR/CO/73/CH, 12 November 2001, §13, UN Human Rights Committee, Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties under Article 40 of the Covenant, Concluding Observations on Belgium, CCPR/C/79/Add.99, 19 November 1998, §15.

42 Executive Committee Conclusion on International Protection, Conclusion No. 85 (XLIX), 9 October 1998, lit. bb.

43 Guy S., Goodwin-Gill, “The Limits of the Power of Expulsion in Public International Law”, cited above, p. 155 Google Scholar.

44 See “Twenty Guidelines on Forced Return”, cited above, Guideline 17.

45 Jean-Marie, Henckaerts, “Mass Expulsion in Modern International law and Practice”, cited above, pp. 40–41 Google Scholar.

46 Witness Statement no. 4, Verbatim Record, p. 65.

47 Parliamentary Assembly Recommendation 1547 (2002), cited above, §h(vii); See also Franc¸ois Crépeau, “Migrants Rights are Human Rights”. Interights Bulletin, Volume 17, No. 1, 2012, p. 4.

48 Witness Statement no. 5, Verbatim Record, p. 89.

49 For criticism associated with the legal framework of Article 1 of Protocol No. 7 and the need for flexibility in applying it, see Jean-Marie Henkaerts “Mass Expulsion in Modern International law”, cited above, pp. 37–39.

50 Albert, Kraler, “Fixing, Adjusting, Regulating, Protecting Human Rights – The Shifting Uses of Regularizations on the European Union”, European Journal of Migration and Law 13, Issue 3, 2011, p. 303 Google Scholar.

51 See Twenty Guidelines on Forced Return, cited above, Guideline 2; Report of the International Law Commission on the work of its fifty-second session, 1 May -9 June and 10 July -18 August 2000, Syllabuses on Topics Recommended for Inclusion in the Long-term Program of Work of The Commission, 4. Expulsion of Aliens (Emmanuel A. Addo), pp. 142–3; Sean D. Murphy, The Expulsion of Aliens and Other Topics: The Sixty-Fourth Session of the International Law Commission, George Washington School of Law Faculty Publications & Other Works, 2013, pp. 4 –7 available at: http://scholarship.law.gwu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1910&context=faculty=publications, accessed on 22.02.2014; Draft Articles on the Expulsion of Aliens, Art. 1(1). Report of the International Law Commission on the Work of its Sixty-Fourth Session, A/CN.4/L.797.

52 Francis, Madding Deng, “The Global Challenge of Internal Displacement”, Journal of Law & Policy, Vol. 5, 2001, p. 144 Google Scholar, cited in Satvinder S., Juss, International Migration and Global Justice (Law and Migration), Ashgate Publishing Company, 2006, p. 48 Google Scholar; See also Satvinder S., Juss. “Free movement and the World Order”, International Journal of Refugee Law, Vol.16, No.3. Oxford University Press 2004, pp. 289–335 Google Scholar, Third report on the Expulsion of Aliens, By Mr Maurice Kamto, Special Rapporteur A/CN.4/581, International Law Commission Fifty-ninth session, Geneva, 7 May-8 June and 9 July-10 August 2007, pp. 8–10.

53 Parliamentary Assembly, Opinion No 193 (1996) on Russia’s Request for Membership of the Council of Europe, §7 viii; Parliamentary Assembly Resolution 1277 (2002) Honouring of obligations and commitments by the Russian Federation, §8 xii, Committee of Ministers. Propiska system applied to migrants, asylum-seekers and refugees in Council of Europe member states: effects and remedies Parliamentary Assembly Recommendation 1544 (2001) (Reply adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 27 February 2003 at the 829th meeting of the Ministers’ Deputies), CM/AS(2003)Rec1544 final 28 February 2003, Resolution CM/ResCMN(2007)7 on the implementation of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities by the Russian Federation; Guidelines on the Treatment of Chechen Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs), Asylum Seekers and Refugees in Europe, European Council on Refugees and Exiles, PP1/03/2007/EXT/CR, available at: http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/pdfid/4603bb602.pdf.

54 Among others, see Concluding Observations of the Committee on Elimination of All forms of Discrimination to Russian Federation 2003, cited above, §§13–14; see also Report of the Special Rapporteur on Contemporary Forms of Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance, cited above, §§39–40, 74, 76, ECRI, Third Report cited above, pp.16, 19, 37–40, ECRI’s Fourth Report, cited above, pp. 10–11, 20–21, 32–33; HRW, Singled Out, cited above, p. 26.

55 Andrei, Yakimov, “Legal Lawlessness”, Bulletin No 30, 16 May 2011 Google Scholar, The Anti-discrimination Center “Memorial”, available at: http://adcmemorial.org/www/218.html?lang=en, accessed on 28.05.2012, “Tajikistan: Exporting the Workforce [hyphen] At What Price? Tajik Migrant Workers Need Increased Protection”, Preliminary Conclusions of an FIDH Investigative Mission, May 2011, available at: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cmw/docs/ngos/FIDH_Tajikistan15.pdf, accessed on 22.05. 2012.

56 See Gannushkina, “Human Rights in Russia”, cited above, p.4; “On anti-Georgian Campaign Launched on the Territory of Russia”, Memorial Human Rights Center, cited above, p.1; HRW, “Singled Out”, cited above, pp. 63–65; PACE report, § 62.

57 HRW, “Singled Out”, cited above, see pp. 55–57 Google Scholar.

58 ECRI, Fourth Report, cited above, pp. 32–33 Google Scholar.

59 Report of the Commissioner for Human Rights in the Russian Federation for the Year 2007, available in Russian at: http://ombudsmanrf.org/doklady, pp. 90–91.

60 See, HRW, “Singled Out”, cited above, p. 2 Google Scholar.

1 The names of the Georgian witnesses who do not have an official function have been anonymised.

2 Province of the Russian Federation situated to the north of Azerbaijan and the east of Georgia.

3 A Georgian national whose statement had been recorded on a videotape submitted by the applicant Government.

4 In their letter of 15 April 2011 the respondent Government confirmed that following the evacuation of some of the diplomatic staff at the end of September 2006, 10 members of the diplomatic staff had continued working at the Russian embassy in Tbilisi and 3 at the consulate.