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Eritrea-Ethiopia Claims Commission (EECC): Partial Award Regarding Eritrea Central Front Claims 2, 4, 6, 7, 8 and 22
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 27 February 2017
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- Copyright © American Society of International Law 2004
References
* This document was reproduced and reformatted from the text appearing at the Permanent Court of Arbitration website (visited October 7, 2004) <http://www.pca.org>.
1 That comment is generally attributed to Senator Hiram Johnson, an opponent of entry by the United States in the First World War. See Knightly, Philip, The First Casualty—From The Crimea To Vietnam: The War Correspondent As Hero, Propagandist And Myth Maker p. 17 (1975).Google Scholar
2 Julius Stone, Legal Controls Of International Conflict pp. 321-323 (1954).
3 Award, Partial, Prisoners of War, Eritrea's Claim 17 Between the State of Eritrea and The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, para. 46 (July 1, 2003)Google Scholar [hereinafter Partial Award in Eritrea's Claim 17]; Partial Award, Prisoners of War, Ethiopia's Claim 4 Between The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia and The State of Eritrea, para. 37 (July 1,2003) [hereinafter Partial Award in Ethiopia's Claim 4].
4 Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Mines, Booby-Traps and Other Devices, Oct. 10, 1980, 1342 U.N.T.S. 168, reprinted in 19 I.L.M. p. 1529 [hereinafter Protocol II of 1980].
5 Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of Aug. 12, 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts, arts. 52 and 57, June 8, 1977, 1125 U.N.T.S. p. 3 [hereinafter Protocol I].
6 Eritrea's Statement of Claim, Claim 4, filed by Eritrea on December 12, 2001, Senafe, at Section C, para. 9.
7 Id. at Section D, paras. 33-67.
8 Eritrea-Ethiopia Claims Commission Rules of Procedure, art. 24(3)(d).
9 Protocol II of 1980, supra note 4.
10 Protocol I, supra note 5.
11 Id. at art. 59.
12 Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field, Aug. 12, 1949, 6 U.S.T. p. 3114, 75 U.N.T.S. p. 31; Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea, Aug. 12, 1949, 6 U.S.T. p. 3217, 75 U.N.T.S. p. 85; Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, Aug. 12, 1949, 6 U.S.T. p. 3316, 75 U.N.T.S. p. 135; Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, Aug. 12, 1949, 6 U.S.T. p. 3516, 75 U.N.T.S. p. 287 [hereinafter Geneva Convention IV].
13 Partial Award in Eritrea's Claim 17, supra note 3, at para. 38; Partial Award in Ethiopia's Claim 4, supra note 3, at para. 29.
14 Partial Award in Eritrea's Claim 17, supra note 3, at paras. 40-41; Partial Award in Ethiopia's Claim 4, supra note 3, at paras. 31-32.
15 Hague Convention (IV) Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land and Annexed Regulations, Oct. 18,1907,36 Stat. p. 2277, 1 Bevans p. 631 [hereinafter Hague Regulations].
16 International Military Tribunal, Trial of the Major War Criminals by the International Military Tribunal 253-54 (1947); United States Von Leeb, v. [High Command Case], 11 Trials Of War Criminals Before The Nuernberg Military Tribunal Under Control Council Law No. 10, at p. 462 (1950)Google Scholar; Report of the Secretary-General Pursuant to Paragraph 2 of the Security Council Resolution 808, Annex, at 9, U.N. Doc. S/25704 (1993); see also 2 Lassa Oppenhem, International Law pp. 234-236 (Hersch Lauterpacht ed., 7th ed. 1952); Charney, Jonathan I., International Agreements and the Development of Customary International Law, 61 Wash. L. Rev. p. 971 (1986)Google Scholar.
17 U.N. Convention on Prohibition or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects, Oct. 10, 1980, 1342 U.N.T.S. p. 137, reprinted in 19 I.L.M. p. 1523.
18 Protocol II of 1980, supra note 4.
19 Id., as amended at Geneva, May 3, 1996, reprinted in 35 I.L.M. p. 1209 (1996).
20 Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on Their Destruction, Sept. 18, 1997, 36 I.L.M. p. 1507 (1997).
21 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Dec. 16, 1966, 999 U.N.T.S. p. 171 [hereinafter ICCPR].
22 Eritrea's Memorial, Claims 2, 4, 6, 7 and 8, filed by Eritrea on Oct. 15, 2002, Vol. 1, para. 1.17.
23 ICCPR, supra note 21, at art. 4.
24 See supra para. 6.
25 Partial Award in Ethiopia's Claim 4, supra note 3, at para. 54; Partial Award in Eritrea's Claim 17, supra note 3, at para. 56.
26 See the discussion of this matter in U.S. Dep't Of Army, Law Of Land Warfare (Field Manual No. 27-10, 1956, rev. 1976), at paras. 351-356.
27 Report of the Secretary General on Ethiopia and Eritrea, U.N. Doc. S/2001/202 (Mar. 7, 2001), at p. 2, para. 11.
28 Geneva Convention IV, supra note 12, at art. 53.
29 Hague Regulations, supra note 15, at arts. 43, 46, 47.
30 Transcript of the Eritrea-Ethiopia Claims Commission Hearings of Nov. 2003, Peace Palace, The Hague, at pp. 193-194 and 217-218.
31 Mat p. 213.
32 Geneva Convention IV, supra note 12, at art. 53.
33 Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, May 14, 1954, 249 U.N.T.S. p. 215.