Treaties — Conclusion and operation — Operation and enforcement — Necessity for municipal legislation — Article 66 of Dutch Constitution — Convention relating to the unification of certain rules concerning collisions in inland navigation — Whether creating rights and duties for individuals subject to the jurisdiction of a contracting party — The law of the Netherlands

Treaties — Conclusion and operation — Effect of treaties on third parties — Convention relating to the unification of certain rules concerning collisions in inland navigation — Whether creates rights and duties for nationals of third States subject to the jurisdiction of a contracting party — The law of the Netherlands

International law in general — Relation to municipal law — Article 66 of Dutch Constitution — Whether self-executing provisions of international conventions override municipal law — Whether international conventions may create rights and duties for nationals of third States subject to the jurisdiction of a contracting party — The law of the Netherlands

States as international persons — In general — Sovereignty and independence — Conduct of foreign relations — Conclusiveness of statements of the Executive — Whether Executive recognized Lebanese conflict as constituting a civil war — Insurance contract — Exemption from liability for loss caused by civil war — Dispute between parties to contract — Whether definition of civil war to be ascertained from Executive certificate — Whether Executive certificate solely relevant in situation where State involved in sovereign diplomatic relations — The law of England

War and neutrality — War in general — Definition and technical meaning of war — Civil war — Proceedings on insurance contract — Exemption from liability for loss caused by civil war — Whether events in the Lebanon constituted “civil war” — Whether same meaning to be attributed to phrase in contract as in public international law — Practice of seeking executive certificate — Whether appropriate in private contractual dispute — Whether solely relevant to situation where United Kingdom's sovereign diplomatic relations involved — The law of England

International law in general — Relation to municipal law — Proceedings on insurance contract — Exemption for loss caused by civil war — Whether “civil war” bears same meaning in contractual context as in public international law — Practice of seeking executive certification of recognition of civil war — Whether appropriate where international relations of United Kingdom not involved — Conflict in Lebanon — The law of England

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Over territory in general and persons and property situated therein — Application of United States antitrust legislation to sphere of international air transport — Whether contrary to obligations undertaken in bilateral treat — United Kingdom-United States Air Services Agreement, 1977 — The law of England

Treaties — In general — Conception and function of treaties — Regulation of international air transport — United Kingdom-United States Air Services Agreement, 1977 — Procedure for designation of national airlines — Effect of treaty upon municipal law — The law of England

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Effect of treaties on third parties — Whether treaty can create rights and obligations enforceable in municipal courts — Bilateral treaty regulating international air transport — Whether party to private dispute can rely on treaty in municipal court — The law of England

International law in general — Relation to municipal law — United Kingdom–United States Air Services Treaty, 1977 — Regulation of international air transport — Antitrust proceedings in United States court — Application for stay of proceedings in the United Kingdom — Governmental policy that application of United States antitrust laws contravened Treaty — Whether Treaty could create rights and obligations enforceable in municipal courts — Relevance of governmental policy in exercise of discretion to grant injunction — Further considerations — Absence of alternative forum — Territorial scope of United States antitrust laws — Whether foreign proceedings unconscionable — Ministerial directions prohibiting party from compliance with foreign court's requirements — Whether judicial review of ministerial orders in the sphere of international relations appropriate — The law of England

States as international persons — In general — The beginning of State existence — Accession to independence of the Comoros — Consultation of populations of the islands making up the Comoros — Unilateral Declaration of Independence by Representative Assembly of the Comoros — Opposition of the island of Mayotte — Admission of the Comoros to membership of the United Nations — French law providing for separate self-determination for the inhabitants of Mayotte — Whether violation of international law — Charter of the United Nations, 1945 — Whether violation of the French Constitution, Article 53 — The law of France

Jurisdiction — High seas — Jurisdiction on the high seas — For ensuring the safety of traffic — Atmospheric nuclear tests in French Polynesia in the South Pacific — Creation of a maritime security zone contiguous to the territorial sea — Measures for the safety of shipping within the zone — The law of France

States as international persons — In general — Sovereignty and independence — In foreign relations — Atmospheric nuclear tests in French Polynesia — Creation of Maritime Exclusion Zone by Presidential Decree — Whether subject to review by administrative tribunals — The law of France

States as international persons — State succession — Succession with regard to contractual and other obligations and concessions — Right to compensation for expropriation of property — Whether liability of French State transferred to Algeria by Evian Agreements, 1962 — Whether Agreements merely regulate rights and obligations between States concerned inter se or also affect rights of individuals — The law of France

The individual in international law — In general — Position of individuals in international law — Evian Agreements, 1962 — Whether merely regulating rights and obligations of States parties inter se or also affecting rights of individuals — The law of France

Treaties — Interpretation of — Miscellaneous — Conclusiveness of statements of the executive — Evian Agreements, 1962 — Decision by French Government not to pursue negotiations with Algerian Government concerning scope of application of Agreements — Whether municipal courts bound in these circumstances by interpretation previously given by executive — The law of France

States as international persons — Sovereignty and independence — Conduct of foreign relations — Conclusiveness of statements of the Executive — Evian Agreements, 1962 — Interpretation — Decision by French Government not to pursue negotiations with Algerian Government covering scope of application of Agreements — Whether municipal courts bound in these circumstances by interpretation previously given by Executive — Whether such interpretation any longer a matter of international law — State succession — Succession with regard to obligations — Right to compensation for expropriation of property — Whether liability of French State transferred to Algeria by Evian Agreements — Whether Agreements merely regulate rights and obligations between States concerned inter se or also affect rights of individuals — The law of France

States as international persons — In general — Recognition of acts of foreign States and governments — Whether legislation of private law character of unrecognized foreign government should be applied by municipal courts — Legislation enacted by Soviet Government prior to its recognition — Effective exercise of sovereignty — The law of France

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Jurisdiction over foreigners — Unlawful seizure of aircraft — Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft, 1970 — Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation, 1971 — Presence of accused in the Netherlands as basis of exercise of jurisdiction — Defence of superior orders and acting under duress — The law of the Netherlands

States as international persons — In general — Recognition of acts of foreign States and governments — Czechoslovakia — Nationalization Decrees 1945–46 — Whether possessing extraterritorial effect in the absence of express treaty provisions — Nationalization without adequate compensation — Whether recognition by municipal courts contrary to public policy — Effect of Czechoslovakia-Netherlands Agreement for the Settlement of Financial Matters, 1964 — The law of the Netherlands

States as international persons — Recognition — Of States — Taiwan — International Amateur Athletic Federation — Membership limited to one association from each “country” — Admission to membership of association from People's Republic of China — Resultant exclusion of Taiwan association — Whether valid under rules of Federation — Non-recognition of Taiwan by United Kingdom — Relevance — Whether Taiwan a “country” for purposes of Federation rules — Whether “State” co-extensive with “country” — Construction of Rules — Whether surrounding circumstances should be taken into account — The law of England

States as international persons — In general — Extinction of States — Division of Germany at the end of Second World War — Effect on international conventions to which German Reich a party — Effect on application of rules of conflict of law — The law of the Netherlands

Treaties — Termination of — By operation of law — Extinction and dismemberment of contracting party — Division of Germany at end of Second World War — Effect on international conventions to which German Reich a party — The law of the Netherlands

States as international persons — State succession — International conventions — Hague Convention on Matrimonial Property, 1905 — German Reich as a party — Collapse of German Reich in 1945 — Division of territory between Federal Republic of Germany and German Democratic Republic — Whether Convention continues in force with respect to East Berlin — Effect of division on application of the rules of conflict of laws — The law of the Netherlands

International law in general — International comity — Accession of Surinam to independence — Declaration of Intent by Government of Surinam with regard to treaty commitments — Presumption that treaties continue in force until notice of termination given — Hague Convention relating to Civil Procedure, 1905 — Whether courtesy requires nationals of Surinam to be granted rights under treaties covered by Declaration during transitional period — The law of the Netherlands

States as international persons — State succession — International conventions — Surinam — Accession to independence — Declaration of intent with regard to treaty commitments — Presumption that treaties continue in force until notice of termination given — Whether Declaration has effect within territory of the Netherlands — Hague Convention relating to Civil Procedure, 1905 — Whether courtesy requires nationals of Surinam to be granted rights under Conventions covered by Declaration during transitional period — The law of the Netherlands

Treaties — Termination of — By operation of law — Outbreak of war — Second World War — Survival of treaties between the Netherlands and Germany — Re-activation of treaties following exchanges of notes in 1956 and 1961 — Legal effects of exchange of notes — The law of the Netherlands

War and neutrality — War in general — Effects of outbreak of war — On treaties — Whether treaty between the Netherlands and Germany survived Second World War — Re-activation following Exchanges of Notes in 1956 and 1961 — Legal effects of Exchange of Notes — The law of the Netherlands

States as international persons — State succession — In matters of extradition — International legal assistance in respect of fiscal offences — Netherlands-Germany Extradition Treaty, 1896 — Termination of Treaty as a result of Second World War — Re-activation of Treaty following Exchanges of Notes in 1956 and 1961 — Legal effects of Exchange of Notes — The law of the Netherlands

State territory — Parts of — Territorial water — Lakes and Land-locked Seas — Shoreline of lake as boundary between States — Artificial expansion of shore Whether alluvions belong to territory of riparian State — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

State territory — Parts of — Boundaries — Water boundaries — Boundary between Federal Republic of Germany and German Democratic Republic — Shoreline of lake as boundary — Artificial expansion of shore — Whether alluvions belong to territory of riparian State — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

State territory — Parts of — Rivers — Multi-national rivers — Navigation — Collision in Ems Estuary — Claim of Dutch State for costs of removing wreck — Jurisdiction of Dutch courts — EEC Convention on Jurisdiction and Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters, 1968, Article 5(3) — Territorial status of Ems Estuary — Whether collision to be deemed to have occurred in Dutch territory — Ems-Dollard Treaty, 1960, Article 32 — The law of the Netherlands

State territory — Parts of — Rivers — International rivers — Freedom of Navigation — Definition — Whether applies to movement of ships from shipyards — Revised Act concerning navigation of the Rhine (Act of Mannheim), 1868–1922, Articles 1 and 30 — The law of the Netherlands

Treaties — Conclusion and operation — Constitutional limitations — Ministerial decree in conflict with provisions of prior enacted international treaty — Whether decree binding on municipal courts — Article 66 of Dutch Constitution — The law of the Netherlands

State territory — Parts of — Rivers — International rivers — The principle of freedom of navigation on international rivers — Restrictions in the interests of general security — Reasonableness test — Act of Mannheim, 1868, Article 1 — Re-routing of inland shipping for benefit of seagoing traffic — Whether ministerial decree which violates prior international treaty may be applied by the municipal courts — Article 66 of the Dutch Constitution — The law of the Netherlands

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For wrongs unconnected with contractual obligations — Acts and omissions of State organs and officials — Executive action or inaction — Barrage over international river formed by striking watermen — Failure of municipal authorities to remove — Whether State liable to foreign shipping companies suffering loss — Principle of equality before public authorities — The law of France

State territory — Parts of — Rivers — International rivers — The principle of freedom of navigation on international rivers — Limits — Public policy — Barrage over river established by striking watermen — Failure of municipal authorities to remove — Whether State liable to foreign shipping companies suffering loss — Principle of equality before public authorities — Convention of Luxembourg on Canalization of Moselle, 1956 — The law of France

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — Right to strike — Limits — Legality of order prohibiting lock operators on international waterway from exercising right to strike — Public policy — Whether such prohibition required by Convention of Luxembourg on Canalization of Moselle, 1956 — The law of France

State territory — Parts of — Rivers — International rivers — The principle of freedom of navigation on international rivers — Limits — Legality of order prohibiting lock operators from taking strike action — Convention of Luxembourg on Canalization of Moselle, 1956 — Whether requiring signatory States to prohibit strike action by such employees — The law of France

State territory — Parts of — Rivers — International rivers — Functions and competence of international commissions on international rivers — Rhine Police Regulations — Scope of territorial applicability — Revised Act concerning Navigation of the Rhine (Act of Mannheim), 1868–1922, Articles 1 and 32 — Whether distinction between “the Rhine” and “the Rhine and its estuaries” — The law of the Netherlands