* A version of this text appeared as an ASIL Insight, available at http://www.asil.org/insights090916.cfm (Sept. 16, 2009).

* This text was reproduced and reformatted from the text available at the Permanent Court of Arbitration official website (visited October 21, 2009) <http://www.pca-cpa.org/upload/files/Abyei%20Final%20Award.pdf>. (Part 1)

1 Final Award in the Matter of an Arbitration before a Tribunal Constituted in Accordance with Article 5 of the Arbitration Agreement between the Government of Sudan and The Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/Army on Delimiting Abyei Area and the Permanent Court of Arbitration Optional Rules for Arbitrating Disputes between Two Parties of Which Only One Is a State, between the Government of Sudan and the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/Army (July 22, 2009), available at http://www.pca-cpa.org/showpage.asp?pag_id=1306 [hereinafter Award].

2 Sharon Otterman, Ruling Redraws Disputed Zone in Sudan in Effort to Keep North and South at Peace, N.Y. Times, July 23, 2009, at A6; Stephanie McCrummen, Ruling Signals Compromise in Border Dispute in Sudan, Wash. Post, July 23, 2009, at A12.

3 The pleadings, transcripts and other documents are available on the website of the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA), at http://www.pca-cpa.org/showpage.asp?pag_id=1306. Also, the April 2009 hearings were web-streamed live on the PCA’s website, and remain available for viewing.

4 Award, supra note 1, ¶ 100.

5 Id. ¶ 98.

6 Id. ¶ 109.

7 Id. ¶¶ 110-112.

8 Id. ¶ 102.

9 Id. ¶ 104.

10 Id. ¶ 113.

11 Id. ¶¶ 262-263, 266-269, 595. Before 1905, the Ngok Dinka fell under the colonial southern administration; Kordofan was in the northern administration. The tribe’s transfer to Kordofan was primarily intended to better protect its members from raids by other tribes in Kordofan. Id. ¶ 636-639.

12 Id. ¶¶ 123-127.

13 Id. ¶ 132.

14 Id. ¶¶ 37-38, 213 n.71.

15 Arbitration Agreement between the Government of Sudan and The Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/Army on Delimiting Abyei Area, July 7, 2008, available at http://www.pca-cpa.org/showfile.asp?fil_id=1117 [hereinafter Arbitration Agreement].

16 Award, supra note 1, ¶ 6.

17 These are a slight modification of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules, which were designed for private commercial arbitrations, but have proved effective in the Iran-U.S. Claims Tribunal and many other settings. The Parties also agreed that the PCA’s International Bureau would serve as Registry and provide administrative support. They designated the PCA’s Secretary-General to serve as appointing authority. Arbitration Agreement, supra note 15, ¶ 1.4.

18 Sudan appointed Judge Awn Al-Khasawneh and Professor Dr. Gerhard Hafner. The SPLM/A appointed Professor Michael Reisman and Judge Stephen Schwebel.

19 Award, supra note 1, ¶¶ 9-15. The four arbitrators identified five candidates and presented them to the Parties; either or both of the Parties struck all five. Accordingly, the PCA Secretary General appointed Professor Pierre-Marie Dupuy as the fifth and presiding arbitrator.

20 Id. ¶¶ 136-394.

21 Id. ¶¶ 168-169, 233-240.

22 Id. ¶¶ 544-545.

23 See W. Michael Reisman, Nullity and Revision: The Review and Enforcement of International Judgments and Awards (1971) & Systems of Control in International Adjudication and Arbitration: Breakdown and Repair (1992).

24 The Arbitration Agreement provided that dispute was to be decided on the basis of the 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement, the Abyei Protocol and Appendix, Sudan’s 2005 Interim National Constitution, general principles of law and practices that the Tribunal deemed relevant, and the Arbitration Agreement itself.

25 Award, supra note 1, ¶¶ 400-411, 504-510.

26 Id. ¶ 398.

27 Id. ¶¶ 412-424.

28 Id. ¶¶ 537-672. Professor Hafner believed that the territorial interpretation of the mandate advocated by Sudan was correct, but agreed that tribal interpretation adopted by the Experts satisfied the controlling test of reasonableness. Id. ¶ 666.

29 Id. ¶ 493.

30 Id. ¶¶ 519-535. The Tribunal upheld the southern boundary of the area (which was not disputed), and found that the Experts provided a ‘‘comprehensible and complete’’ explanation of their adoption of latitude 10°10’N as the northern limit of Ngok Dinka’s permanent settlements in 1905. Id. ¶ 696. However, it also found that the Experts failed adequately to explain adoption of 10°35’N as the northern limit of the area where the Ngok Dinka and the adjoining Misseriya people exercised shared rights. Id. ¶¶ 674, 683. The Tribunal also found that the Experts failed to sufficiently explain their selections of the eastern and western boundary lines. Id. ¶¶ 702-708.

31 Id. ¶ 742.

32 Id. ¶ 727, 729.

33 McCrummen, supra note 2 Otterman, supra note 2.

34 The Misseriya are Arabic speaking nomads who live north of the Ngok Dinka. Id. ¶ 107.

35 Id. ¶¶ 753-760.

36 Award, supra note 1, at 1 (Al-Khasawneh, J., dissenting).

37 Judge Al-Khasawneh viewed the Experts as engaging in a ‘‘frolic,’’ making up a mandate, and relying on anthropological and other evidence of dubious value, so that the Tribunal was obliged to annul their Report entirely. Id. He opposed according deference to the Experts’ findings and drawing on concepts of limited review from commercial arbitration. In his view, the majority’s test of ‘‘reasonableness’’ was far too low a test for assessing what might become an international boundary, and its eastern and western boundaries were ‘‘an affront to the science of territorial delimitation. . .a feeble and modest construct with much to be modest about.’’ Id. ¶ 200.

38 Id. ¶¶ 43-51.

39 Id. ¶¶ 6-39.

40 Id. ¶ 203.

41 Id. at 1.

42 McCrummen, supra note 2; Otterman, supra note 2. Press Release, U.S. Dep’t of State, U.S.-European Union Joint Declaration on the Boundaries of the Abyei Area (July 22, 2009), available at http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2009/july/126300.htm.

1 The Parties use the terms interchangeably to refer to the same instrument.

2 Notably, the SPLM/A modified submission (c) of its Memorial. In both its Counter-Memorial and Rejoinder, SPLM/A’s submission (c) reads: ‘‘In the alternative, if the Tribunal determines that theABCExperts exceeded their mandate and makes a declaration to that effect, a declaration that the boundaries of the area of the nine Ngok Dinka Chiefdoms transferred to Kordofan in 1905 are the current boundary of Kordofan and Bahr el-Ghazal to the south extending to 10°35’N latitude to the north and the current boundary of Kordofan and Darfur to the west extending to 29°32’’15’E longitude to the east.’’

3 See note 2 above.

4 See GoS Oral Pleadings, April 18, 2009, Transcr. 19/04-21/ 05.

5 The pertinent portion of Mr. Zakaria’s testimony is as follows:

JUDGE AL-KHASAWNEH: [ . . . ] First, there have been allegations that you had been intimidated and threatened. Those allegations have been denied. Could you briefly tell us the truth or otherwise of those allegations?

A: When I came here I was pretty sure for the fact that anyone who is not giving testimony in favour of the [SPLM/A], that person is not a good one.

JUDGE AL-KHASAWNEH: Please translate correctly. What he said was, ‘‘I’m threatened with [my] life.’’ This is very important. Can you ask him again to repeat. The translation has to be correct and precise.

THE INTERPRETER: Repeat the question, please.

JUDGE AL-KHASAWNEH: It’s not my question. I asked a question. You did not translate the answer as fully as you should have. Could you translate it as he said: a person who does not give evidence in support of the SPLM/A is thought of as a bad person, and would be threatened in his life. That is literally the translation. So, please, be careful with the next.

THE INTERPRETER: Okay.

JUDGE AL-KHASAWNEH: Thank you very much. . . .

(See GoS Oral Pleadings, April 21, 2009, Transcr. 43/04 – 44/05)

6 The pertinent portion of Mr. Majid’s testimony is as follows:

JUDGE AL-KHASAWNEH: [ . . . ] First of all I should like to ask you, as I asked other witnesses before you, whether you have been intimidated in any way or put under pressure not to testify before us, or to modify your testimony?

A. Yes, I’ve been threatened.

JUDGE AL-KHASAWNEH: Would you kindly elaborate a little bit on it?

A. Well, after this change of the testimony records, two came to me in my house, namely Nyol Pagout and Deng Monyluak, and they came to me as representatives of [SPLM/A], and they came and told me, ‘‘Majid, your statement is a clear manifest of a sellout of Dinka land to Government of Sudan. We are coming here for two main purposes: one, either you change the course of your statements and testimony, or create, by a way or another, some means to disable you not to go The Hague. Otherwise you will face consequences.

JUDGE AL-KHASAWNEH: Thank you very much

(See GoS Oral Pleadings, April 21, 2009, Transcr. 54/13 – 55/09)

7 The pertinent portion of Mr. Ayom’s testimony is as follows: JUDGE AL-KHASAWNEH: Mr Ayom Matit Ayom, thank you very much for agreeing to testify before us. Thank you for testifying before us. I would be grateful if you could answer only one question that I would like to put to you, and that question is: have you been intimidated with regard to your testimony or asked not to appear before us or to modify it? Thank you.

A. Actually it is not me who has been actually threatened, but my brother who is coming after me. He was told: if you go to The Hague you will do one of the two things, either change your statements or refuse to go; otherwise you will bear the consequences. And don’t ask us, you will be responsible for that.

JUDGE AL-KHASAWNEH: If that’s all, that’s the only thing that I wanted to ask about.

(See GoS Oral Pleadings, April 21, 2009, Transcr. 51/04 – 51/19)

8 The pertinent portion of Mr. Majak’s testimony is as follows: JUDGE AL-KHASAWNEH: Mr Majak Matet Ayom, I would like to thank you for agreeing to answer my questions. I would like first to ask you whether you were in any way intimidated or threatened in an attempt to cause you not to testify before us, or to change your testimony. We heard something to this effect from your brother, but I would like to hear it from you.

A. For me, I don’t find myself subject to threat by any person. I only can feel threatened by God. But any person, I don’t see that there is room for any person to threaten me. Please go ahead. If you have anything to ask me, ask me. (See GoS Oral Pleadings, April 21, 2009, Transcr. 51/25 – 52/12)

9 Procedural Order No. 1, para. 3.8

10 Procedural Order No. 1, para. 3.7 stated :

The GoS intends to cross-examine each of the six witnesses and experts to be presented by the SPLM/A. The SPLM/A intends to cross-examine Zakaria Atem Diyin Thibek Deng Kiir, Mukhtar Babu Nimir, and Alastair Macdonald. In addition, the Tribunal wishes to propound questions to Ayom Matet Ayom, Majak Matit Ayom, and Majid Yak Kur.

11 In its March 20 and March 30, 2009 communications, the SPLM/A notified the Tribunal that Mr. Ring Makuac Dhel Yak would be presented as a witness at the hearings. However, Mr. Ring was not called upon to testify at the hearings.

12 The webcasts and pleadings continue to be available at http://www.pca-cpa.org.

13 Abyei Protocol, section 1.1.2

14 SPLM/A Memorial, para. 69.

15 Id.

16 Source: United Nations Cartographic Section.

17 See United Nations Mission in Sudan website, at http://www.unmis.org.

18 SPLM/A Memorial, para. 77.

19 SPLM/A Memorial, para. 70.

20 SPLM/A Memorial, para. 72.

21 Id.

22 SPLM/A Memorial, para. 71.

23 SPLM/A Memorial, para. 83.

24 SPLM/A Memorial, paras. 81-82.

25 SPLM/A Memorial, para. 83.

26 SPLM/A Memorial, para. 77.

27 SPLM/A Memorial, para. 76.

28 SPLM/A Memorial, para. 78.

29 Abyei Protocol, section 1.1.1.

30 GoS Memorial, para. 6.

31 GoS Memorial, para. 2.

32 GoS Memorial, para. 3.

33 SPLM/A Memorial, para. 91.

34 GoS Memorial, para. 3.

35 SPLM/A Memorial, para. 91.

36 SPLM/A Memorial, para. 89.

37 SPLM/A Memorial, para. 96.

38 SPLM/A Memorial, para. 98.

39 SPLM/A Memorial, paras. 109-110.

40 SPLM/A Memorial, para. 85.

41 GoS Oral Pleadings, April 18, 2009, Transcr. 40/15-23.

42 SPLM/A Memorial, para. 115.

43 SPLM/A Memorial, paras. 111-112.

44 SPLM/A Memorial, para. 150.

45 SPLM/A Memorial, para. 152.

46 SPLM/A Memorial, paras. 176.

47 SPLM/A Memorial, paras. 171-172.

48 SPLM/A Memorial, para. 168.

49 SPLM/A Memorial, para. 217.

50 SPLM/A Memorial, para. 218.

51 SPLM/A Memorial, paras. 381-405.

52 SPLM/A Memorial, paras. 424.

53 CPA, Preamble, p. xi, para. 2.

54 Machakos Protocol, Part B.

55 Machakos Protocol, Article 2.5.

56 The Pre-Interim Period commenced on January 9, 2005, the day the Comprehensive Peace Agreement was signed.

57 Machakos Protocol, Article 2.1.

58 Machakos Protocol, Article 2.2.

59 Machakos Protocol, Article 2.3.

60 Abyei Protocol, sections 2.1-2.2.

61 Abyei Protocol, section 1.2.1.

62 Abyei Protocol, section 6.1(a).

63 Abyei Protocol, section 5.1.

64 See Abyei Appendix, section 2.

65 Abyei Appendix, section 3.

66 Abyei Appendix, section 4.

67 Id.

68 Abyei Appendix, section 5.

69 CPA, Chapeau, p. xii., para. 1.

70 CPA, Preamble, p. xi., para. 6.

71 See Interim National Constitution, Preamble.

72 Article 183(1) of the Interim National Constitution provides: Without prejudice to any of the provisions of this Constitution and the Comprehensive Peace Agreement, the Protocol on the Resolution of the Conflict in Abyei Area shall apply with respect to Abyei Area.

73 See Terms of Reference, Preamble.

74 See Abyei Appendix, para. 4.

75 Rules of Procedure, para. 13.

76 Rules of Procedure, para. 14.

77 ABC Experts’ Report, Part 1, pp. 3-4.

78 ABC Experts’ Report, Part 1, p. 9.

79 ABC Experts’ Report, Part 1, p. 4.

80 ABC Experts’ Report, Part 1, p. 11.

81 ABC Experts’ Report, Part1, p. 4.

82 Id.

83 ABC Experts’ Report, Part 1, p. 5.

84 ABC Experts’ Report, Part 1, p. 12; see also ABC Experts’ Report, Appendix 2.

85 ABC Experts’ Report, Part 1, p. 4.

86 Id.

87 ABC Experts’ Report, Part 1, p. 11.

88 ABC Experts’ Report, Part 1, p. 5.

89 ABC Experts’ Report, Part 1, pp. 20-21.

90 ABC Experts’ Report, Part 1, pp. 21-22.

91 ABC Experts’ Report, Part I, Map 1.

92 Abyei Road Map, Section 4.

93 See Abyei Road Map, Section 3 and SPLM/A Map Atlas vol. 1, Map 58 (Abyei Area: Area Calculations).

94 GoS Memorial, paras. 192-276. While this summary is arranged in accordance with arguments as presented in the GoS Memorial, the GoS later re-classified its arguments, and as per the Rejoinder, the headline arguments for Excess of Mandate were (a) Gross Breaches of Applicable Procedural Rules and (b) Misinterpretation and Misapplication of the Substantial Mandate. The GoS explains that it ‘‘deemed it clearer to group together [the] grounds in a more systematic way in [its] counter-memorial and in [its] rejoinder, if only not to have to repeat the same explanations when they apply to several grounds.’’ GoS Oral Pleadings, April 18, 2009, Transcr. 70/ 16 71/02.

95 GoS Oral Pleadings, April 18, 2009, Transcr. 73/21-25.

96 GoS Memorial, para. 135.

97 GoS Oral Pleadings, April 18, 2009, Transcr. 74/10-13.

98 GoS Memorial, para. 95.

99 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 165.

100 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 100.

101 SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 19, 2009, Transcr. 43/10.

102 SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 19, 2009, Transcr. 37/12-20.

103 SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 19, 2009, Transcr. 43/10-44/ 16.

104 GoS Rejoinder, para. 100.

105 Article 2(a) of the Arbitration Agreement provides:The issues that shall be determined by the Tribunal are the following: Whether or not the ABC Experts had, on the basis of the agreement of the Parties as per the CPA, exceeded their mandate which is ‘‘to define (i.e. delimit) and demarcate the area of the nine Ngok Dinka chiefdoms transferred to Kordofan in 1905’’ as stated in the Abyei Protocol, and reiterated in the Abyei Appendix and the ABC Terms of Reference and Rules of Procedure.

106 GoS Oral Pleadings, April 18, 2009, Transcr. 87/07-18.

107 Section 5 of the Abyei Appendix provides :

108 GoS Rejoinder, para. 104.

109 GoS Rejoinder, para. 106.

110 See GoS Memorial, paras. 180-84, citing the 1958 New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, Article V(1)(d); ICSID Arbitration Rules, Article 50(1)(c)(iii); UNCITRAL Model Law, Article 36(1)(a)(iv).

111 Supra note 105.

112 See SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, paras. 162-71.

113 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, paras. 167-68.

114 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 234.

115 These were listed in the SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 239-40 (‘‘The foregoing provisions of the Parties’ agreements imposed very few, and very limited, constraints on the ABC Experts’ procedural discretion. In particular, the Parties’ procedural agreements provide only for: (a) the constitution of a tribunal of ABC Experts with specified expertise; (b) a time limit for submission of the ABC’s final report; (c) presentations by the Parties of their respective positions; (d) hearing representatives of the people of the Abyei Area; and (e) consultation of the British Archives and other relevant sources wherever available.’’).

116 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, paras. 236-37.

117 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 234.

118 SPLM/A Rejoinder, para. 146, citing Appeal from a Judgment of the Hungaro-Czechoslovak Mixed Arbitral Tribunal (The Peter Pázmány University v. Czechoslovakia) Ser. a/B 61, 208,222 (P.C.I.J 1933), SPLM/A Exhibit-LE 24/6. Nonetheless, the SPLM/A states in its Counter-Memorial that for an allowable procedural excess of mandate to have occurred, there must be a serious departure from a fundamental rule of procedure. See SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, paras. 287-88, citing ICSID Convention, Article 52(1)(d).

119 SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 19, 2009 Transcr. 86/02-11.

120 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, paras. 309-10.

121 GoS Memorial, paras. 71-79.

122 Section 3 of the Terms of Reference provides in part: Functioning of the ABC

. . .

3.2 The ABC shall thereafter travel to the Sudan to listen to the representatives of the people of Abyei Area and the neighbors as indicated hereunto:

A. The ABC shall conduct one meeting in Abyei Town with 54 representatives of the Nine Ngok Dinka Chiefdoms (five from each plus nine chiefs)

B. One meeting in Muglad Town with 45 Messiriya representatives (25 from Muglad sub tribes, 15 from Fulla and five from Lagawa, however the ABC shall make field visits to (Dambaloya/Dak Jur), (Pawol/Fawol), (Abugazala/Mabec) etc.

C. One meeting to be held in Agok with 30 representatives of the neighbors of Abyei to the South (Twich, Goral West, Aweil East, Biemnhum and Panaraou), which shall be represented by six each.

123 GoS Memorial, para. 199.

124 These meetings are mentioned in Appendix 4.2 of the ABC Experts’ Report, but not in their summary of their work. GoS Memorial, para. 201.

125 GoS Memorial, para. 73.

126 GoS Memorial, paras. 74-76.

127 GoS Memorial, para. 208.

128 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 315.

129 Section 7 of the Rules of Procedure provides :

As occasions warrant, Commission members should have free access to members of the public other than those in the official delegations at the locations to be visited. The Commission will accept written submissions.

130 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 316.

131 The SPLM/A relies on Section 4 of Abyei Appendix which provides :

In determining their findings, the [ABC Experts] in the Commission shall consult the British Archives and other relevant sources on Sudan wherever they may be available, with a view to arriving at a decision that shall be based on specific analysis and research. The [ABC Experts] shall also determine the rules of procedure of the ABC.

132 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 317.

133 The SPLM/A further claims that the meeting held on May 8, 2005 was with the Twic Dinka, and not the Ngok Dinka. See SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 19, 2009, Transcr. 122/24- 123/02.

134 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 342.

135 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 353.

136 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 330.

137 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 332.

138 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 333.

139 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 364, citing GoS Memorial, para. 193.

140 See SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, paras. 368-73.

141 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 377.

142 SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 20, 2009, Transcr. 64/16-65/ 05.

143 ABC Experts’ Report, Part I, p. 4.

144 GoS Memorial, para. 210.

145 GoS Rejoinder, para. 127.

146 GoS Memorial, para. 211. Section 14 of the Rules of Procedure provides:

The Commission will endeavour to reach a decision by consensus. If, however, an agreed position by the two sides is not achieved, the [ABC Experts] will have the final say.

147 GoS Memorial, para. 213. The GoS observes that no such later demarcation ever took place.

148 GoS Rejoinder, para. 129. The GoS refers to a statement in the Preface of the ABC Experts’ Report which provides in relevant part : . . .

Therefore, it was necessary for the [ABC Experts] to avail themselves of relevant historical material produced before and after 1905, as well as during that year, to determine as accurately as possible the area of the nine Ngok Dinka chiefdoms as it was in 1905. In doing this the [ABC Experts] are mindful that the drafters of the American proposal which was incorporated into the Abyei Protocol have stated: ‘‘It was clearly our view when we submitted our proposal that the area transferred in 1905 was roughly equivalent to the area of Abyei that was demarcated in later [years]. . . . ’’

149 See SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, paras. 394-403.

150 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 398.

151 See SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, paras. 404-407.

152 See SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, paras. 408-418.

153 Section 14 of the Rules of Procedure, text supra at note 146.

154 GoS Counter-Memorial, para. 198.

155 Section 5.3 of the Abyei Protocol states that:

[t]he Abyei Boundaries Commission (ABC) shall present its final report to the Presidency as soon as it is ready. Upon presentation of the final report, the Presidency shall take necessary action to put the special administrative status of Abyei Area into immediate effect.

156 GoS Rejoinder, para. 134.

157 GoS Rejoinder, para. 150.

158 GoS Rejoinder, paras. 144-145.

159 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, paras. 423-438.

160 See SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, paras. 439-54.

161 See SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, paras. 472-75.

162 SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 19, 2005, Transcr. 152/11-17.

163 See SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, paras. 455-71.

164 While this this ground (‘‘using manifestly inadmissible justifications’’) appears in the GoS Rejoinder, it was later merged with discussions on decisions ultra petita. See GoS Oral Pleadings, April 18, 2009, Transcr. 136/25 et seq. This will be discussed in the next Section 4 ‘Violation of Mandatory Criteria’ in keeping with the original structure of the GoS’s Arguments.

165 See GoS Rejoinder, paras. 151-152.

166 See supra note 105.

167 See GoS Oral Pleadings, April 18, 2009, Transcr. 137/04-09.

168 GoS Rejoinder, paras. 209, 211.

169 See GoS Rejoinder, para. 195.

170 See GoS Rejoinder, paras. 209-227.

171 See SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 19, 2009, Transcr. 197/ 20-198/03.

172 See SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 19, 2009, Transcr. 185/ 18-186/13.

173 Section 1.1.2 of the Abyei Protocol provides: ‘‘The territory is defined as the area of the nine Ngok Dinka chiefdoms transferred to Kordofan in 1905.’’

174 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 488.

175 See SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, paras. 577-586.

176 See SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, paras. 599-608.

177 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 613.

178 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 622.

179 See GoS Oral Pleadings, April 18, 2009, Transcr. 25/07-17. For a more expansive treatment of these respective interpretations of the mandate, see infra at para. 232 et seq

180 GoS Memorial, para. 230.

181 GoS Rejoinder, para. 212, citing ABC Experts’ Report, Part I, p. 4.

182 GoS Rejoinder, para. 223.

183 GoS Rejoinder, para. 215.

184 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 504.

185 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 497.

186 SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 20, 2009, Transcr. 70/03-18.

187 SPLM/A Rejoinder, para. 285.

188 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 506.

189 The GoS claims that this reformulation of the question is evident from the primary conclusion of the ABC Experts:

190 GoS Memorial, para. 241.

191 GoS Rejoinder, para. 217.

192 GoS Rejoinder, paras. 222-223.

193 GoS Memorial, para. 238.

194 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 516.

195 SPLM/A Rejoinder, para. 278.

196 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 518.

197 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 522.

198 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 534, referring to GoS Memorial, para. 238(d).

199 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, paras. 534-537, citing ABC Experts’ Report, Part I, at pp. 10-20.

200 See GoS Memorial, paras. 242-243.

201 GoS Rejoinder, para. 224.

202 GoS Memorial, para. 244, quoting ABC Experts’ Report, Part I, p. 19.

203 GoS Memorial, para. 246.

204 GoS Rejoinder, para. 225.

205 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 546.

206 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 556.

207 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, paras. 548-550.

208 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 567, referring to GoS Memorial, paras. 385-396.

209 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 568, citing GoS First Presentation, dated April 10, 2005, at p. 24 (citing Dupuis’ Report, ‘‘Note on the Ngok Dinka of Western Kordofan’’ (1922): ‘‘in 1922, Dupuis was able to locate them at Khor Alal, north of Lol River . . . ’’), and at p. 36 et seq. (citing post 1905 maps), SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 14/2; GoS Final Presentation, dated June 16, 2005, at p. 27 (citing Cunnison (1954)), at p. 28 (citing excerpts from Willis, ‘‘Notes on Western Kordofan Dinkas’’ (1909), SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 14/18); GoS Additional Presentation, dated June 17, 2005, at p. 16 (citing a letter from the Governor of Bahr el-Ghazal dated July 21, 1927), at p. 14 (citing a report of the District Commissioner of Western Kordofan from 1950), p. 20 (citing Kordofan Province Monthly Diary, 1951), SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 14/17; Transcript of Ambassador Dirdeiry, Taped Recording GoS Final Presentation, File 1, at p. 2, (‘‘the second area of focus is how the contemporary maps since 1908 and up to 1936 had reflected the 1905 transfer’’), at p. 5 (‘‘maybe you recall Mr Chairman that during our first presentation we had made a presentation of a report written in 1922 indicating the nine Ngok Dinka chieftains’’), SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 19/15; Ambassador Dirdeiry, transcript of Oral Evidence Submitted to the ABC April 14 to 21, 2005, at p. 21, SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 14/5a.

210 GoS Counter-Memorial, para. 144.

211 GoS Oral Pleadings, April 18, 2009, Transcr. 145/04-14.

212 GoS Rejoinder, para. 198.

213 GoS Oral Pleadings, April 20, 2009, Transcr. 21/08-15.

214 GoS Rejoinder, para. 199.

215 GoS Rejoinder, paras. 199-201.

216 See GoS Rejoinder, paras. 202-208. Article 2(c) of the Arbitration Agreement provides:

217 GoS Memorial, paras. 249-253.

218 GoS Rejoinder, para. 196.

219 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 626.

220 SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 19, 2009, Transcr. 187/03-10.

221 SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 19, 2009, Transcr. 196/15-198/03

222 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 644.

223 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 645.

224 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 654.

225 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, paras. 655-656.

226 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 661.

227 GoS Memorial, para. 254.

228 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 678.

229 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 680.

230 The GoS Rejoinder divided its substantive excess of mandate arguments into three categories, (i) use of manifestly inadmissible justifications, (ii) decisions ultra petita and (iii) decisions infra petita. The four acts originally alleged as ‘‘violations of mandatory criteria’’ were discussed under the category ‘‘use of manifestly inadmissible justifications.’’ At the oral hearings, however, this specific category was not discussed separately and distinctly, but was instead discussed with the GoS arguments relating to decisions ultra petita. See GoS Oral Pleadings, April 18, 2009, Transcr. 135/01 et. seq. and supra note 94.

231 SPLM/A Rejoinder, para. 121.

232 GoS Rejoinder, para. 154. At the oral pleadings, the GoS further explains:

233 GoS Rejoinder, para. 156.

234 GoS Memorial, para. 255.

235 The GoS Memorial initially referred only to items (a) and (b), but item (c) was cited as a third example of an unmotivated decision during later pleadings. See GoS Oral Pleadings, April 18, 2009, Transcr. 149/03 et seq.

236 GoS Oral Pleadings, April 18, 2009, Transcr. 149/09-12.

237 ABC Experts’ Report, Part I, p. 39.

238 See GoS Memorial, paras. 256-259 and GoS Rejoinder, para. 158.

239 GoS Memorial, para. 260.

240 See GoS Oral Pleadings, April 18, 2009, Transcr. 149/13 – 151/12.

241 See GoS Oral Pleadings, April 18, 2009, Transcr. 152/01-12.

242 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, paras. 707-730.

243 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, paras. 731-743.

244 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, paras. 744-754.

245 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, paras. 755-759.

246 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 760.

247 SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 19, 2009, Transcr. 232/09- 234/22.

248 SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 19, 2009, Transcr. 239/01- 241/07.

249 ABC Experts’ Report, Part I, p. 22.

250 GoS Memorial, para. 265.

251 Id.

252 GoS Rejoinder, para. 185.

253 GoS Oral Pleadings, April 18, 2009, Transcr. 161/10-13.

254 GoS Rejoinder, para. 167.

255 GoS Rejoinder, para. 169.

256 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 795.

257 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 797.

258 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 803.

259 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 814.

260 See SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 19, 2009, Transcr. 248/ 17-249/12.

261 GoS Memorial, para. 268. See also discussion at paras. 204 and 206.

262 GoS Memorial, para. 268.

263 GoS Counter-Memorial, para. 159.

264 SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 19, 2009, Transcr. 251/19-24.

265 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 839.

266 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 840.

267 See GoS Oral Pleadings April 18, 2009, Transcr. 163/24-164/ 11 and GoS Rejoinder, para. 189.

268 See GoS Counter-Memorial, paras. 155-156.

269 GoS Memorial, paras. 270-271.

270 GoS Oral Pleadings, April 20, 2009, Transcr. 18/06-16.

271 The quoted text reads:

272 GoS Oral Pleadings, April 18, 2009, Transcr. 98/02.

273 GoS Rejoinder, para. 191.

274 GoS Rejoinder, para. 190.

275 GoS Rejoinder, para. 193.

276 See SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, paras. 843-847.

277 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 848.

278 SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 19, 2009, Transcr. 254/15-21.

279 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, paras. 848-854.

280 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, paras. 855 and 856.

281 SPLM/A Rejoinder, para. 322. See e.g. Section 5 of the Abyei Appendix, text supra at note 107.

282 SPLM/A Memorial, para. 798.

283 SPLM/A Rejoinder, para. 323. The SPLM/A quotes the GoS’s Ambassador Dirdeiry:

284 SPLM/A Rejoinder, para. 329.

285 GoS Rejoinder, para. 73. See also GoS Oral Pleadings, April 18, 2009, Transcr. 54/13 – 56/07.

286 GoS Rejoinder, para. 74.

287 GoS Rejoinder, paras. 75-76.

288 SPLM/A Memorial, para. 729.

289 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 132.

290 See SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 19, 2009, Transcr. 63/22.

291 See SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 19, 2009 Transcr. 66/05-16.

292 Id.

293 GoS Counter-Memorial, paras. 122-123.

294 GoS Memorial, p. 160 (‘‘Submissions’’). See also GoS Counter-Memorial, last page and GoS Rejoinder, p. 162. A reproduction of that map is found supra at para. 37.

295 GoS Counter-Memorial, para. 383.

296 SPLM/A Memorial, para. 869.

297 SPLM/A Rejoinder, para. 885; SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 1601.

298 See GoS Rejoinder, para. 4. See also GoS Oral Pleadings, April 23, 2009, Transcr. 29/15-30/01.

299 See GoS Oral Pleadings, April 20, 2009 Transcr. 104/13-25.

300 See GoS Oral Pleadings, April 20, 2009, Transcr. 104/02-08, 105/12-13. See also GoS Memorial, para. 278.

301 See SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 21, 2009, Transcr. 133/ 08-21.

302 See SPLM/A Memorial, para. 1198. See also SPLM/A Memorial, para. 1201.

303 See GoS Counter Memorial, para. 90. Notably, in the GoS’s view, the issue of interpretation of the mandateshould be addressed under both Article 2(a) and Article 2(c) of the Arbitration Agreement. See GoS Oral Pleadings, April 18, 2009, Transcr. 24/13-16.

304 See SPLM/A Memorial, para. 1095. Notably, the SPLM/A considers the ABC Experts’ and the Tribunal’s interpretation of the mandate as a ‘‘matter of substance.’’ Thus, under the SPLM/A’s theory, the Tribunal only address this issue as part of its Article 2(c) inquiry (see SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 19, 2009 Transcr. 175/10 et seq.).

305 See GoS Memorial, para. 23; GoS Counter-Memorial, para. 115.

306 GoS Rejoinder, para. 10.

307 GoS Counter-Memorial, para. 100.

308 GoS Memorial, para. 24.

309 GoS Memorial, para. 25. See also GoS Memorial, para. 29.

310 GoS Rejoinder, para. 32.

311 GoS Rejoinder, para. 32.

312 GoS Oral Pleadings, April 18, 2009, Transcr. 31/14-17.

313 GoS Counter Memorial, para. 106. See also GoS Oral Pleadings, April 18, 2009, Transcr. 31/08 et seq.

314 GoS Counter-Memorial, para. 108.

315 GoS Rejoinder, para. 28 quoting SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 1512.

316 GoS Rejoinder, para. 21 quoting SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 76.

317 GoS Rejoinder, para. 23.

318 GoS Counter Memorial, para. 513 et seq.

319 GoS Rejoinder, para. 16.

320 GoS Rejoinder, para. 24.

321 Sudan Intelligence Reports, No. 128 (March 1905), p. 3 (SM Annex 9).

322 Reports on the Finances, Administration, and Condition of the Sudan, Annual Report (1905) Report for Bahr el-Ghazal Province, p. 3 (SM Annex 24).

323 Reports on the Finances, Administration, and Condition of the Sudan, Annual Report (1905) Wingate Memorandum, p. 24 (SM Annex 24).

324 GoS Rejoinder, paras. 16, 24.

325 GoS Rejoinder, para. 16 quoting Reports on the Finances, Administration, and Condition of the Sudan, Annual Report (1905) Wingate Memorandum, p. 24 (SM Annex 24).

326 GoS Rejoinder, para. 25.

327 GoS Rejoinder, para. 34 quoting SPLM/A Preliminary Presentation on the Boundaries of the Abyei Area (First SPLM/A Presentation) p. 2, SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 14/1, and para. 36 quoting SPLM/A Preliminary Presentation on the Boundaries of the Abyei Area (First SPLM/A Presentation) p. 4, SPLM/ A Exhibit-FE 14/1.

328 GoS Rejoinder, para. 37 quoting SPLM/A Final Presentation on the Boundaries of the Abyei Area, p. 27, SPLM/A Exhibit- FE 14/13.

329 GoS Rejoinder, paras. 38-39.

330 GoS Rejoinder, para. 39.

331 GoS Rejoinder, paras. 40-41 referring to the following cases: Arbitral Award of July 31, 1989, Judgment, ICJ Reports, 1991, p. 70, para. 49, citing Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary in the Gulf of Maine Area, Judgment, ICJ Reports 1984, p. 266, para. 23, and Competence of the General Assembly for the Admission of a State to the United Nations, Advisory Opinion, ICJ Reports 1950, p. 8.

332 GoS Rejoinder, para. 59.

333 SPLM/A Memorial, para. 1105.

334 SPLM/A Memorial, para. 1107. See also SPLM/A Counter- Memorial, paras. 1505-1509 and Professor David Crystal Expert Report, Appendix A to SPLM/A Counter-Memorial.

335 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 1510. See also SPLM/A Memorial, at p. 263, para. 1108.

336 See SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 1511.

337 See SPLM/A Memorial, para. 1110; SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 1512.

338 See SPLM/A Map Atlas vol. 1, Maps 15 (Achaak Chiefdom, 1905), 17 (Alei Chiefdom, 1905) and 19 (Bongo Chiefdom, 1905).

339 See SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, paras. 1513-1514.

340 SPLM/A Rejoinder, para. 835.

341 Id.

342 See SPLM/A Memorial, para. 1112 and SPLM/A Counter- Memorial, at pp. 375-376, para. 1545 both quoting Annual Report of the Sudan, 1905, Province of Kordofan, p. 111, SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 2/13, Annual Report of the Sudan, 1905, Province of Bahr el-Ghazal, p. 3, SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 2/13, and Sudan Intelligence Report, No. 128, March 1905, p. 3, SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 2/8. See also SPLM/A Rejoinder, para. 857; SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 22, 2009, Transcr. 212/ 20-24.

343 SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 22, 2009, Transcr. 229/22-24.

344 SPLM/A Rejoinder, para. 860.

345 SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 22, 2009, Transcr. 212/25 et seq.

346 Sudan Intelligence Report, No. 128, March 1905, p. 3, SPLM/ A Exhibit-FE 2/8.

347 SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 22, 2009, Transcr. 213/05 et seq.

348 SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 22, 2009, Transcr. 219/19-22 quoting the ABC Experts’ Report, Part II, App. 2, at pp. 22- 23, Appendix B to SPLM/A Memorial.

349 SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 22, 2009, Transcr. 216/16 et seq. quoting GoS First Presentation to the ABC, Slide 31, SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 14/2. See also the GoS reference to ‘‘The Decision to Transfer the Ngok and the Twij To Kordofan’’ in GoS first Presentation to the ABC, Slide 32, SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 14/2.

350 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 1549 quoting GoS Memorial, paras. 357, 359. See also SPLM/A Rejoinder, para. 805.

351 See SPLM/A Memorial, para. 1142-1146 and Counter-Memorial, paras. 1560-1564, referring to the ABC Experts’ Report, Part II, App. 4, at pp. 41, 53, 58 and 79, Exhibit 15/1.

352 GoS Memorial, para. 34.

353 GoS Counter-Memorial, para. 115.

354 GoS Rejoinder, paras. 41-42.

355 GoS Rejoinder, para. 46.

356 GoS Rejoinder, para. 46.

357 GoS Rejoinder, para. 48.

358 GoS Rejoinder, paras. 52-53.

359 GoS Rejoinder, para. 53. See also GoS Oral Pleadings, April 18, 2009, Transcr. 40/15 et seq.

360 GoS Rejoinder, para. 55 referring to Abyei Appendix, attached to the ABC Experts’ Report, paragraph 7 (SM Annex 81).

361 GoS Rejoinder, para. 57.

362 GoS Oral Pleadings, April 18, 2009, Transcr. 39/11-16. See also GoS Counter-Memorial, para. 89.

363 GoS Rejoinder, para. 59.

364 SPLM/A Memorial, para. 1124. The SPLM/A refers to Section 8 of the Abyei Protocol.

365 SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 22, 2009, Transcr. 202/22 et seq.

366 SPLM/A Memorial, para. 1125; see also paras. 111-113, paras. 133-136 and paras. 206-216. See also SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 1519.

367 SPLM/A Rejoinder, para. 849.

368 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, paras. 1523, 1530-1531.

369 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, paras. 81, 1538, 1543-1544.

370 SPLM/A Memorial, para. 1129.

371 SPLM/A Memorial, para. 1126.

372 SPLM/A Rejoinder, paras. 851-853. See also SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 1521.

373 SPLM/A Rejoinder, para. 853.

374 See SPLM/A Memorial, at paras. 1140-1141, SPLM/A Memorial, at para. 1140(a) quoting Witness Statement of Lt. Gen. Sumbeiywo, para. 53 (SPLM/A Memorial, Witness Statements, Tab 4); SPLM/A Memorial, at para. 1140(b) quoting Witness Statement of Mr. Millington, para. 9 (SPLM/A Memorial, Witness Statements, Tab 3); See SPLM/A Memorial, at para. 1140(c) and (d) quoting Witness Statement of Minister Deng Alor Kuol, paras. 54 and 56 (SPLM/A Memorial, Witness Statements, Tab 1). See also SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, at paras. 1556-1559.

375 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 1572.

376 Id.

377 SPLM/A Memorial, para. 61. See also SPLM/A Memorial, para. 1147.

378 See GoS Memorial, paras. 39-40. See also GoS Oral Pleadings, April 18, 2009, Transcr. 35/17 et seq.

379 GoS Memorial, para. 44 quoting SPLM/SPLA Position for the Political Committee on Sudan Peace Talks: 15th20th January 2000, available at www.vigilsd.org/adoc01.htm (SM Annex 64).

380 GoS Memorial, paras. 45-49 referring to First Meeting of the Political Committee between Government of Sudan and the Sudanese People’s Liberation Movement/Army, Nairobi, 15th-20th January, 2000, p. 3. See also Second Meeting of the Political Committee between Government of Sudan and the Sudanese People’s Liberation Movement/Army, Nairobi, 26th February, 2000, p. 7.

381 SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 18, 2009, Transcr. 36/01-03.

382 GoS Memorial, para. 52 referring to the Abyei Agreement between Tribes of Messeria and Mareg Dinka, March 22, 1966 (SM Annex 62) which replaced an interim Agreement of March 3, 1965.

383 GoS Memorial, para. 50 referring to Second Meeting of the Political Committee between Government of Sudan and the Sudanese People’s Liberation Movement/Army, Nairobi, 26th February, 2000, p. 8.

384 GoS Memorial, para. 51 referring to Sudan Intelligence Report, No. 128 (March 1905), p. 3 (SM Annex 9).

385 GoS Memorial, para. 359.

386 GoS Memorial, para. 53.

387 GoS Oral Pleadings, April 23, 2009, Transcr. 23/13 et seq. See also Witness Statement, para. 23 (SCM WS 2).

388 GoS Memorial, para. 53.

389 GoS Memorial, para. 54.

390 GoS Oral Pleadings, April 18, 2009, Transcr. 36/24-37/08. See also GoS Oral Pleadings, April 23, 2009, Transcr. 22/15 et seq.

391 See SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, at para. 1565.

392 SPLM/A Memorial, para. 1161; see also paras. 1156-1160.

393 SPLM/A Memorial, para. 1163 quoting Minutes of IGAD Peace Talks, Naivasha, dated 10 October 2003, at p. 2, SPLM/ A Exhibit-FE 10/38.

394 See SPLM/A Memorial, para. 1167 quoting Draft Agreement between the Government of Sudan (GoS) and The Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/Army (SPLM/SPLA) on the Three Areas of Abyei, The Nuba Mountains and Southern Blue Nile (FUNJ Region), dated 21 October 2003, at p. 1, SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 10/40; See also SPLM/A Memorial, para. 1168 quoting Witness Statement of Minister Deng Alor Kuol, para. 41 (SPLM/A Memorial, Witness Statements, Tab 1).

395 See SPLM/A Memorial, para. 1149.

396 SPLM/A Memorial, para. 1164 quoting Minutes of IGAD Peace Talks, Naivasha, dated 10 October 2003, at p. 2, SPLM/ A Exhibit-FE 10/38.

397 SPLM/A Memorial, para. 1172 referring to GOS Elaborated Position on Abyei, dated 24 January 2004, at p. 1, SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 11/10. See also SPLM/A Memorial, para. 1175 referring to GoS, Draft Framework for Resolution of Outstanding Issues, pp. 3 et seq., SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 12/3.

398 GoS Memorial, para. 359; SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 1547; SPLM/A Rejoinder, para. 804. See also SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 22, 2009, Transcr. 208/11 et seq.

399 SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 22, 2009, Transcr. 208/11 et seq.

400 SPLM/A Memorial, para. 1176 quoting Principles of Agreement on Abyei (undated) presented on March 19, 2004, at p. 1, SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 12/4.

401 See SPLM/A Memorial, paras. 1180-1183. See in particular para. 1182 referring to Draft Protocol between the Government of the Sudan and the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/ Army on the Resolution of the Abyei Conflict, dated May 20, 2004, (Section 1.1.2) SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 12/11; Joint Draft Protocol Between the Government of the Sudan and the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/Army on the resolution of the Abyei Conflict, dated May 20, 2004, (Section 1.1.2) SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 12/12; Joint Draft Protocol Between the Government of the Sudan and the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/ Army on the Resolution of the Abyei Conflict, dated May 21, 2004, (Section 1.1.2) SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 12/13; Joint Draft Protocol between the Government of the Sudan and the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/Army on the Resolution of the Abyei Conflict, dated May 21, 2004, (Section 1.1.2) SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 12/14.

402 SPLM/A Memorial, para. 1184.

403 SPLM/A Memorial, para. 1189.

404 GoS Counter-Memorial, paras. 468, 471, 479, GoS Rejoinder, paras. 341, 387.

405 GoS Counter-Memorial, para. 362, quoting DENG, F., WHITE NILE, BLACK BLOOD (2000), p. 136.

406 GoS Counter-Memorial, para. 363; See Macdonald Report, paras. 3.2-3.28, discussing the exploratory journeys in the first decade of the 20th century, and referring to Saunders, Wilkinson, Percival, Bayldon, Lloyd, Lyons, Comyn, Huntley- Walsh (Appendix to GoS Memorial).

407 GoS Memorial, para. 313 referring to Reports on the Finances, Administration and Condition of the Sudan, Annual Report (1904), p. 8 (SM Annex 23); GoS Oral Pleadings, April 21, 2009 Transcr. 9/20 et seq.

408 GoS Rejoinder, para. 323; GoS Oral Pleadings, April 22, 2009, Transcr. 189/15-20 et seq.

409 GoS Oral Pleadings, April 22, 2009, Transcr. 190/13-19; See also April 21, 2009, Transcr. 10/10-20.

410 Daly Expert Report, p. 43, Appendix to SPLM/A Memorial.

411 GoS Counter-Memorial, para. 250. The GoS refers to visits by Mahon, Wilkinson and Bayldon.

412 See Reports on the Finances, Administration, and Condition of the Sudan, Annual Report (1905) Report for Bahrel-Ghazal Province (GoS Annex 24); Reports on the Finances, Administration, and Condition of the Sudan, Annual Report (1905) Report for Kordofan Province (GoS Annex 24).

413 SPLM/A Memorial, paras. 280-296, SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 1463, quoting the MENAS Report, para. 76 (Appendix to Counter-Memorial).

414 Daly Expert Report, p. 4, Appendix to SPLM/A Memorial.

415 Sudan Intelligence Report 171, October 1908, at Appendix D, at p. 60, SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 3/5 (emphasis added). See also Notes on the Military Situation in the Southern Sudan and British East Africa, War Office 5 (1905) SPLM/A Exhibit- FE 2/10.

416 See Daly Expert Report, p. 5, Appendix to SPLM/A Memorial.

417 SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 22, 2009, Transcr. 99/02-03.

418 Id. at 103/8-9.

419 See SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 22, 2009, Transcr. 101/ 18-102/24.

420 SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 22, 2009, Transcr. 101/12-16, 103/5-7.

421 SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 22, 2009, Transcr. 99/24-100/ 7, 103/10-13. See also Daly Expert Report, pp. 33 34, Appendix to SPLM/A Memorial.

422 SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 22, 2009, Transcr. 102/02-03.

423 SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 22, 2009, Transcr. 102/24. See Daly Expert Report, p. 33 (Appendix to SPLM/A Memorial); See also Second Daly Expert Report, pp. 17, 59, Appendix to SPLM/A Counter-Memorial.

424 Id. at 104/4-10. See also Second Daly Expert Report, p. 18, Appendix to SPLM/A Counter-Memorial.

425 See GoS Memorial, para. 317 and Macdonald Report, paras. 3.7-3.9 (Appendix to GoS Memorial).

426 See GoS Memorial, para. 317; Macdonald Report, para. 3.9 (Appendix to GoS Memorial); GoS Memorial Map Atlas, Map 7 (The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, 1904). See also GoS Oral Pleadings, April 20, 2009, Transcr. 110/20 et seq. (Macdonald presentation).

427 See GoS Counter-Memorial, para. 272 and Macdonald Report, paras. 3.8-4.4 (Appendix to GoS Memorial) and Percival, A., Route Report: Keilak to Wau, December 1904 (SCM Annex 26).

428 GoS Memorial, para. 314 et seq.

429 ABC Experts’ Report, Part I, p. 38.

430 See GoS Memorial, para. 318 referring to Macdonald Report, paras. 3.20-3.28 (Appendix to GoS Memorial).

431 GoS Memorial, para. 313, 321 referring to Gleichen, Handbook of the Sudan (1905), Vol. I, p. 168 (SM Annex 38).

432 See GoS Memorial, para. 318. referring to Comyn, D, The Western Sources of the Nile (1907) 30 The Geographical Journal, p. 524 (GoS Memorial, Annex 50) and Comyn’s map (Map 9 in GoS Memorial Map Atlas); GoS Memorial, para. 319 referring to Walsh’s report in the Sudan Intelligence Reports, No. 1605 (november 1907) Appendix B., p. 5 (SM Annex 15) and Sudan Intelligence Reports, No. 140, (March 1906), Appendix D, p. 14 (SM Annex 12); GoS Memorial, para. 313 and Macdonald Report, paras. 3.18-3.19 (Appendix to GoS Memorial) referring to Lloyd, W., (Percival, C.) Correspondence : The Dar Homr (1907) 30 The Geographical Journal p. 219 (SM Annex 55); GoS Memorial, para. 320 referring to Garstin, W., Fifty Years of Nile Exploration, and Some of its Results, (1909) 33 The Geographical Journal 117, 142 (SM Annex 51).

433 See GoS Memorial, paras. 327-329. They include a 1907 map prepared by the Sudan Survey Office, (Map 10 in GoS Memorial Map Atlas; See also GoS Oral Pleadings, April 20, 2009, Transcr. 134/16-22 (Macdonald presentation), a 1910 map on the province of Kordofan based on papers by Captain Lloyd, then Governor of Kordofan (Map 11 in GoS Memorial Map Atlas), and another 1910 map on the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan prepared by the Sudan Survey Office (Map 12 in GoS Memorial Map Atlas).

434 Macdonald Report, para. 4.3 (Appendix to GoS Memorial); See also GoS Oral Pleadings, April 20, 2009, Transcr. 134/ 06 et seq. (Macdonald presentation).

435 See GoS Memorial, para. 321; Gleichen, Handbook of the Sudan (London, 1905), Vol. I, p. 168 (SM Annex 38); See also GoS Memorial Map Atlas, Map 8 (The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, War Office, 1903 in 1905 Gleichen Handbook).

436 See GoS Memorial, para. 327-329; GoS Oral Pleadings, April 20, 2009, Transcr. 111/19-22, 118/01-10 (Macdonald presentation); GoS Memorial, para. 328; GoS Oral Pleadings, April 20, 2009; Map 10 in GoS Memorial Map Atlas (Northern Bahr el Ghazal Sheet-65, Survey Office (Khartoum), 1907).

437 See GoS Memorial, para. 327-329; See GoS Memorial Map Atlas, Map 17 (Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, War Office, 1914 rev. 1920); See GoS Memorial paras. 302 and 303, referring to Condition of the Sudan, Annual Report (1904) Annual Report for Kordofan Province, p. 101 (SM Annex 23); See GoS Memorial paras. 305 and 328, referring to Slatin Pasha’s accounts in Sudan Intelligence Reports, No. 114, January 1904, Appendix A, p. 5 (SM Annex 6); See GoS Memorial paras. 328 and 368 referring to MacMichael, H.A., The Tribes of Northern and Central Kordofan (1912), p. 21, fn 1 (SM Annex 42) and the Reports on the Finances, Administration, and Condition of the Sudan, Annual Report (1904) Annual Report for Kordofan Province, p. 101 (SM Annex 23); See GoS Memorial Map 5 (The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, drawn by H.W. Mardon, 1901 rev. 1903, in 1905 Gleichen Handbook).

438 GoS Counter-Memorial, para. 388.

439 See SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, paras. 1400 et seq.

440 See SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 1410.

441 See SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 1402 quoting Percival, Keilak to Wau (1904) in E. Gleichen, The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan: A Compendium Prepared by Officers of the Sudan Government Vol. II, 25 (1905), SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 17/13.

442 See SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 1402 quoting Wilkinson, El Obeid to Dar El Jange (1902) in E. Gleichen, The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan: A Compendium Prepared by Officers of the Sudan Government Vol. II, 155 (1905), SPLM/A Exhibit- FE 2/15.

443 See SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 1402 quoting Sudan Intelligence Reports, No. 160, dated November 1907, Appendix B, at p. 5, SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 17/29. See also Map 38 of SPLM/A Map Atlas, vol. 1 (Kordofan: Map of Dar Homr, Watkiss Lloyd, 1907).

444 See SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 1403 quoting I. Cunnison, Baggara Arabs – Power and the Lineage in a Sudanese Nomad Tribe 18 (1966), SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 4/ 16.

445 See SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 1407 quoting Witness Statement Weiu Dau Nouth (Mareng elder), at p. 3, ¶14.

446 See SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 1408 quoting the MENAS Expert Report, para. 122, Appendix to SPLM/A Counter-Memorial; SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 1409 quoting the MENAS Expert Report, para. 125, Appendix to SPLM/A Counter-Memorial; see also SPLM/A Rejoinder, para. 758. See also SPLM/A Rejoinder, paras. 757, 759, 773- 775.

447 SPLM/A Rejoinder, para. 777.

448 See SPLM/A Memorial, para. 919; Wilkinson, El Obeid to Dar El Jange (1902) in E. Gleichen, The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan: A Compendium Prepared by Officers of the Sudan Government Vol. II, 155 (1905), SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 2/15. See also Map 29 of SPLM/A Map Atlas, vol. 1 (Wilkinson’s Route, 1902) and SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 955.

449 See SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 945 quoting Sudan Intelligence Report, No. 92, dated 31 March 1902, Appendix F, at p. 19, SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 1/16. See also Id., para. 980 and Sudan Intelligence Report, No. 104, dated March 1903, Appendix E, at p. 19, SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 1/21.

450 See SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 988 quoting Percival, Keilak to Wau (1904) in E. Gleichen, The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan: A Compendium Prepared by Officers of the Sudan Government Vol. II, 25, 26 (1905), SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 17/ 13. See also SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 1018 and Sudan Intelligence Report, No. 130, dated May 1905, Appendix A, at p. 4-6, SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 17/16.

451 See SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 1012 quoting Letter from W.A. Boulnois, Governor Bahr el-Ghazal province, to Governor-General Wingate, dated December 23, 1904, SPLM/ A Exhibit-FE 17/10. See also SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 1415.

452 See SPLM/A Rejoinder, para. 755 quoting Annual Report on the Sudan, 1906, Province of Kordofan, at p. 689, SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 2/19.

453 See SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 1037 quoting Lloyd, Some Notes on Dar Homr, THE GEOGRAPHICAL JOURNAL, 29 (January to June 1907), at p. 649, SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 3/4.

454 See SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 1416 and Map 36 of SPLM/A Map Atlas, vol. 1 (TheAnglo-Egyptian Sudan, Intelligence Office Khartoum, 1904).

455 SPLM/A Rejoinder, para. 763, referring to Annual Report on the Sudan, 1906, Province of Kordofan, at p. 689, SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 2/19.

456 See SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 1419.

457 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 1419, 1425; SPLM/A Rejoinder, para. 761, 762 (referring to Lloyd, Some Notes on Dar Homr, The Geographical Journal, 29 (January to June 1907), at p. 649, SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 3/4) and 763 (referring to Annual Report on the Sudan, 1906, Province of Kordofan, at p. 689, SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 2/19). See Macdonald Report, para. 3.13 (Appendix to GoS Memorial).

458 SPLM/A Rejoinder, para. 766; Sudan Intelligence Reports, No. 128 (March 1905), Appendix C, p. 10-11 (SM Annex 9).

459 Reports on Finances, Administration, and Condition of the Sudan in 1905; Memorandum of Major General Sir R. Wingate; Province of Bahr el-Ghazal, Province of Kordofan, p. 10, SPLM/A Memorial, SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 2/13.

460 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 1435 quoting GoS Memorial, at para. 329 (itself quoting the Macdonald Report, at para. 4.3). See also Second Daly Expert Report, pp. 19-22, Appendix to SPLM/A Counter-Memorial.

461 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 1466 quoting GoS Memorial, at para. 324(b).

462 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 1474 quoting ABC Experts’ Report, Part I, at p. 39, Appendix B to SPLM/A Memorial. See also Second Daly Expert Report, p. 22, Appendix to SPLM/A Counter-Memorial.

463 See SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 1477.

464 See SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, paras. 1481-1482.

465 See SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 1484.

466 See GoS Memorial, para. 292, referring to ‘‘Mr. Frank Lupton’s (Lupton Bey) Geographical Observations in the Bahrel- Ghazal Region: With Introductory Remarks by Malcolm Lupton. Read at the Royal Geographical Society 10 March 1884,’’ (1884) 6 Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society 245, p. 245 (SM Annex 57). See also Lupton’s 1884 Map which shows the Bahr el Arab (called ‘‘Bakara el Homr’’) (GoS Memorial, Figure 7, p. 105; GoS Memorial Map Atlas, Map 2, The Province of Bahr el Ghazal, The Royal Geographic Society, 1884). The GoS also refers to the writings of Naum Shoucair, an historian who served as Chef-de-bureau of the Sudan Agent General in Cairo: see GoS Counter-Memorial, paras. 21-22, 440-442, 446 Shoucair, N., History and Geography of the Sudan, (1903), p. 71 (SCM Annex 1).

467 See GoS Memorial, para. 293; Report of the Egyptian Province of the Sudan, Red Sea, and Equator (1884), p. 91 (SM Annex 28).

468 See GoS Memorial, paras. 296-297 referring to Gleichen, Handbook of the Sudan (HMSO, London, 1898), p. 3536 (SM Annex 37).

469 See GoS Memorial, para. 304; GoS Memorial Map Atlas, Map 5 (The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, drawn by H.W. Mardon, 1901 rev. 1903, in 1905 Gleichen Handbook); Figure 9 on p. 111 of GoS Memorial. The GoS also refers to the 1898 Carte du Bahr el Ghazal by Marchand; see GoS Memorial, para. 295 and GoS Memorial Map Atlas, Map 4 (Carte du Bahr el Ghazal, Bulletin du Comité de l’Afrique franc¸aise, 1898).

470 GoS Memorial, paras. 299-302; Reports on the Finances, Administration, and Condition of the Sudan, Annual Report Bahr el-Ghazal Province (1902), p. 230 (SM Annex 21); Finances, Administration, and Condition of the Sudan, Annual Report Bahr el-Ghazal Province (1902), p. 315 (SM Annex 21); Reports on the Finances, Administration, and Condition of the Sudan, Annual Report Bahr el-Ghazal Province (1903), p. 71 (SM Annex 22); Reports on the Finances, Administration, and Condition of the Sudan, Annual Report Bahr el-Ghazal Province (1904), p. 3 (SM Annex 23).

471 GoS Memorial, para. 302 quoting Reports on the Finances, Administration, and Condition of the Sudan, Annual Report Kordofan Province (1904), p. 101 (SM Annex 23) (Emphasis added by the GoS).

472 See GoS Memorial, para. 299, GoS Counter-Memorial, para. 436; Reports on the Finances, Administration, and Condition of the Sudan, Annual Report Bahr el-Ghazal Province (1902), 230 (emphasis added) (SM Annex 21).

473 See GoS Memorial, para. 307, referring to Gleichen, Handbook of the Sudan (1905), Vol. II, pp. 153 (SM Annex 38).

474 See GoS Memorial, para. 321 referring to one map (Map 8 of the GoS Memorial Map Atlas, The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, Intelligence Division, War Office, 1905).

475 GoS Counter-Memorial, para. 452.

476 GoS Counter-Memorial, paras. 450-451. See also GoS Oral Pleadings, April 21, 2009, Transcr. 30/05 et seq.

477 GoS Oral Pleadings, April 22, 2009, Transcr. 128/22 et seq. (Cross-examination of Professor Schofield)

478 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 1448. See also MENAS Expert Report, at paras. 50-51, Appendix to SPLM/A Counter- Memorial.

479 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 1442.

480 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 1440 quoting GoS Memorial, at para. 368. See also Second Daly Expert Report, pp. 33-37, Appendix to SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, for the proposition that Darfur’s and Kordofan’s pre1905 southern boundaries were similar, as the GoS alleges, but only in so far as they did not exist (Appendix to SPLM/A Counter-Memorial).

481 Second Daly Expert Report, p. 12, Appendix to SPLM/A Counter-Memorial. See also Id. pp. 9-12, pp. 13-24, pp. 54- 57, p. 59 (Appendix to SPLM/A Counter-Memorial).

482 SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 22, 2009, Transcr. 121/07 et seq.

483 Id. at 122/12-22.

484 SPLM/A Memorial, para. 322.; See also SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 22, 2009, Transcr. 122/07-11.

485 SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 22, 2009, Transcr. 122/19- 123/7.

486 See Map 36 of SPLM/A Map Atlas vol. 1 (The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, Intelligence Office Khartoum, 1904, in 1905 Gleichen Handbook).

487 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 1452. See also Appendix B to SPLM/A Counter-Memorial.

488 GoS Memorial Map Atlas, Map 5 (The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, drawn by H. W. Mardon, 1901 rev. 1903, in 1905 Gleichen Handbook).

489 See SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 20, 2009, Transcr. 166/ 14 et seq. See also SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 1454; Second Daly Expert Report, pp. 14-15, Appendix to SPLM/ A Counter-Memorial.

490 See SPLM/A Memorial, para. 308 and SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 1455 quoting H. Mardon, A Geography of Egypt and the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan 174 (1906), SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 2/20.

491 GoS Memorial, paras. 361-362 referring to Sudan Intelligence Report, No. 128, dated March 1905, Appendix C, at p. 3 (SM Annex 9), Reports on the Finance, Administration and Condition of the Sudan, Annual Reports, Bahr el-Ghazal Province (1905), p. 3 (SM, Annex 24) and Reports on the Finance, Administration and Condition of the Sudan, Annual Reports, Kordofan Province (1905), p. 113 (SM, Annex 24).

492 See GoS Counter-Memorial, paras. 461-463.

493 See GoS Counter-Memorial, para. 466; Reports on the Finances, Administration, and Condition of the Sudan, Memorandum by Major General Sir R. Wingate (1905), p. 24 (SM Annex 24).

494 See supra para. 237 et seq.

495 See GoS Oral Pleadings, April 20, 2009, Transcr. 206/17 et seq. and April 21, 2009, Transcr. 1/18 et seq.

496 GoS Counter-Memorial, para. 468; Rejoinder, para. 342.

497 See GoS Counter-Memorial, para. 416.

498 See GoS Counter-Memorial, para. 467 quoting Reports on the Finances, Administration, and Condition of the Sudan, Memorandum by Major General Sir R. Wingate (1905), p. 24 (SM Annex 24).

499 GoS Counter-Memorial, para. 464; See Reports on the Finances, Administration, and Condition of the Sudan, Annual Report, Bahr el Ghazal Province, (1905), p. 3 (SM Annex 24); Reports on the Finances, Administration, and Condition of the Sudan, Annual Report, Kordofan Province (1905), p. 113 (SM Annex 24).

500 GoS Oral Pleadings, April 20, 2009, Transcr. 175/03-20, 188/19-190/22.

501 See supra para. 282. See also SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 22, 2009, Transcr. 126/04 et seq.

502 See supra para. 244.

503 SPLM/A Rejoinder, para. 861.

504 SPLM/A Rejoinder, para. 861.

505 See supra para. 243. See also SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 22, 2009, Transcr. 247/12 et seq

506 See supra para 245.

507 SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 22, 2009, Transcr. 221/15 et seq.; See also SPLM/A Rejoinder, paras. 807-811.

508 See SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 22, 2009, Transcr. 222/17 et seq. See also supra para. 243.

509 ABC Experts’ Report, Part I, at p. 39, Appendix B to SPLM/A Memorial.

510 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 1486 quoting ABC Experts’ Report, Part I, at p. 39, Appendix B to SPLM/A Memorial.

511 See GoS Memorial, para. 372; Sudan Intelligence Reports, No. 171, October 1908, Appendix D, pp. 32-35 (SM Annex 18).

512 See GoS Memorial, para. 372 referring to Map 11 in GoS Memorial Map Atlas (The Sudan Province of Kordofan, The Sudan Survey Department, Khartoum, 1910).

513 See GoS Memorial, para. 373; Figure 13, p. 143, GoS Memorial; Map 11 in GoS Memorial, Map Atlas The Sudan Province of Kordofan, The Sudan Survey Department, Khartoum, 1910).

514 See GoS Counter-Memorial, paras. 283-288.

515 GoS Oral Pleadings, April 21, 2009 Transcr. 33/11 et seq.

516 GoS Memorial, paras. 376-379 referring to The Anglo-Egyptian Handbook Series – The Bahr el-Ghazal Province (1911), p. 5 (SM Annex 26) and The Anglo-Egyptian Handbook Series – Kordofan and the Region to the West of the Nile (1912), p. 7 (SM Annex 27).

517 GoS Memorial, para. 377; The Anglo-Egyptian Handbook Series – The Bahr el-Ghazal Province (1911), p. 5 (SM Annex 26).

518 GoS Memorial, para. 378.

519 See GoS Memorial, para. 379 and GoS Memorial Map 13 (Ghabat el Arab Sheet 65-L, Survey Office Khartoum, 1914).

520 See GoS Memorial, para. 380 and Figure 14, p. 146. See also GoS Memorial Map Atlas, Map 13 (Ghabat el Arab Sheet 65- L, Survey Office (Khartoum) 1914); Map 14 (Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, Geographical Section (Intelligence Division) War Office, 1914); Map 15 (Achwang Sheet 65-K, Survey Office (Khartoum) 1916); Map 16 (Darfur, Geographical Section (Intelligence Division), War Office, 1916); Map 17 (Anglo- Egyptian Sudan, Geographical Section (Intelligence Division), War Office, 1920); Map 18 (Abyor Sheet 65-K, Survey Office (Karthoum) 1922); Map 19 (Ghabat el Arab Sheet 65-L, Survey Office (Khartoum) 1922); Map 20 (Twic Dinka Sheet 65- K, Survey Office (Khartoum) 1925); Map 21 (Ghabat el Arab Sheet 65-L, Survey Office (Khartoum) 1925); Map 22 (Ghabat el Arab Sheet 65-L, Survey Office (Khartoum) 1929); Map 23 (Abyei Sheet 65-K, Survey Office (Khartoum) 1931); Map 24 (Ghabat el Arab Sheet 65-L, Survey Office (Khartoum) 1935); Map 25 (Abyei Sheet 65-K, Survey Office (Khartoum) 1936); Map 26 (Ghabat el Arab Sheet 65-L, Survey Office (Khartoum) 1936).

521 GoS Memorial, para. 381; See also Figure 14 on p. 146 of GoS Memorial; GoS Counter-Memorial para. 499.

522 See SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 1459-1460 See also Appendix B to SPLM/A Counter-Memorial. The SPLM/A thus observes that both the Survey Department’s 1907 map of ‘‘The White Nile and Kordofan’’ ( Map 42 of SPLM/A Map Atlas vol. 1) and the Survey Office’s 1907 map of northern Bahr el-Ghazal (Map 40 of SPLM/A Map Atlas vol. 1) omit the depiction of the boundary between the two provinces.

523 Map 40 of SPLM/A Map Atlas vol. 1 (Northern Bahr el- Ghazal: Sheet 65, Survey Office Khartoum, 1907).

524 See SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 1460 and Appendix B, para. 50. See also Map 42 of SPLM/A Map Atlas vol. 1 (White Nile and Kordofan, Survey Department Cairo, 1907).

525 See SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, Appendix B, p. 399. See also Second Daly Expert Report, pp. 37-43, Appendix to SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, for a critical review of the material relied upon by the GoS in depicting the allegedly transferred area.

526 Map 48 of SPLM/A Map Atlas vol. 1 (Kordofan Province, Survey Office Khartoum, 1913). The SPLM/A notes that it labels the Regaba ez Zarga as the ‘‘Bahr el Homr,’’ the Regaba Umm Bieiro is marked as the Bahr el Arab later in its course, and the Bahr el Arab is named the ‘‘Lol’’ for part of its course. See SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, Appendix B, p.400.

527 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 1462, Appendix B to SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, pp. 401-402; SPLM/A Rejoinder, para. 791.

528 GoS Oral Pleadings, April 21, 2009, Transcr. 63/09 et seq.

529 GoS Oral Pleadings, April 21, 2009, Transcr. 95/10 et seq.

530 SPLM/A Rejoinder, para. 345.

531 GoS Counter-Memorial, para. 218.

532 GoS Counter-Memorial, paras. 217-220; Beswick, S., Sudan’s Blood Memory (2006) pp. 51-52, 154-156 (SPLM/A Memorial, SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 12/18).

533 GoS Counter-Memorial, para. 221.

534 See Henderson, K.D.D., A Note on the Migration of the Messiria Tribe into South West Kordofan (1939) 22(1) Sudan Notes and Records 49, p. 58 (SM Annex 52); quoted in SPLM/A Memorial, para. 885; Deng, F., War of Visions: Conflicts of Identities in the Sudan (1995), p. 254, SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 8/13.

535 SPLM/A Rejoinder, at para. 375. SPLM/A refers to S. Beswick, Sudan’s Blood Memory: The Legacy of War, Ethnicity, and Slavery in Early South Sudan, p. 52 (2004), SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 12/18.

536 SPLM/A Rejoinder, at para. 376 quoting S. Beswick, Sudan’s Blood Memory: The Legacy of War, Ethnicity, and Slavery in Early South Sudan p. 156 (2004), SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 12/18.

537 SPLM/A Rejoinder, at para. 376.

538 SPLM/A Rejoinder, at para. 393 quoting F. Deng, War of Visions: Conflict of Identities in the Sudan 254 (1995), SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 8/13.

539 SPLM/A Rejoinder, at para. 394 quoting F. Deng, War of Visions: Conflict of Identities in the Sudan 254 (1995), SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 8/13. See also SPLM/A Memorial, Witness Statement of Belbel Chol Akuei Deng, Tab 15 atp. 2.

540 The Mahdiyya is the time of the Mahdist rule of the Sudan (1885-1898) (See GoS Memorial, p. vii).

541 SPLM/A Memorial, para. 898.

542 Daly Expert Report, pp. 48-49, Appendix to SPLM/A Memorial.

543 GoS Counter-Memorial, paras. 241-242, 246-274; Collins, R., The Southern Sudan, 1883-1898: A Struggle for Control (1962), p. 42, (SPLM/A Memorial, SPLM/A Exhibit- FE 4/12) and Peel, S., The Binding of the Nile and the New Soudan (1904), p. 194 (SM Annex 44). See also a map prepared by Collins showing the location of the tribal districts on page 93 of the GoS Counter-Memorial, Figure 2.

544 GoS Memorial, para. 246, referring to Collins, R., The Southern Sudan, 1883-1898: A Struggle for Control (1962), p. 42, (SPLM/A Memorial, SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 4/12).

545 See SPLM/A Memorial, at paras. 897-903. See also SPLM/A Memorial, at paras. 128-132.

546 SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 21, 2009, Transcr. 180/06-07

547 See SPLM/A Rejoinder, at para. 411 quoting Henderson, ‘‘A Note on The Migration of the Messiria Tribe into South West Kordofan,’’ 22 (1) SNR 69, 71 (1939), SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 3/15. See also SPLM/A Memorial, at para. 231.

548 SPLM/A Rejoinder, at para. 404 quoting F. Deng, The Man Called Deng Majok: A Biography of Power, Polygyny and Change, p. 47, n. 20 (1986), SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 7/4; See also SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 21, 2009, Transcr. 180/18-181/03. See also Daly Expert Report, p. 26, Appendix to SPLM/A Memorial.

549 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, at para. 915; See also SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 21, 2009, Transcr. 180/10-17.

550 See SPLM/A Rejoinder, at para. 413 quoting GoS Counter- Memorial, at para. 242 (citing S. Peel, The Binding of the Nile and the New Sudan, p. 194 (2004)); SPLM/A Rejoinder, at para. 417-418 quoting R. Collins, Land Beyond the Rivers: The Southern Sudan 1898-1918, p.189, 190 (1971), SCM Annex 24.

551 See SPLM/A Rejoinder, para. 415.

552 GoS Counter-Memorial, para. 250.

553 GoS Oral Pleadings, April 21, 2009, Transcr. 89/11-17; See also GoS Oral Pleadings, April 22, 2009, Transcr. 169/14- 23; See also GoS Rejoinder, paras. 271-281.

554 GoS Oral Pleadings, April 21, 2009, Transcr. 118/24-119/01.

555 See SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 920.

556 SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 21, 2009, Transcr. 181/19-24.

557 SPLM/A Memorial, paras. 908-912.

558 See SPLM/A Memorial, at paras. 908-912; SPLM/A Counter- Memorial, at para. 919; SPLM/A Rejoinder, at para. 432(c).

559 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, at para. 921. See also SPLM/A Rejoinder, at para. 432(a); SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 21, 2009, Transcr. 182/10-18.

560 See SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, at para. 922; See also SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 21, 2009, Transcr. 185/15186/13.

561 See SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 923-924. The SPLM/A refers to Map 28 which depicts the excursions of British authorities at the beginning of the 20^th century, Map 29 describing Wilkinson’s route in 1902 and Map 71 detailing the excursions of Saunders (1900) and Percival (1904) and Figure 5 attached to the Macdonald Report. (Appendix to GoS Memorial); See also SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, at para. 956 (concerning Wilkinson’s route); See also SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 21, 2009, Transcr. 185/07-14.

562 See SPLM/A Rejoinder, para. 432(b).

563 See SPLM/A Rejoinder, para. 432(f).

564 See SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 926; SPLM/A Rejoinder, para. 432(a); SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 21, 2009, Transcr. 184/21-185/06.

565 See SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 931. See also SPLM/A Rejoinder, at para. 432(e).

566 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 924.

567 SPLM/A Rejoinder, paras. 434-437; See also SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 21, 2009, Transcr. 189/15-191/18.

568 GoS Counter-Memorial, para. 281.

569 GoS Memorial at paras 312-321; GoS Counter-Memorial, paras. 252-277; GoS Rejoinder, paras. 412-418

570 GoS Memorial, para. 315; GoS Counter-Memorial, paras. 253- 262; Wilkinson’s report in Gleichen, Handbook of the Sudan (1905), Vol. II, pp. 154-156 (SM Annex 38). GoS Memorial, para. 348; GoS Counter-Memorial, paras. 263-268; GoS Rejoinder, para. 414; Mahon’s 1903 report in Sudan Intelligence Reports, No. 104 (March 1903), p. 19 (SM Annex 5); GoS Oral Pleadings, April 22, 2009, Transcr. 185/10-17; See also GoS Oral Pleadings, April 22, 2009, Transcr. 117/11-20 (Prof. Daly’s cross-examination). GoS Counter-Memorial paras. 271-277; GoS Rejoinder paras. 415-418, referring to Percival’s report in Sudan Intelligence Reports, No. 126 (January 1905), pp. 3, 4 (SCM Annex 25) and Percival, A., Route Report: Keilak to Wau, December 1904, p. 2 (SCM Annex 26).

571 GoS Counter-Memorial at para. 273; GoS Rejoinder para. 415, referring to Percival, A., Route Report: Keilak to Wau, December 1904, p. 2. (SCM Annex 26); See also GoS Oral Pleadings, April 21, 2009, Transcr. 91/02-12

572 GoS Memorial, para. 355.

573 GoS Counter-Memorial at para. 275, referring to Percival, A., Route Report: Keilak to Wau, December 1904, p. 2 (SCM Annex 26); See also GoS Counter-Memorial para. 257, referring to Gleichen, Handbook of the Sudan, Vol. I (1905), p. 155 (SM Annex 38)

574 GoS Memorial, para. 316, GoS Counter-Memorial para. 257; Gleichen, Handbook of the Sudan, Vol. I (1905), p. 155 (SM Annex 38); GoS Oral Pleadings, April 21, 2009, Transcr. 88/14-90/05 and April 22, 2009, Transcr. 184/16-25; GoS Counter-Memorial para. 281, referring to Index Gazetteer of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (Sudan Survey Department, Khartoum. 1931) p. 102 (SCM, Annex 28) and Percival’s Sketch Map, Figure 5, p. 105 and Map 14(b) in GoS Counter-Memorial Map Atlas (Percival Sketch Map, River Kir to Wau, 1904).

575 GoS Counter-Memorial, para. 276-277 referring to Percival, A., Route Report: Keilak to Wau, December 1904, p. 3 (SCM Annex 26) and Percival, A., Route Report: Pongo River to Taufikia, March/April 1905, p. 2, SCM Annex 27); Percival’s Sketch Map (1904), Figure 5 in GoS Counter-Memorial on p. 105 and Map 14a in GoS Counter-Memorial Map Atlas. See also GoS Memorial, para. 352 referring to Comyn D., The Western Sources of the Nile (1907) 30 The Geographical Journal 1524 at. 529 (SM, Annex 50) and GoS Counter- Memorial, para. 290, referring to Comyn’s Sketch Map of 1906 (Figure 6 on p. 110 of GoS Counter-Memorial); GoS Memorial, para. 353 and GoS Rejoinder, para. 425, referring to Lloyd, W., Some Notes on Dar Homr (1907) 29 The Geographical Journal pp. 649-654 (SM Annex 54).

576 GoS Memorial, para. 316; referring to Percival in Gleichen, Handbook of the Sudan (1905), Vol. II, pp. 154-156 (SM Annex 38).

577 GoS Counter-Memorial, para. 265-267, quoting Mahon in Sudan Intelligence Reports, No. 104 (March 1903), p. 19 (SM Annex 5); Macdonald Report, para. 25 (Appendix to GoS Memorial); Third Macdonald Report, para. 70 (GoS Rejoinder, Appendix I).

578 GoS Counter-Memorial, para. 276; referring to Percival, A., Route Report: Keilak to Wau, December 1904, p. 3 (SCM Annex 26); See also Percival’s Sketch Map (1904), Figure 5 in GoS Counter-Memorial on p. 105 and Map 14a in GoS Counter-Memorial Map Atlas.

579 GoS Counter-Memorial at para. 275, referring to Percival, A., Route Report: Keilak to Wau, December 1904, p. 34 (SCM Annex 26).

580 GoS Counter-Memorial, para. 276; cf. SPLM/A Memorial, para. 997.

581 GoS Counter-Memorial at para. 275, referring to Percival, A., Route Report: Keilak to Wau, December 1904, p. 3 (SCM Annex 26); GoS Oral Pleadings, April 21, 2009, Transcr. 90/17-91/02.

582 GoS Memorial, paras. 349-350 and GoS Counter-Memorial at para. 421, referring to Percival’s report in Sudan Intelligence Reports, No. 130 (May 1905), Appendix A, p. 4 (SM Annex 10).

583 SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 21, 2009, Transcr. 191/23- 192/07.

584 SPLM/A Rejoinder, at para. 426. See also SPLM/A Rejoinder, at para. 428.

585 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, at para. 932.

586 See SPLM/A Counter-Memorial 1029; SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 22, 2009, Transcr. 25/03-11; SPLM/A Counter- Memorial, para. 1201, see Map 72 of SPLM/A Map Atlas vol. 2 (Map of Darfur, Browne, 1799); SPLM/A Counter- Memorial, paras. 1202-1203, see Maps 73 and 73a of SPLM/A Map Atlas vol. 2 (Sources du Nil, Speke and Grant, 1863; Sources du Nil, Speke and Grant, 1863 – Overlay); SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, paras. 1204-1205, see Maps 77 and 77a of SPLM/A Map Atlas vol. 2 (Eastern Equatorial Africa, Ravenstein, 1883; Eastern Equatorial Africa, Ravenstein, 1883 -Overlay); SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, paras. 1206- 1207 and SPLM/A Memorial, paras. 979-980, referring to Map 30, Map 30a and Map 31 (The Egyptian Sudan, War Office, 1883; The Egyptian Sudan, War Office, 1883 – Detail; The Egyptian Sudan, War Office, 1883 – Overlay); SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 1208, citing GoS Memorial, para. 292; GoS Memorial Map 2 (The Province of Bahr el Ghazal, The Royal Geographic Society, 1884); SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 1209, referring to Map 78a of SPLM/A Map Atlas vol. 2 (Carte du Bahr el Ghazal, Marchand, 1898 – Overlay); SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 1210, see Maps 79 and 79a of SPLM/A Map Atlas vol. 2 (Mission Marchand de 1896 à 1899; Mission Marchand de 1896 à 1899 -Overlay).

587 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, at para. 999 quoting Percival, Keilak to Wau (1904) in E. Gleichen, The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan: A Compendium Prepared by Officers of the Sudan Government Vol. II, 25 (1905), SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 17/13.); The SPLM/A further observes that Percival’s own Sketch Map, only partially produced by the GoS, identifies ‘‘many more Ngok settlements above the Kiir/Bahr el-Arab than below.’’ See SPLM/A Rejoinder, para. 459; Percival Sketch Map (GoS Counter-Memorial Map Atlas, Map 14b); SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 22, 2009, Transcr. 04/19-23, 17/08- 19/12.

588 SPLM/A Memorial, paras. 917-928; SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, paras. 953-972, (paras. 964-965 in particular); SPLM/A Rejoinder, paras. 442-446; Wilkinson, El Obeid to Dar El Jange (1902) in E. Gleichen, The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan: A Compendium Prepared by Officers of the Sudan Government Vol. II, 151-157 (1905) (SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 2/15). The SPLM/A notes that, bearing in mind the Ngok’s seasonal grazing movements, the Ngok presence would have been even more obvious in the rainy season: see SPLM/A Counter- Memorial, para. 959.

589 SPLM/A Memorial, para. 926.

590 The SPLM/A refers to Mahon’s 1902 and 1903 trek reports. See SPLM/A Memorial, at para. 913 and SPLM/A Counter- Memorial, at para. 945, referring to Sudan Intelligence Report, No. 92, dated March 31, 1902, Appendix F, at p. 19 (SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 1/16). Mahon puts Sultan Rob’s country on the Bahr el Homr, approximately two days from Lake Ambady. The SPLM/A maintains that this is certainly a reference to the Ragaba ez Zarga. See SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, at para. 945; SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 21, 2009, Transcr. 195/13-22.

591 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, at paras. 989-992, referring to Percival, Keilak to Wau (1904) in E. Gleichen, The Anglo- Egyptian Sudan: A Compendium Prepared by Officers of the Sudan Government Vol. II, 25 (1905), SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 17/13; SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 22, 2009, Transcr. 06/16-07/24.

592 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, at paras. 1004-1005, referring to Percival, Keilak to Wau (1904) in E. Gleichen, The Anglo- Egyptian Sudan: A Compendium Prepared by Officers of the Sudan Government Vol. II, 25 (1905), SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 17/13; SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 22, 2009, Transcr. 14/21-17/07. The SPLM/A refers to Huntley Walsh’s complaints that Sultan Rob had deliberately and repeatedly sought to mislead expeditions sent to explore the region: See SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, at paras. 1006-1007; Sudan Intelligence Report, No. 140, dated March 1906, at p. 14, SPLM/A Exhibit- FE 17/22; SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 22, 2009, Transcr. 15/1216/08.

593 SPLM/A Rejoinder, para. 467 ; See also SPLM/A Counter- Memorial, at paras. 1014-1018, referring to quoting Sudan Intelligence Report, No. 130, dated May 1905, Appendix A, at p. 4, SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 17/16 and to GoS Memorial, at para. 349.

594 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, paras. 968-969, referring to Wilkinson, El Obeid to Dar El Jange (1902) in E. Gleichen, The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan: A Compendium Prepared by Officers of the Sudan Government Vol. II, 151-157 (1905) (SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 2/15); See also Map 29 of SPLM/A Map Atlas vol. 1 (Wilkinson’s Route 1902) and GoS Counter-Memorial Map 13b (Wilkinson’s Sketch Map 1902); See also SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 21, 2009, Transcr. 200/08-203/08. The SPLM/A further notes that Wilkinson’s dry season descriptions are also consistent with the Ngok’s seasonal migrations and the centralized character of their political structure: See SPLM/A Memorial, at paras. 206-212, 917-918 and SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, at para. 953. See SPLM/A Rejoinder, at paras. 442-3 and SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, at para. 959 quoting Wilkinson, El Obeid to Dar El Jange (1902) in E. Gleichen, The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan: A Compendium Prepared by Officers of the Sudan Government Vol. II, 155 (1905) (SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 2/15); SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 21, 2009, Transcr. 197/07-198/19.

595 See SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, paras. 993, 994 (quoting Percival, Keilak to Wau (1904) in E. Gleichen, The Anglo- Egyptian Sudan: A Compendium Prepared by Officers of the Sudan Government Vol. II, 25 (1905), SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 17/13), para. 995; SPLM/A Rejoinder, para. 461; SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 22, 2009, Transcr. 04/19-23, 08/24-12/09. See also SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 1027 referring to Bayldon’s report in Sudan Intelligence Report, No. 128, dated March 1905, Appendix C, at p. 11, SPLM/A Exhibit- FE 2/8. See also SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 949 and Mahon’s report in Sudan Intelligence Report (No. 92), dated March 31, 1902, Appendix F, SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 1/16.

596 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 960 quoting Wilkinson, El Obeid to Dar El Jange (1902) in E. Gleichen, The Anglo- Egyptian Sudan: A Compendium Prepared by Officers of the Sudan Government Vol. II, 156 (1905) (SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 2/15); See also SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, at para. 963 and SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 21, 2009, Transcr. 198/20- 199/23. SPLM/A refers to the following maps at footnote 1126 of its Counter-Memorial to indicate that the location is sometimes identified on maps as ‘‘Sultan Rob’s Old Village’’: Map 36 of SPLM/A Map Atlas vol. 1 (The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, Intelligence Office Khartoum, 1904 (in 1905 Gleichen Handbook)); Map 36a (The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, Intelligence Office Khartoum, 1904 (in 1905 Gleichen Handbook) – Detail), Map 37 (The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, Intelligence Office Khartoum, 1904 (in 1905 Gleichen Handbook) – Overlay); Map 40 (Northern Bahr El Ghazal: Sheet 65, Survey Office Khartoum, 1907); Map 46 (Hasoba: Sheet 65-L, Survey Office Khartoum, 1910); Map 46a (Hasoba: Sheet 65-L, Survey Office Khartoum, 1910 – Detail); Map 48 (Kordofan Province, Survey Office Khartoum, 1913).

597 See SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, at paras. 977-979; MENAS Expert Report, paras. 27-29, Appendix to SPLM/A Counter- Memorial; SPLM/A Rejoinder, para. 449; Map 40 of SPLM/A Map Atlas, Vol. 1 (Northern Bahr el Ghazal: Sheet 65, Survey Office, Khartoum, 1907); SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 22, 2009, Transcr. 02/1103/18.

598 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, paras. 999, 1008, quoting Percival, Keilak to Wau (1904) in E. Gleichen, The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan: A Compendium Prepared by Officers of the Sudan Government Vol. II, 25-26 (1905), SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 17/13); SPLM/A Rejoinder, at paras. 453-455.

599 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, at para. 1026. See also Sudan Intelligence Report, No. 128, dated March 1905, Appendix C, at p. 11, SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 2/8.

600 See Map 13 of SPLM/A Map Atlas vol. 1 (Ngok Dinka Chiefdoms, 1905).

601 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 1003; See also SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, paras. 1002-1004, referring to Percival, Keilak to Wau (1904) in E. Gleichen, The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan: A Compendium Prepared by Officers of the Sudan Government Vol. II, 25 (1905), SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 17/13).

602 GoS Rejoinder, paras. 487-488.

603 GoS Rejoinder, para. 487.

604 GoS Rejoinder, para. 490 referring to Witness Statement of Kuol Deng Kuol Arop, para. 30 (SPLM/A Memorial, Witness Statements, Tab 5).

605 See GoS Counter-Memorial, paras. 299-306; GoS Oral Pleadings, April 21, 2009, Transcr. 93/17 et seq. See also Map 18a of GoS Counter-Memorial Map Atlas and Figure 9 of GoS Counter-Memorial, p. 116 (Whittingham 1910 Route Map).

606 See GoS Rejoinder, para. 493; GoS Memorial Map 17 (Anglo- Egyptian Sudan, War Office, 1914 rev. 1920).

607 GoS Rejoinder, para. 493; See GoS Counter-Memorial, para. 313 and Map 38 of GoS Counter-Memorial Map Atlas (Additions and Corrections to Sketch of Dinka Country, 1924); See also Figure 13 of GoS Counter-Memorial, p. 125.

608 See GoS Rejoinder, para. 493; See also GoS Counter-Memorial, para. 314.

609 GoS Rejoinder, para. 493; See also GoS Memorial Map 27 (Native Administrations of Kordofan Province, Sudan Survey Department, 1941).

610 GoS Counter-Memorial, para. 303.

611 See GoS Oral Pleadings, April 21, 2009, Transcr. 94/12 et seq.

612 SPLM/A Memorial, para. 961. See also SPLM/A Memorial, paras. 951, 961-967, Counter-Memorial, paras. 1000, 1137, 1184-1193, Rejoinder paras. 456, 549.

613 SPLM/A Memorial, paras. 894-895.

614 SPLM/A Memorial, para. 904, 962; Counteremorial, para. 1190.

615 SPLM/A Memorial, paras. 962-963 referring to A. Sabah, Tribal Structure of the Ngok Dinka of Southern Kordofan Province 4-5 (1978), SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 6/7, S. Santandrea, The Luo of the Bahr El-Ghazal 192 (1968), SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 4/18, C. Treatt, Out of the Beaten Track 55 (1931), SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 3/13, I. Cunnison, The Humr and their Land 35(2) SNR 50, 61 (1954), SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 4/5, Howell, Notes on the Ngok Dinka of West Kordofan 32/2 SNR 239, 243 (1951), SPLM/A Exhibit- FE 4/3.

616 SPLM/A Memorial, para. 953; Transcr., April 20, 2009, 82/25 et seq. See especially S. Santandrea, The Luo of the Bahr El-Ghazal 192 (1968), SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 4/18.

617 SPLM/A Memorial, paras. 915 referring to Sudan Intelligence Report, No. 92, dated 31 March 1902, Appendix F, at p. 20, SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 1/16), 964-965; SPLM/A Counter- Memorial, para. 951.

618 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, paras. 1188-1189; SPLM/A Rejoinder, para. 512. See also SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, Transcr. April 22, 2009, 13/17 et seq.

619 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 1187.

620 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 1190.

621 GoS Oral Pleadings, April 21, 2009, Transcr. 70/08 et seq.

622 See GoS Counter-Memorial, para. 307.

623 GoS Rejoinder, para. 433. See also GoS Counter-Memorial, para. 308. See also GoS Oral Pleadings, April 21, 2009, Transcr. 95/06 et seq.

624 GoS Rejoinder, para. 432. See also GoS Counter-Memorial, para. 311 and Maps 39a (Dupuis 1921 Route Map) and 39b (Dupuis’ 1921 Sketch) of GoS Counter-Memorial Map Atlas; GoS Counter-Memorial, paras. 314-315 and Henderson, K.D.D., Route Report: Muglad to Abyei, March 1933 (emphasis added) (SCM Annex 38).

625 GoS Rejoinder, para. 432. See also Figure 3 of GoS Rejoinder.

626 See GoS Counter-Memorial, para. 295; See, inter alia, GoS Counter-Memorial, para. 290 and Comyn’s 1906 Sketch Map (Figure 6 of GoS Counter-Memorial, p. 110); GoS Counter- Memorial, para. 294 and Hallam, H., Route Report: Dawas to Dar Jange, December 1907, (SM Annex 31); GoS Counter- Memorial, para. 298 and Willis’ 1909 report in Sudan Intelligence Reports, No. 178 (May 1909), Appendix C, p. 17 (SCM Annex 19); GoS Counter-Memorial at para. 305 and GoS Counter-Memorial Map Atlas, Map 18b (Whittingham 1910 Route Map); GoS Counter-Memorial, para. 310 and Heinekey, G.A., Route Report: Gerinti to Mek Kwal’s Village, March 1918 (SCM Annex 36); See GoS Counter-Memorial, para. 311 and Dupuis’ 1921 Sketch, Figure 12 on p. 123 of GoS Counter-Memorial, Map 39a; GoS Counter-Memorial, para. 317 and GoS Memorial Map Atlas, Map 27 (Native Administrations of Kordofan Province, Sudan Survey Department, 1941); GoS Counter-Memorial, para. 322 and Figure 16 of GoS Counter-Memorial, p. 131 (Cunnison’s 1966 Map of Humr migration routes); GoS Counter-Memorial, para. 324 and GoS Rejoinder, para. 434 and Howell, P.P., ‘‘Notes on the Ngok Dinka of Western Kordofan,’’ (1950) 32 Sudan Notes and Records 239, pp. 241-242 (SM Annex 53); GoS Rejoinder, para. 443 and Figure 16 of GoS Memorial, p. 155 (Lienhardt’s 1961 Map of Dinka tribal groups); GoS Oral Pleadings, April 21, 2009, Transcr. 103/19-20 and Figure 5 of GoS Rejoinder (Lebon’s 1965 Map) and Figure 2 of GoS Counter-Memorial, p. 93 (Collins’ 1971 Tribal Districts Map).

627 See, inter alia, GoS Rejoinder, para. 437 quoting MacMichael, H.A., A History of the Arabs in the Sudan (1922), pp. 272, 273, and 287, SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 18/6; Id., para. 438 quoting Treatt, C., Out of the Beaten Track, A Narrative of Travel in Little Known Africa (1931), p. 52, SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 3/13; Id., para. 435 quoting Davies, R., The Camel’s Back (1957), p. 130 (SM Annex 35); GoS Oral Pleadings, April 21, 2009, Transcr. 124/13 et seq.

628 See, inter alia, GoS Counter-Memorial, para. 293 and Hallam, H., Route Report: Dawas to Dar Jange, December 1907, (SCM Annex 31); GoS Counter-Memorial, at para. 296, and Lloyd’s 1908 report in Sudan Intelligence Report, No. 171 (October 1908), p. 53 (SPLM/A Memorial, SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 3/5); GoS Counter-Memorial, paras. 309-310 and Heinekey, G.A., Route Report: Mek Kwal’s Village to Jebel Shat Safia, March 1918 (SCM Annex 37); GoS Counter-Memorial, para. 322 and Cunninson, I., Baggara Arabs: Power and the Lineage in a Sudanese Nomad Tribe (1966), p. 152 (SM Annex 33) Figure 16 of GoS Counter-Memorial, p. 131; GoS Rejoinder, para. 439 and Barbour, K.M., The Republic of the Sudan (1961), p. 165, SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 18/24 and Barbour’s 1961 map (Figure 4 of GoS Rejoinder).

629 GoS Rejoinder, para. 432.

630 See GoS Oral Pleadings, April 23, 2009, Transcr. 30/21 et seq. referring to Whittingham’s 1910 Sketch Map.

631 See Id. and GoS Oral Pleadings, April 23, 2009, Transcr. 31/12 et seq. referring to Dupuis’ 1921 sketch.

632 GoS Rejoinder, para. 432. See also GoS Counter-Memorial, para. 310 and Heinekey, G.A., Route Report: Gerinti to Mek Kwal’s Village, March 1918 (SCM Annex 36).

633 See GoS Counter-Memorial, para. 316; Civsec 66/4/35, ‘‘Minutes of Meeting,’’ October 28, 1933, pp. 92-95 (SCM Annex 39); Figure 14 of GoS Counter-Memorial, p. 127, Map 22a in GoS Counter-Memorial, Map Atlas.

634 GoS Oral Pleadings, April 21, 2009, Transcr. 78/10-12.

635 See GoS Counter-Memorial, para. 316; GoS Oral Pleadings, April 21, 2009, Transcr. 83/04 et seq.

636 See GoS Oral Pleadings, April 21, 2009, Transcr. 81/15 et seq.

637 GoS Counter-Memorial, para. 323 quoting second Witness Statement of Ian Cunnison, paras. 3, 5 (SCM WS 1). See also GoS Rejoinder, para. 436 quoting Cunninson, I., Baggara Arabs: Power and the Lineage in a Sudanese Nomad Tribe (1966), p. 25 (SM Annex 33).

638 GoS Rejoinder, para. 442 quoting second Witness Statement of Ian Cunnison, para. 3 (SCM WS 1).

639 GoS Counter-Memorial, para. 323 quoting second Witness Statement of Ian Cunnison, para. 5 (SCM WS 1).

640 GoS Rejoinder, para. 440 quoting Cunninson, I., Baggara Arabs: Power and the Lineage in a Sudanese Nomad Tribe (1966), p. 18 (SM Annex 33).

641 Witness Statement of Ian Cunnison, para. 11 (Appendix to GoS Memorial).

642 See GoS Oral Pleadings, April 22, 2009, Transcr. 178/08 et seq. See also Witness Statement of Ian Cunnison, para. 9 (Appendix to GoS Memorial); second Witness Statement of Ian Cunnison, para. 3 (SCM WS 1).

643 GoS Rejoinder, para. 444.

644 GoS Counter-Memorial, para. 33.

645 GoS Oral Pleadings, April 21, 2009, Transcr. 109/13 et seq.

646 GoS Counter-Memorial, paras. 34 et seq., 326 et seq. See also the GoS’s arguments on the probative value of oral evidence in the next section.

647 GoS Oral Pleadings, April 21, 2009, Transcr. 110/18-20 referring to Professor Daly’s Expert Report, p. 50, Appendix to SPLM/A Memorial.

648 GoS Oral Pleadings, April 21, 2009, Transcr. 108/06-09. See also GoS Oral Pleadings, April 21, 2009, Transcr. 104/10 et seq. for the GoS’s description of the approximate tribal boundaries of the Ngok Dinka.

649 GoS Oral Pleadings, April 20, 2009, Transcr. 107/04 et seq. The GoS also notes repeated typographical errors in the dispositif of the SPLM/A memorials (see GoS Oral Pleadings, April 20, 2009, Transcr. 106/07 et seq.).

650 See also GoS Oral Pleadings, April 20, 2009, Transcr. 107/10 et seq.; April 22, 2009, Transcr. 193/04 et seq.

651 See GoS Counter-Memorial, paras. 68 et seq., 380; GoS Oral Pleadings, April 23, 2009, Transcr. 29/08 et seq.

652 See GoS Oral Pleadings, April 22, 2009, Transcr. 193/18 et seq.

653 See GoS Counter-Memorial, para. 325 ; GoS Rejoinder, para. 444.

654 See SPLM/A Memorial, para. 945.

655 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, at para. 1070. See also SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, at paras. 1079-1080.

656 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, at para. 1071 quoting ABC Experts’ Report, Part I, at p. 21.

657 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, at para. 1072 quoting ABC Experts’ Report, Part I, at p. 19, Appendix B to SPLM/A Memorial.

658 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, at para. 1125 quoting Cunnison, The Social Role of Cattle, 1(1) Sudan J. Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry 10 (1960), SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 4/8.

659 See SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, at para. 1069 quoting GoS Memorial, at para. 366.

660 See SPLM/A Rejoinder, para. 499 quoting GoS Counter-Memorial, at para. 308 ; SPLM/A Rejoinder, para. 501.

661 See SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 21, 2009, Transcr. 142/19 et seq. See infra paras. 357 to 371 on environmental evidence.

662 See, inter alia, SPLM/A Rejoinder, paras. 482 and Hallam, Kordofan Routes: Dawas to Dar Jange, December 1907, pp. 1-2. (GoS Counter-Memorial Annex 31); SPLM/A Counter- Memorial, paras. 1228-1230, referring to Map 46 (Hasoba: Sheet 65-L, Survey Office Khartoum, 1910) and SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 22, 2009, Transcr. 52/08-09; SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 1218, referring to SPLM/A Map 40 (Northern Bahr el-Ghazal: Sheet 65, Survey Office Khartoum, 1907); SPLM/A Memorial, paras. 996-997, referring to Map 50 (Achwang: Sheet 65-K, Survey Office Khartoum, 1916); SPLM/A Rejoinder, para. 504 referring to Heinekey’s 1918 Route Reports; SPLM/A Rejoinder, para. 507 and Dupuis’ 1921 Sketch; SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 1252, referring to GoS Memorial Map Atlas, Map 21 (Ghabat el Arab Sheet 65-L, Survey Office (Khartoum), 1925); SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 1266 referring to the 1938 Map of Native Administrations of Kordofan Province; SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, paras. 1105-1109 and Howell, ‘‘Notes on the Ngork Dinka of West Kordofan,’’ 32(2) SNR 239, 243 (1951), SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 4/3 and SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 22, 2009, Transcr. 34/23 et seq.

663 See, inter alia, SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 1092 quoting Kordofan Province Handbook 73 (1912), SPLM/A Exhibit- FE 3/8a and Kordofan Province Map, Survey Office Khartoum, 1913 (Map 48 of SPLM/A Map Atlas vol. 1); SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 1234, referring Map 14 of GoS Memorial Map Atlas (Map of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, Geographical Section of the War Office, 1914); SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 1175 and Witness Statement of G. Michael Tibbs, Appendix to SPLM/A Counter-Memorial , para. 22.

664 See, inter alia, SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 1104 quoting J. Robertson, Transition in Africa: From Direct Rule to Independence 51 (1954), SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 18/28; SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 1181 quoting ‘‘The First Peace Agreement Between The Misiriyya Humur And The Ngok Dinka, Concluded At Abyei, March 3, 1965,’’ Appendix 12 to A. D Saeed, The State And Socioeconomic Transformation In The Sudan: The Case Of Social Conflict In Southwest Kurdufan (January 1, 1982). ETD Collection for University of Connecticut. Paper AAI8213913, SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 18/30. See also SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 22, 2009, Transcr. 35/07 et seq.

665 See, inter alia, SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 1174 quoting Witness Statement of G. Michael Tibbs, Appendix to SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 23; SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 1327 quoting D. Cole & R. Huntington, Between a Swamp and a Hard Place 92, 96 (1997), SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 8/14 and SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 22, 2009, Transcr. 51/07-09.

666 See, inter alia, SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 22, 2009, Transcr. 30/15 et seq. referring to a portion of Whittingham’s 1910 map regarding his trek from Turda to Koak and Bara to Mellum that the GoS failed to disclose; SPLM/A Counter- Memorial, paras. 1243-1244, referring to Map 85 of SPLM/A Map Atlas, vol. 2 (Lake Keilak: Sheet 65-H, Survey Office (Khartoum) 1911, corr. Dec 1922); SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, paras. 12551256, referring to SPLM/A Map 92 (1929 Ghabat el Arab Sheet 65-L Map); SPLM/A Memorial, para. 1001 and SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 1264, referring to Map 54 of SPLM/A Map Atlas, vol. 1 (Ghabat el Arab: Sheet 65-L, Survey Office (Khartoum), 1936).

667 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, at para. 1175 quoting Witness Statement of G. Michael Tibbs, Appendix to SPLM/A Counter-Memorial , para. 22.

668 See, inter alia, SPLM/A Memorial, paras. 1002-1003, referring to Map 56 of SPLM/A Map Atlas, vol. 1 (Dar El Humr: Sheet NC-35-G, Sudan Survey, 1936 (rev. 1976); SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, at para. 1175 quoting Witness Statement of Michael Tibbs, Appendix to SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 23.

669 See SPLM/A Rejoinder, paras. 481-483 quoting Hallam, Kordofan Routes: Dawas to Dar Jange, December 1907, pp. 1- 2. (GoS Counter-Memorial Annex 31)

670 See SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 1327 quoting D. Cole & R. Huntington, Between A Swamp and A Hard Place 92, 96 (1997), SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 8/14.

671 See SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 1213 referring to Comyn’s 1907 map (Map 9 in GoS Memorial Map Atlas (Sketch Map of the Western Sources of the Nile, The Royal Geographical Society, 1907).

672 See, inter alia, SPLM/A Rejoinder, para. 482 referring to Hallam 1907 Route Report; SPLM/A Rejoinder, para. 493 referring to Whittingham’s 1910 route (see GoS Counter- Memorial Map Atlas, Maps 18a and 18b); SPLM/A Rejoinder, para. 502 referring to Heinekey’s 1918 Route Reports; SPLM/A Rejoinder, paras. 508, 510 referring to Dupuis’ 1921 route (see GoS Counter-Memorial Map Atlas, Map 39a).

673 See, inter alia, SPLM/A Rejoinder, para. 509; SPLM/A Rejoinder, para. 521 referring to Henderson’s 1933 Route Report; SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 1176 quoting Witness Statement of G. Michael Tibbs, Appendix to SPLM/A Counter-Memorial , para. 24.

674 See SPLM/A Rejoinder, para. 526; GoS Counter-Memorial Map Atlas, Map 22a.

675 SPLM/A Rejoinder, para. 526. (Emphasis in original.)

676 See SPLM/A Rejoinder, paras. 527-529. The SPLM/A quotes a figure of 50,000 to 60,000.

677 SPLM/A Rejoinder, para. 529.

678 See SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 21, 2009, Transcr. 184/17 et seq.

679 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, at para. 1128 quoting Cunnison, Some Social Aspects of Nomadism in a Baggara Tribe in The Effect of Nomadism on the Economic and Social Development of the People of the Sudan, Proceedings of the Tenth Annual Conference 11th-12th January 1962, 112, SPLM/A Exhibit- FE 4/11. See also SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, at paras. 1129- 1131 and SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, at para. 1132 quoting Witness Statement of Ian Cunnison, at p. 1, at para. 6. More generally, see infra in paras. 357 to 371 on environmental evidence, Cunnison’s definitions of the ‘‘Bahr’’ and the ‘‘Bahr el-Arab’’ relied on by the SPLM/A to confirm that a reference to the Ngok living ‘‘on the Bahr el-Arab’’ should be understood as a reference to inhabitation of the area encompassing the Bahr el Arab and the Ragaba ez Zarga.

680 See SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 1129 quoting Cunnison, The Social Role of Cattle, 1(1) Sudan J. Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry 10 (1960), SPLM/A Exhibit- FE 4/8; See also SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, paras. 1130-1131 quoting Cunnison, Hill & Asad, ‘‘Settlement of Nomads in the Sudan:Acritique of Present Plans,’’ in Agricultural Development in the Sudan, Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Conference 3-6 December 1966, 102, 112-113, SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 18/27; SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 22, 2009, Transcr. 42/12 et seq.

681 See SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 22, 2009, Transcr. 41/18 et seq.

682 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, at para. 1144 quoting Cunnison, The Humr and their Land 35(2) SNR 54-55 (1954), SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 4/5.

683 See SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, at paras. 1149-1150; Witness Statement of Ian Cunnison, at p. 2, para. 9.

684 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, at para. 1134; Witness Statement of Ian Cunnison, at p. 1, para. 6.

685 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, at para. 1135 quoting Cunnison, The Humr and their Land 35(2) SNR 62 (1954), SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 4/5; see also SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, at para. 1136 referring inter alia to I. Cunnison, Baggara Arabs – Power and the Lineage in a Sudanese Nomad Tribe 29 (1966), SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 4/16.

686 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, at para. 1157-1160.

687 SPLM/A Rejoinder, para. 538(d) quoting Supplementary Witness Statement of Ian Cunnison, at p. 1, ¶7.

688 SPLM/A Rejoinder, para. 538(c) quoting Supplementary Witness Statement of Ian Cunnison, at p. 1, ¶3. (emphasis added by the SPLM/A).

689 SPLM/A Rejoinder, para. 538(d). See also SPLM/A Counter- Memorial, at para. 1174 quoting Witness Statement of G. Michael Tibbs, Appendix to SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 23.

690 See SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 22, 2009, Transcr. 47/03 et seq.

691 SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 22, 2009, Transcr. 47/06 et seq quoting Witness Statement of Ian Cunnison, at p. 3, para. 11. See also SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 1155.

692 SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 22, 2009, Transcr. 48/02-04 quoting ABC Experts’ Report, Part I, at p. 9, Appendix B to SPLM/A Memorial. See also SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 1166.

693 See SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 1166.

694 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 1161 quoting Witness Statement of Ian Cunnison, at p. 2, para. 9.

695 See SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 1162.

696 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 1163 quoting ABC Experts’ Report, Part I, at pp. 16, 19, 20, Appendix B to SPLM/A Memorial.

697 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, at para. 1164 quoting ABC Experts’ Report, Part I, at p. 21, Appendix B to SPLM/A Memorial.

698 See SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 22, 2009, Transcr. 48/12 et seq.; SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, at paras. 1168-1170.

699 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, at paras. 1283-1286 and Ambassador Dirdeiry, Taped Recording of GoS Final Presentation, dated June 16, 2005, File 1, at pp. 2-3, SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 19/15.

700 The SPLM/A refers to the 26 witnesses who submitted statements in these proceedings and the nearly 70 witnesses who testified during theABC proceedings (See SPLM/A Memorial, para. 46).

701 SPLM/A Memorial, para. 46.

702 See Poole Expert Report, Annex H. See SPLM/A Counter- Memorial, at para. 1382.

703 See SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, at para. 1383.

704 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, at para. 1376. See also SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, at paras. 1387-1388.

705 See SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 22, 2009, Transcr. 134/06 et seq.

706 SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 22, 2009, Transcr. 134/22 – 135/16.

707 GoS Rejoinder, para. 505.

708 GoS Oral Pleadings, April 21, 2009, Transcr. 155/08 et seq (Mr. Allan – cross-examination).

709 GoS Oral Pleadings, April 22, 2009, Transcr. 173/03-09.

710 GoS Oral Pleadings, April 22, 2009, Transcr. 173/14 et seq.

711 Id.See also GoS Rejoinder, para. 506.

712 GoS Oral Pleadings, April 22, 2009, Transcr. 174/08 et seq.

713 GoS Rejoinder, para. 508 referring to the MENAS Report, pp. 37-38, 140, 145, Appendix to SPLM/A Counter-Memorial.

714 GoS Rejoinder, para. 512.

715 GoS Rejoinder, para. 512 and Barbour’s and Lebon’s Maps (Figure 4 and 5 of GoS Rejoinder, respectively).

716 GoS Rejoinder, para. 515 quoting MENAS Report, para. 149, Appendix to SPLM/A Counter-Memorial.

717 GoS Oral Pleadings, April 22, 2009, Transcr. 176/03 et seq.

718 GoS Rejoinder, para. 499.

719 GoS Rejoinder, para. 503 quoting Beswick, S., Sudan’s Blood Memory 156 (2006), SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 12/18. See also GoS Rejoinder, paras. 500-504 quoting Wills, J.T., Between the Nile and the Congo (1887) 9/5 Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and Monthly Record of Geography 285, p. 294 (SM Annex 61); Warburg, G The Sudan Under Wingate, Administration in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan 1890-1916 (1971) p. 137, SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 5/1 Google Scholar Collins, R.O., The Nile (2002) pp. 63-64, SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 10/6;Google ScholarPubMed Holt, P.M., & Daly, M.W., A History of the Sudan (5th ed., 2000), p. 62, SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 9/3.Google Scholar

720 See GoS Memorial, para. 359.

721 GoS Oral Pleadings, April 22, 2009, Transcr. 181/22 et seq.

722 GoS Rejoinder, para. 454.

723 GoS Oral Pleadings, April 21, 2009, Transcr. 82/23 et seq., 85/14 et seq.

724 See GoS Rejoinder, para. 454 referring to Letter from Newbold to the Civil Secretary, 8 May 1934, Civsec 1/36/97 (SM Annex 89). See also GoS Memorial, para. 339.

725 See GoS Rejoinder, para. 454 referring Letter from G. Hawkesworth (Governor Kordofan) to Editor Kordofan Magazine, dated April 3, 1951, SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 18/17. See also GoS Rejoinder, para. 454 referring to the Upper Nile’s District Commissioner’s figure of 20,000-25,000 in 1948 and the Dar Misseriya’s Assistant District Commissioner’s figure of 30,000 in 1952.

726 GoS Rejoinder, para. 454.

727 See Marchand’s estimate of 4 to 5 million Dinka in 1898, against Lienhardt’s estimate of about one million in 1952 (GoS Rejoinder, para. 456); Bey’s estimate of 2 million in 1906 (GoS Rejoinder, para. 457 quoting Letter from Cook to Bayliss (January 30, 1906), SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 17/20); Governor’s Lloyd’s estimate of 500,000 which does not expressly refer to the Ngok (See GoS Rejoinder, para. 459 quoting Sudan Intelligence Reports, No. 171 (October 1908), Appendix D, p. 52, SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 17/31).

728 GoS Rejoinder, para. 454. See also GoS Oral Pleadings, April 21, 2009, Transcr. 86/13 et seq.

729 See SPLM/A Memorial, at para. 1005; SPLM/A Counter- Memorial, at paras. 1307-1308.

730 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 1113 quoting Cunnison, I., Baggara Arabs – Power and the Lineage in a Sudanese Nomad Tribe 18 (1966), SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 4/16 Google Scholar.

731 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 1114 quoting I. Cunnison, The Humr and Their Land 51, SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 4/5. See also SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 22, 2009, Transcr. 37/12 et seq.

732 SPLM/A 1113-1114 quoting Cunnison, I., Baggara Arabs – Power and the Lineage in a Sudanese Nomad Tribe 18-19 (1966), SPLM/A Exhibit-FE4/16 Google Scholar. See also SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 21, 2009, Transcr. 141/16 et seq.

733 By contrast, the black clay soil which, according to Governor Lloyd, predominates south of latitude 10°30,’’ is fertile (see SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 21, 2009, Transcr. 145/13 et seq.).

734 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 1308. See also similar list of factors in SPLM/A Rejoinder, para. 612; SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 21, 2009, Transcr. 162/08 et seq.

735 See SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, at para. 1089 quoting MacMichael, H., A History of the Arabs in Sudan, Vol. I, 286 (1922), SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 18/6 Google Scholar; see also SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, at para. 1091; See SPLM/A Counter- Memorial, at para. 1324 quoting Davies, R., The Camel’s Back 130 (1957), SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 18/21 Google Scholar; See SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, at para. 1325 quoting Howell, ‘‘Notes on the Ngork Dinka of West Kordofan,’’ 32/2 SNR 239, 243- 244 (1951), SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 4/3; See SPLM/A Counter- Memorial, at para. 1327 quoting Niamir, M., Huntington, R. & Cole, D., Ngok Dinka Cattle Migrations and Marketing 1, 13 (1983), SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 7/1 Google Scholar, and Cole, D. & Huntington, R., Between a Swamp and a Hard Place 92, 96 (1997), SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 8/14 Google Scholar. See also SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 22, 2009, Transcr. 50/24 et seq.; See SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, at para. 1328 quoting El Tayab, A., Agricultural and Natural Resources Abyei District, West Region Southern Kordofan Province 6, 8 (1978), SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 6/5 Google Scholar.

736 See SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, at para. 1326 quoting Cunnison, I., Baggara Arabs – Power and the Lineage in a Sudanese Nomad Tribe 18-19, 25 n. 24 (1966), SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 4/16 Google Scholar.

737 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, paras. 1324-1329.

738 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 1132 quoting Witness Statement of Ian Cunnison, at p. 1, para. 6.

739 Map 38 of SPLM/A Map Atlas, vol. 1 (Kordofan: Map of Dar Homr, Watkiss Lloyd, 1907).

740 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 1319.

741 SPLM/A Rejoinder, paras. 610, 620 et seq. See also SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, paras. 1321 et seq.

742 See SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, at para. 1359 quoting Second Daly Expert Report, at p. 25, Appendix to SPLM/ACounter- Memorial. SPLM/A also refers to MENAS Expert Report, at para. 110, Appendix to SPLM/A Counter-Memorial. See also SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 21, 2009, Transcr. 149/13-20 (Mr Allan characterizing the Kiir/Bahr el Arab as a ‘‘discontinuous river’’).

743 See SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, at para. 1322 quoting GoS Memorial, at para. 359.

744 See also SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 21, 2009, Transcr. 167/16 et seq.

745 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 1368 quoting GoS Memorial, para. 339.

746 SPLM/A refers to Bulletin du Comite de l’Afrique Francaise ‘‘De L’Oubangui au Nil : Les missions Liotard et Marchand, Octobre 1898, at p. 329, SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 17/20 ; Letter dated 30 January 1906 from Albert Cook to Mr Baylis, a representative of the Church Missionary Society resident in Bor, Sudan, Church Missionary Society Archives, SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 17/20; Sudan Intelligence Report No. 171, October 1908, Appendix D, at p. 52, SPLM/A Exhibit-FE 17/31. On the basis of the 1908 Sudan Intelligence Report, SPLM/A obtains a figure in the region of 50,000.

747 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, at para. 1371.

748 See SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, at paras. 1371-1373.

749 See SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, at paras. 1373-1374.

750 GoS Counter-Memorial, para. 327.

751 GoS Counter-Memorial, para. 333.

752 GoS Oral Pleadings, April 21, 2009, Transcr. 72/09-16. See also GoS Counter-Memorial, para. 331.

753 GoS Oral Pleadings, April 21, 2009, Transcr. 73/01-02.

754 GoS Counter-Memorial, paras. 328-329.

755 See GoS Oral Pleadings, April 21, 2009, Transcr. 75/09-77/06.

756 See GoS Counter-Memorial, paras. 48-53.

757 See GoS Counter-Memorial, para. 52.

758 GoS Counter-Memorial, paras. 54-56.

759 GoS Counter-Memorial, para. 54. See SPLM/A Memorial, Witness Statement of Arop Deng Kuol Arop, (SPLM/A Memorial, Witness Statements, Tab 9); Witness Statement of Mijok Bol Atem, para. 15 (SPLM/A Memorial, Witness Statements, Tab 23); Witness Statement of Ring Makuac Dhel Yak, para. 17 (SPLM/A Memorial, Witness Statements, Tab 11); Witness Statement of Mijak Kuot Kur, , paras. 13-17 (SPLM/A Memorial, Witness Statements, Tab 12); Witness Statement of Ajak Malual Beliu, para. 7 (SPLM/A Memorial, Witness Statements, Tab 13); Witness Statement of Jok Deng Kek, paras 13-15 (SPLM/A Memorial, Witness Statements, Tab 14); Witness Statement of Belbel Chol Akuei Deng, paras. 15-16 (SPLM/A Memorial, Witness Statements, Tab 15).

760 GoS Counter-Memorial, paras. 55-56; See Island of Palmas (1928) 4 UNRIAA 831 at 851 and 865.

761 GoS Counter-Memorial, paras. 57-58.

762 GoS Counter-Memorial, paras 63-65, 326.

763 GoS Counter-Memorial, para. 65, referring to, inter alia, the Walfish Bay Case, 11 UNRIAA, p. 302, cited in Amerasinghe, C. F., Evidence in International Litigation (2005) p. 202 (SCM Annex 8) Google Scholar; See also Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua, ICJ Reports 1986, para. 70.

764 GoS Counter-Memorial, paras. 60-62, referring, inter alia, to United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran, I.C.J. Reports 1980, para. 13; See also GoS Counter-Memorial, paras. 37-38, 45-46, 357; See also GoS Oral Pleadings, April 21, 2009, 74/07-75/08.

765 GoS Counter-Memorial, para. 355, quoting Vansina, J., Oral Tradition as History (University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, 1985), pp. 159-160 Google Scholar.

766 GoS Counter-Memorial, paras. 344-353 and refers to witness statements of tribesmen of the Alei, Abyior, Achaak, Anyiel, Bongo and Diil chiefdoms.

767 See GoS Counter-Memorial, para. 354 referring to the reports of Wilkinson, Mahon, Comyn, Willis, Hallam, Heinekey, Dupuis and Henderson and the writings of Cunnison, Santandrea, Sabah and Beswick. For other examples, see GoS Counter- Memorial, paras. 331-354.

768 SPLM/A Rejoinder, para. 643.

769 SPLM/A Rejoinder, para. 644.

770 SPLM/A Rejoinder, para. 651.

771 SPLM/A Rejoinder, para. 644 quoting Delgamuukw v. British Colombia (1997) 3 S.C.R. 1010, ¶87 (Supreme Court of Canada) (1997), SPLM/A Exhibit-LE 40/7.

772 SPLM/A Rejoinder, para. 658 quoting Anaya & Williams Jr., The Protection of Indigenous People’s Rights over Lands and Natural Resources Under the Inter-American Human Rights System 14 Harv. Hum. Rts. J. 33, 47 (2001), SPLM/A Exhibit- LE 41/8.

773 SPLM/A Rejoinder, para. 670.

774 SPLM/A Rejoinder, para. 671; See para. 672 for examples of witness statements that relate to the Ngok Dinka’s occupation of the Abyei area during the times of the witnesses’ fathers, grandfathers and great-grandfathers.

775 SPLM/A Rejoinder, para. 671.

776 SPLM/A Rejoinder, para. 685.

777 See inter alia SPLM/A Rejoinder, paras. 729-739.

778 SPLM/A Rejoinder, para. 687.

779 SPLM/A Rejoinder, para. 700.

780 SPLM/A Rejoinder, para. 689.

781 SPLM/A Rejoinder, para. 703.

782 SPLM/A Rejoinder, para. 675.

783 SPLM/A Rejoinder, para. 684 quoting Borrows, Listening for Change: the Courts and Oral Tradition, 39 Osgoode Hall Law Journal 1, 19 (2001), SPLM/A-LE 41/10.

784 SPLM/A Rejoinder, para. 705.

785 SPLM/A Rejoinder, para. 517, footnote 645.

786 SPLM/A Rejoinder, para. 722.

787 SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 22, 2009, Transcr. 67/16-17

788 SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 22, 2009, Transcr. 64/12-15.

789 SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 22, 2009, Transcr. 67/02-25.

790 See GoS Counter-Memorial, para. 374.

791 See GoS Counter-Memorial, para. 377. See also GoS Oral Pleadings, April 21, 2009, Transcr. 119/04 et seq.

792 See GoS Counter-Memorial, para. 377; Figure 20, p. 153; Figure 21, p. 154, and Figure 22, p. 155; GoS Maps 1-12 of GoS Counter-Memorial Map Atlas.

793 GoS Oral Pleadings, April 22, 2009, Transcr. 95/08-09. (Dr. Poole’s cross-examination).

794 GoS Rejoinder, Appendix II, The Community Mapping Expert Report, paras. 9-13.

795 Id. at paras. 14-16; See GoS Oral Pleadings, April 22, 2009, Transcr. 90/15-91/25 (Dr. Poole’s cross-examination).

796 GoS Rejoinder, Appendix II, The Community Mapping Expert Report, paras. 20-27.

797 Id. at paras. 28-29.

798 See SPLM/A Rejoinder, para. 608, et seq.

799 SPLM/A Rejoinder, para. 609.

800 See SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 22, 2009, Transcr. 72/23-73/08. See also SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 22,2009, Transcr. 72/04-07.

801 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, at para. 1378. See also SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, at para. 1379.

802 SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 22, 2009, Transcr. 73/03 et seq.

803 Arbitration Agreement, preamble, last paragraph.

804 Typically, international courts and tribunals would ‘‘bifurcate’’ proceedings to isolate unrelated substantive points (such as liability and quantum). That option was precluded by the Arbitration Agreement.

805 Arbitration Agreement, Article 3(1).

806 Chevron U.S.A. Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, 467 U.S. 837 (1984), 843-44 (if Congress has expressly given the agency authority to elucidate a statutory provision through regulations, then such legislative regulations are given controlling weight ‘‘unless ...arbitrary, capricious, or manifestly contrary to the statute.’’ If Congress’statute is silent or ambiguous with respect to the issue in question, then the court must simply ask whether the agency’s interpretation is based on a ‘‘permissible construction of the statute.’’)

807 Skidmore v. Swift & Co., 323 U.S. 134, 139 (1944), noting that agencies formulate policy ‘‘based upon more specialized experience and broader investigation and information than is likely to come to a judge.’’

808 R v. Social Fund Inspector, ex p Ali (1994) 6 ADMIN LR 205, 210E (Brooke, J). The English courts have been reluctant to interfere when Parliament has entrusted an expert body, whether the expert body be tribunals or civil servants, or a combination of civil servants and independent inspectors, with the task of fulfilling the intentions of Parliament in a specialist sphere.

809 See Judgment of the Federal Supreme Court in Administrative Matters of May 28, 1965, BVerwGE 21, 184.

810 Case Concerning the Arbitral Award Made by the King of Spain on 23 December 1906, Judgment, ICJ Reports 1960, p. 192, 214. Cited with approval in Case concerning the Arbitral Award of July 31, 1989 (Guinea-Bissau v. Senegal), ICJ Reports 1991, p. 62, para. 25.

811 See the compilation of case law in the SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, paras. 613-621.

812 See Vivendi v. Argentina, Decision on Annulment, July 3, 2002, Case No. ARB/97/3, paras. 64-65.

813 CDC Group plc v Republic of the Seychelles, Decision on the Application by the Republic of the Seychelles for Annulment of the Award dated December 17, 2003, June 29, 2005, Case No. ARB/02/14, para. 70.

814 Under Article 9(2) of the Arbitration Agreement, ‘‘[t]he Parties agree that the arbitration award delimiting the ‘‘Abyei Area’’ through determining the issues of the dispute as stated in Article 2 of this Agreement shall be final and binding.’’

815 GoS Memorial, para. 95 (emphasis in original).

816 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 661.

817 Id.

818 The Orinoco Steamship Company Case (United States/Venezuela), October 25, 1910, XI RIAA 227, 234.

819 Id. at 238

820 Arbitral Award of July 31, 1989, ICJ Reports 1991, p. 53, 167.

821 Id. at 168.

822 Id. at 169.

823 See Article 52 of the 1965 Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States.

824 Compañia de Aguas del Aconquija S.A. and Vivendi Universal v. Argentine Republic, ICSID Case No. ARB/97/3 (2002), paras. 68-69.

825 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, Article 44(3).

826 1958 New York Convention, Article V(1)(c).

827 See Article IX(1)(c).

828 See Article 5(1)(c).

829 Revision 2006. See Model Law, Article 34(2)(iii).

830 See Uniform Law, Article 26; Explanatory Note to Article 26.

831 See Article 34(4).

832 UN ECOSOC, Conference on International Commercial Arbitration, Summary Record of the Seventeenth Meeting, E/CONF.26/SR.17 (June 3, 1958), p. 9.

833 UN ECOSOC, Report of the Committee on the Enforcement of International Arbitral Awards, E/2704, E/AC.42/4/Rev.1 (28 March 1955), p. 10.

834 For a recent application of the principle of economy, see Case Concerning the Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia), Preliminary Objections, ICJ Judgment, 18 November 2008, para. 89, where the ICJ held that ‘‘judicial economy‘ was ‘‘an element of the requirements of the sound administration of justice‘ and provided a justification for disregarding jurisdictional defects, if they could be easily cured by the subsequent action of the applicant or respondent. See also the use of the principle of economy to determine the order in which a court or tribunal considers the various issues before it: Case Concerning the Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Belgium) ICJ Reports 2002, p. 3. paras 45-46; and Dissenting Opinion of Judge Morelli, Case Concerning the Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company Ltd (Belgium v. Spain), Preliminary Objections, ICJ Reports 1964, p.6, at p.97, cited with approval in Iran-US Claims Tribunal Case No. 823, Award No. 595-823- 3 of 16 Nov. 1999, para. 37. See also the use of the principle of judicial economy in the jurisprudence of theWTOAppellate Body, where it stands for the proposition that the Appellate Body does not need to rule on every single claim made by complaining parties, but only on those required to settle the dispute in question: Appellate Body Report, United States – Subsidies on Upland Cotton, WT/DS267/AB/R, 3 March 2005, para. 510.

835 Article 1 of the Arbitration Agreement provides:

1. 1.

   1. The Parties agree to refer their dispute to final and binding arbitration under this Arbitration Agreement (Agreement) and the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) Optional Rules for Arbitrating Disputes between Two Parties of Which Only One Is a State (PCA Rules), subject to such modifications as the Parties agreed herein or may agree in writing.

2. 2.

   2. The Parties shall form an arbitration tribunal (Tribunal) to arbitrate their dispute in accordance with this Agreement and the PCA Rules; provided that the PCA Rules shall not apply when excluded or modified by this Agreement.

3. 3.

   3. The Parties agree on the International Bureau of the (PCA) to act as the registry and provide administrative support in accordance with this Agreement and the PCA Rules.

4. 4.

   4. The Parties designate the Secretary General of the PCA as the appointing authority to act in accordance with this Agreement and the PCA Rules. (emphasis in original)

836 Article 5 paragraphs (1) to (5) of the Arbitration Agreement provide:

1. 1.

   1. The Parties agree that the Tribunal shall be composed of five arbitrators. Each Party shall appoint two arbitrators, and the four Party-appointed arbitrators shall appoint the fifth.

2. 2.

   2. The Parties shall not designate as Party-appointed arbitrators persons other than current or former members of the PCA or members of tribunals for which the PCA acted as registry who shall be independent, impartial, highly qualified and experienced in similar disputes.

3. 3.

   3. The Secretary General of the PCA shall provide the two Parties, within five days of depositing this Agreement with him, with a full list of members and arbitrators (PCA Arbitrators List) as stated in section 2 herein. The PCA Arbitrators List shall also include information on qualifications and experience.

4. 4.

   4. Each Party shall appoint, within thirty days of receiving the PCA arbitrators list, two arbitrators from the list by written notice to the Secretary General of the PCA.

5. 5.

   5. In the event that a Party fails to name one or both Party appointed arbitrators within the specified time, the Secretary General of the PCA shall make, within ten days, such appointment from the PCA arbitrators list. (emphasis in original)

837 Dubai-Sharjah Border Arbitration, October 19, 1981, 91 ILR 543, 586.

838 Id. at 586-87.

839 Kanton Wallis v. Kanton Tessin, Judgment of July 2, 1980, BGE 106 Ib 154 at 159-160, MN 29 (references omitted from English translation): ‘‘Schliesslich bezeichnet es die Grundsa ¨tze des Völkerrechts als subsidia¨r anwendbar (BGE 26 I 450; ferner 54 I 202 E. 3; vgl. auch 96 I 648 E. 4 c; BIRCHMEIER, a.a.O. S. 288). Nach unbestrittener Auffassung in der schweizerischen Lehre und Rechtsprechung kommt das Völkerrecht im interkantonalen Verha¨ltnis somit zum Zug, wenn in der betreffenden Streitfrage sowohl das Bundesrecht als auch das interkantonale Vertrags-und Gewohnheitsrecht ausgeschöpft sind (ALEXANDER WEBER, Die interkantonale Vereinbarung, eine Alternative zur Bundesgesetzgebung?, Bern 1976, S. 54 f.; AUBERT, Band II, S. 588 N. 1637). Dabei kann allerdings nicht von einer origina¨ren, sondern nur von einer analogen Anwendung des Völkerrechts die Rede sein (vgl. VERDROSS/SIMMA, Universelles Völkerrecht, Berlin 1976, S. 474 mit Verweisen).

840 See discussion on ‘‘Procedural Excess of Mandate’’ in the summary of the Parties’ arguments, supra paras. 141 to 163.

841 See Article 2(a) of the Arbitration Agreement at para. 395 supra.

842 Notably, a clear distinction between ‘‘Mandate’’ and ‘‘Functioning’’ exists within the text of the Terms of Reference (an instrument drawn up and agreed upon by both Parties). The ABC’s ‘‘Mandate’’ as provided in the Terms of Reference is:

843 See Terms of Reference, Sections 3.3 and 3.4; Rules of Procedure, Sections 2, 4, 7, 8, 10, and 11. See further infra at paras. 468.

844 See SPLM/A Counter Memorial, p. 76, para. 298, citing Lew, J., Mistelis, L. & Kröll, S., Comparative International Commercial Arbitration ¶ 25-37 (2003)Google Scholar (‘‘The prevailing view is that a procedural irregularity or defect alone will not invalidate an award. The test is that of a significant injustice so that the tribunal would have decided otherwise had the tribunal not made a mistake.’’); Schreuer, C., The ICSID Convention: A Commentary Art. 52 ¶230 (2001)Google Scholar (‘‘In order to be serious, the departure must be more than minimal. It must be substantial. In addition, this departure must have had a material effect on the affected party. It must have deprived that party of the benefit of the rule in question. . . . if it is clear from the circumstances that the party had not intended to exercise the right [said to be breached], there would be no material effect and the departure would not be ‘‘serious’’ under this analysis.’’); Sutton, D., Gill, J. & Gearing, M. (eds.), Russell on Arbitration ¶8. 106 (2007)Google Scholar (‘‘If . . . correcting or avoiding the serious irregularity would make no difference to the outcome, substantial injustice will not be shown.’’); R. Merkin, Arbitration Law ¶20.8 (update 2008) (‘‘there is substantial injustice if it can be shown that the irregularity in the procedure caused the arbitrators to reach a conclusion which, but for the irregularity, they might not have reached...’’).

845 Section 5 of the Abyei Appendix, text at supra note 107.

846 See text at para. 395 supra.

847 See Decision Regarding Delimitation of the Border between The State of Eritrea and The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia; 41 ILM 1057 (2002).

848 See Frontier Dispute, Burkina Faso v. Mali, Nomination of Experts, Order of April 9, 1987 ICJ Reports 1985, p. 7.

849 See Egypt–Israel Arbitration Tribunal: Award in Boundary Dispute Concerning the Taba Area, 27 ILM 1421 (1988).

850 Case Concerning the Land and Maritime Boundary Between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria: Equatorial Guinea intervening), Judgment ICJ Reports (2002), p. 203.

851 See Meeting between the Secretary-General and President Biya and President Obasanjo on the October 10, 2002 ruling of the ICJ, Geneva, November 15, 2002, available at http://www.un.org/unowa/cnmc/preleas/sgstmts.htm#3.

852 See Letter From the Secretary-General Transmitting to the Security Council the Final Report on the Demarcation of the International Boundary Between Iraq and Kuwait, 32 ILM 1425 (1993).

853 See GoS Oral Pleadings, April 23, 2009, Transcr. 41/06 and SPLM/A Rejoinder, para. 163.

854 GoS Oral Pleadings, April 18, 2009, Transcr. 59/07-12.

855 GoS Counter-Memorial, para. 129.

856 GoS Oral Pleadings, April 18, 2009, Transcr. 59/07-19.

857 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 118.

858 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 125.

859 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 127.

860 SPLM/A Counter-Memorial, para. 115.

861 Abyei Appendix, Section 2. See also para. 115 supra. The Tribunal takes note of the important fact that neither Party voiced any objection concerning the composition of the ABC Experts prior to the ABC Experts’ Report being presented to the Sudanese Presidency. Both Parties fully participated in the proceedings before the ABC Experts, and neither sought to impugn the credibility or competence of any of the individual [ABC Experts] nor the integrity of the proceedings at any time while the ABC Experts were conducting their work. Given the absence of any directed objection towards the ABC’s composition, it can be safely inferred that both Parties accepted the ABC Experts’ membership and believed that the ABC Experts collectively had the expertise required to carry out their mandate.

862 The ABC Experts were: (1) Mr. Donald Petterson, the former U.S. Ambassador to Sudan from 1992 to 1995, with decades of experience working for the U.S. Foreign Service in Sudan and other countries in Africa; (2) Professor Douglas Johnson, a professor of History at Oxford University who has some 40 years of research experience on Sudan; (3) Professor Godfrey Muriuki, a pre-eminent African historian and professor of African History at the University of Nairobi; (4) Professor Kassahun Berhanu, one of Africa’s leading political scientists and a professor of Political Science at the Addis Ababa University; and (5) Professor Shadrack Gutto, who has published widely on ‘‘subjects of regional and international, legal and political economy’’ and has been, as of 2008, Professor and Chair of African Renaissance Studies and Directors of the postgraduate Centre for African Renaissance Studies at the University of South Africa. See SPLM/A Memorial, paras. 596-601.

863 See Rules of Procedure, Section 2.

864 See e.g. Section 8 of the Rules of Procedure which provides:

865 See Abyei Appendix, Section 2.

866 See Abyei Appendix, Section 5.

867 See Abyei Appendix, Section 3 and Terms of Reference, Section 3.1.

868 See Abyei Appendix, Section 3 and Terms of Reference, Section 3.2.

869 See Abyei Appendix, Section 4 and Terms of Reference, Section 3.4.

870 Abyei Appendix, Section 4. See also the ‘‘Program of Work’’ in the Terms of Reference.

871 Section 3.4 of the Terms of Reference provides:The [ABC Experts] shall consult the British archives and other relevant sources on the Sudan wherever they may be available, with a view to arriving at a decision that shall be based on research and scientific analysis.

872 Section 4 of the Abyei Appendix, text supra at note 131.

873 Section 5 of the Abyei Appendix, text supra at note 107. See also the ‘‘Program of Work’’ in the Terms of Reference.

874 The ‘‘Program of Work’’ in the Terms of Reference provides that ‘‘the [ABC Experts] present in the presence of the whole membership of the ABC their final report to the Presidency’’ on May 29, 2005.

875 See Section 3 of the Abyei Appendix, text supra at note 864. Likewise, Section 4 of the Rules of Procedure provides:

876 This is apparent in Section 3.5 of the Terms of Reference which state:

877 As opposed to the other members of the ABC, who were representatives of either the GoS and the SPLM/A and were necessarily partisan, the ABC Experts were ‘‘impartial experts knowledgeable in history, geography and other relevant expertise’’ appointed by the United States, the United Kingdom and the IGAD. See Section 2 of the Abyei Appendix.

878 See Abyei Protocol, Section 5.3.

879 Article 9 of the 1907 Hague Convention provides:

880 Article 1 of the Optional Rules provides:

881 Report concerning the Loss of the Dutch Steamer ‘‘Tubantia’’ by the International Commision of Inquiry at The Hague, Permanent Court of Arbitration, 16 AM J. INT’L L. 1922, p. 480 at 485-492 (French language original).

882 Investigation of Certain Incidents Affecting the British trawler ‘‘Red Crusader,’’ Permanent Court of Arbitration, March 23, 1962.

883 In Loss of the Dutch Steamer Tubantia, a Commission of Inquiry was asked to ascertain whether a German submarine launched a torpedo which sank a Dutch steamship. The Commission limited its determination to finding that the German submarine indeed launched the torpedo, and it did not attempt to answer the question of whether or not this was done intentionally. In The Red Crusader, a Commission of Inquiry was instituted to investigate the facts leading up to the arrest by Denmark of a British trawler off the Faroe Islands. After the Commission had made certain factual findings, the two Parties decided on a mutual waiver of all claims and charges arising out of the incident.

884 See Section 5 of the Abyei Appendix.

885 As explained by Professor Schofield, there are three stages in a boundary’s evolution: allocation, delimitation and demarcation. Allocation deals with allocating territory and not the actual boundary, while demarcation simply physically marks out the boundary on the ground. Delimitation, quite differently, is when the line is established and specified. It requires ‘‘an executive act’’ of determining where the actual boundary line should be, and calls for a detailed description of the location of a boundary line. See SPLM/A Oral Pleadings, April 22, 2009, Transcr. 121/03-122/02.

886 See Abyei Protocol, Section 1.3.