International organization and administration — Miscellaneous — United States servicemen serving with NATO forces in Belgium — Legislation providing for recovery of medical expenses by United States against third-party tortfeasors — Provision for subrogation of injured party’s rights to United States — Whether such legislationcan be given effect in Belgium — Whether fact that no corresponding right for Belgium relevant — Whether fact that serviceman off duty at time of accident relevant — NATO Status of Forces Agreement, 1951 — The law of Belgium

States as international persons — In general — Recognition of acts of foreign States and governments — Legislation of foreign States — Recovery of medical expenses by United States against third-party tortfeasors — Legislative provision for subrogation of injured party's rights to United States — Whether such legislation should be given effect in Belgium — Whether fact that no corresponding right for Belgium relevant — NATO Status of Forces Agreement, 1951 — The law of Belgium

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Territorial limits of jurisdiction — Expropriation of alien property by foreign State — Expropriation of company’s assets and revocation of concession — Whether to be recognized as having effect within the territory of expropriating State — Effect on company assets located outside territory of expropriating State — The law of Belgium

States as international persons — In general — Recognition of acts of foreign States and governments — Expropriation of alien property by foreign State — Expropriation of company's assets and revocation of concession — Whether to be recognized as having effect within the territory of expropriating State — Effect on assets located outside territory of expropriating State — The law of Belgium

States as international persons — Composite and dependent States and territories — British Commonwealth of Nations — New South Wales — Application of Imperial legislation to New South Wales — Merchant Shipping Act 1894 — Power of United Kingdom parliament to legislate for New South Wales — Statute of West-minster 1931 — Merchant Shipping Act 1958 (United Kingdom) — Whether intended to apply to New South Wales — Whether expressly provided — The law of Australia

States as international persons — State succession — Succession with regard to contractual obligations — Obligations of the Belgian Congo under contract of employment — Independence — Whether obligations assumed by Belgium — Colonial Charter 1908 — Abrogation by Basic Law 1960 — The law of Belgium

States as international persons — State succession — Continuity of the Law — Decrees of the Belgian Congo — Whether subject to judicial review in Belgian courts after Congolese accession to independence — Basic Law 1960 — The law of Belgium

States as international persons — State succession — Pensions — Obligations of the Belgian Congo — Accession to independence — Whether obligations assumed by Belgium — Colonial Charter 1908 — Basic Law 1960 — The law of Belgium

States as international persons — Composite and dependent States and territories — Unions of States — Federal States and confederations — Australia — Delimitation of waters of South Australia for purpose of fisheries jurisdiction — Seizure of catch of fish in Investigator Strait in waters more than three miles from shore — Whether within Commonwealth or State jurisdiction — Fisheries Act 1952 (Commonwealth) — Fisheries Act 1971 (South Australia) — Consistency of State Act with Commonwealth Act — The law of Australia

State territory — Parts of — Territorial waters — Jurisdiction in the maritime belt — Australia — Seizure of catch of fish in waters more than three miles from shore of South Australia — Whether unlawful — Whether Commonwealth Fisheries Act or State legislation applicable — The law of Australia

State territory — Parts of — Straits — Investigator Strait off South Australia — Whether waters part of high seas or internal waters of South Australia — Whether part of Spencer's Gulf or St Vincent's Gulf — The law of Australia

State territory — Parts of — Bays — Delimitation of territorial waters of South Australia — Meaning of expression ‘gulfs and bays’ in historical documents defining limits of State — Whether necessary to distinguish between gulfs and bays — Meaning of both terms — Whether Strait off coast of South Australia a bay — Historic bays — Geneva Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone, 1958, Article 7(6) — The law of Australia

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Fisheries — Seizure of catch of fish in Investigator Strait in waters more than three miles from shore — Whether unlawful — Whether area within jurisdiction of Commonwealth or State — Fisheries Act 1952 (Commonwealth)-Fisheries Act 1971 (South Australia) — Whether inconsistent — The law of Australia

State territory — Parts of — Territorial waters — Breadth and delimitation of the maritime belt — Base lines — Islands — Gulfs — Bays — Distinction between gulfs and bays — Delimitation of waters of South Australia for purposes of fisheries jurisdiction — Imperial statute of 1836 and Letters Patent of 1836 — Meaning of expression ‘gulfs and bays’ used therein — Whether rules of international law relevant to construction of these provisions — Geneva Convention on the Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone, 1958 — Use of straight base lines — Whether waters of St Vincent's Gulf and Spencer's Gulf part of South Australia — Investigator Strait — Whether islands adjacent to entrances of gulfs constitute part of gulfs — Historic bays — Whether South Australia entitled to legislate in respect of fishing in Investigator Strait — Whether a Commonwealth matter — The law of Australia

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Fisheries — Exclusive fishing zone — Baselines — Effect of islands — Foreign national charged with fishing in exclusive fishing zone — Fisheries Act 1952-1975 (Commonwealth) — Amending Act 1967 — Geneva Convention on the Territorial Sea anq the Contiguous Zone, 1958 — Seas and Submerged Lands Act 1973 (Commonwealth)The law of Australia

State territory — Parts of — Territorial waters — Jurisdiction in the maritime belt — Fishery zone beyond territorial waters — Baselines from which limits of zone measured — Islands — Definition of island — Effect of islands on territorial, waters and fishing zone — Fisheries Act (Commonwealth) 1952–1975 — Amending Act 1967 — Geneva Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone, 1958, Article 3 — Seas and Submerged Lands Act (Commonwealth) 1973 — The law of Australia

State territory — Parts of — Territorial waters — Jurisdiction in the maritime belt — Whether territorial waters part of State territory only in case of sovereign States and not in case of colonies — Republic of South Africa — Division into provinces — Whether courts of different provinces have jurisdiction in maritime belt — The law of South Africa

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial jurisdiction — Territorial limits of jurisdiction — Irregular apprehension — Jurisdiction of court of try defendant after improper service of process — Summons served in foreign country — The law of Canada

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial jurisdiction — Territorial limits of jurisdiction — Power to make laws having extraterritorial operation — Service of summons in criminal proceedings — Service in foreign State — Whether court can assume jurisdiction over person thus served — The law of Canada

The individual in international law — Extradition — Conditions of extradition — Standard of proof — Whether necessary to prove guilt of accused — Whether sufficient that evidence would have justified committal for trial — The law of Canada

The individual in international law — Extradition — Procedure of extradition — Relevance of evidence in extradition proceedings — Test to be applied — Extradition Ad 1970 — The law of Canada

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Territorial limits of jurisdiction — Conspiracy — Alleged conspiracy to traffic in drugs — Whether State in which conspiracy to be performed has jurisdiction over all conspirators — Whether necessary for all defendants to have performed acts in furtherance of conspiracy within territory of State — Extradition — Procedure — Evidence required in extradition proceedings — Test to be applied before request for extradition granted — The law of Canada

States as international persons — In general — Sovereignty and independence — In matters of domestic jurisdiction — Power of Australian States to legislate for Commonwealth territorial waters — Whether Commonwealth sovereignty and sovereign rights implemented by legislation — Fisheries control legislation with regard to territorial sea — Fisheries Act (Western Australia) 1905-1975 — Seas and Submerged Lands Act (Commonwealth) 1973 — The law of Australia

States as international persons — Composite and dependent States and territories — Unions of States — Federal States and confederations — Australia — Federal State — Sovereignty over territorial sea — Whether vested in federation — Whether States of federation possess extra — territorial legislative power — Fisheries Act (Western Australia) 1905-1975 — Seas and Submerged Lands Act (Commonwealth) 1973 — The law of Australia

State territory — Parts of — Territorial waters — Jurisdiction in the maritime belt — Whether exercisable by member State of federation — Rights of Western Australia — The law of Australia

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Fisheries — Fisheries control legislation with regard to territorial sea — Powers of Australian States to legislate for Commonwealth territorial waters — Fisheries Act (Western Australia) 1905-1975 — Seas and Submerged Lands Act (Commonweath) 1973 — The law of Australia

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Territorial limits of jurisdiction — Territorial waters of Commonwealth of Australia — Commonwealth sovereignty and sovereign rights over territorial sea — Whether implemented by legislation — Power of Australian States to legislate for Commonwealth territorial waters — Powers of States to legislate extra-territorially — Whether a territorial nexus exists between land territory and offshore waters — Fisheries Act 1905–1975 (Western Australia) — Seas and Submerged Lands Act 1973 (Commonwealth) — Whether inconsistent — The law of Australia

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial jurisdiction — Territorial limits of jurisdiction — Whether a court has Jurisdiction to try offences committed outside territorial limits of the State — Transkei — Whether court can obtain jurisdiction through submission by offender — Criminal Procedure Act 56 of 1955 — The law of South Africa (“Transkei”)

International organization and administration — Other international organizations — NATO — Status of Forces Agreement, 1951 Article VIII, paragraph 5 — Supplementary Agreement”, 1959 Article 41, paragraphs I. and 6 — Reparation of damage caused by serviceman serving with NATO forces — Liability for road accident — Whether claim lies exclusively against receiving State or also against tortfeasor in personal capacity — The law of Belgium

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Exemptions from and restrictions upon — Foreign armed forces — NATO — Status of Forces Agreement, 1951 — Article VIII, paragraph 5 — Supplementary Agreement, 1959 — Article 41, paragraphs 1 and 6 — Reparation for damage caused by serviceman serving with NATO — Liability for road accident — Jurisdiction of municipal courts over criminal and civil proceedings — Whether claim lies exclusively against receiving State or also against tortfeasor in personal capacity — The law of Belgium

International law in general — Relation to municipal law — Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948 — Whether creating individual rights under municipal law — The law of Belgium

States as international persons — Sovereignty and independence — Conduct of foreign relations — Allegation of failure by State to pursue claim of national against United Nations — Whether municipal courts have power to examine the diplomatic action of the Executive — The law of Belgium

The individual in international law — Position of individuals in international law — Claim by individual against the United Nations — Right to hearing by independent and impartial tribunal Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948, Article 10 — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 6 — Whether right enforceable against the United Nations — Legal effect of the Universal Declaration — Plea of jurisdictional immunity by the UN — Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the UN, 1946, Sections 2 and 29 — Whether entitlement of UN to immunity conditional upon creation of tribunals for settlement of private law disputes to which the UN is a party — The law of Belgium

Treaties — Conclusion and operation — Ratification — Function of municipal legislature in giving effect to treaty — Whether able to modify or interpret treaty — The law of Belgium

International organization and administration — The United Nations — Legal Nature of — Extent of entitlement to jurisdictional immunity — Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the UN, 1946, Section 2 — UN Charter, 1945, Article 105 — Whether immunity enjoyed by UN limited to what is necessary for fulfilment of its purposes — Article 29 of the Convention — Obligation to provide for settlement of private law disputes to which UN is a party — Whether entitlement to immunity conditional upon creation of tribunals for settlement of such disputes — Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948 — Whether creates enforceable rights for individuals in municipal courts — The law of Belgium

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Exemptions from and restrictions upon — International organizations — United Nations — Alleged wrongful acts by United Nations Forces in the Congo — Claim for damages brought by private individual — Whether United Nations entitled to jurisdictional immunity — Convention on Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations, 1946, Section 2 — Extent of immunity — United Nations Charter, Article 105 — Whether immunity enjoyed by United Nations limited to what is necessary for fulfilment of its purposes — Section 29 of the Convention — Obligation to provide for settlement of private law disputes to which the United Nations is a party — Whether entitlement to immunity conditional upon creation of tribunals for settlement of such disputes — Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948, Article 10 — European Convention, on Human Rights, 1950, Article 6 — Right to hearing by independent and impartial tribunal — Whether a right enforceable against United Nations — Right of diplomatic protection — Whether enforceable against State of nationality — The law of Belgium

International law in general — Relation to municipal law — Whether international law part of municipal law — The law of South Africa

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial jurisdiction — Irregular apprehension — Role of international law at trial of persons apprehended irregularly — Apprehension in foreign State — Distinction between apprehension by authorized and unauthorized persons — Unauthorized apprehension — Later formal arrest — Whether court has jurisdiction to try offender — The law of South Africa

The individual in international law — Nationality — In general Alleged theft by Australian citizens on board British ship on high seas — Whether Australian citizens British subjects — British Nationality Act 1948 (United Kingdom) — Meaning of British ship — Merchant Shipping Act 1894 (United Kingdom) — Effect of nonregistration of ship for purpose of punishment of offences — The law of Australia

Jurisdiction — In general — Personal — Over nationals abroad or on the high seas and their property abroad — Offences on the high seas off Western Australia — Theft by Australian citizens on British ship — Whether an offence under the law of the United Kingdom — Merchant Shipping Act 1894 — Theft Act 1968 — Admiralty jurisdiction of Western Australian courts — Meaning of ‘British ship’ — British Nationality Act 1948 (United Kingdom) — The law of Australia

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For wrongs unconnected with contractual obligations — Acts and omissions of State organs and officials — Exhaustion of legal remedies International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 Optional Protocol — Communication to the United Nations Human Rights Committee — Allegation of undue delay of appeal — Complaint to Supreme Court of Canada — Whether effective for purpose of avoiding undue delay

International organization and administration — The United Nations — Other organs of the United Nations — Human Rights Committee — Functions of — Procedure — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Optional Protocol

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — Right to fair hearing — Right of detained persons to be treated with humanity and dignity — Right of accused to be segregated from convicted persons — Right of protection against arbitrary or unlawful interference with correspondence — Right to trial without undue delay in determination of criminal charge — Whether to be applied in conjunction with right to review of conviction by higher tribunal — Exhaustion of domestic remedies — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Optional Protocol — United Nations Human Rights Committee — Functions of — Responsibility for delay of appeal — Meaning of requirement of segregation

The individual in international law — In general — Before international tribunals — United Nations Human Rights Committee International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 Optional Protocol — Whether provisions of Protocol applicable only to States — Procedural standing of individual complainant

International organization and administration — The United Nations — Other organs of the United Nations — Human Rights Committee — Individual petition — Jurisdiction — Procedure — Communication under International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 and Optional Protocol

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — Detention without trial — Solitary confinement — Right to fair trial — Trial by military court — Trial not held in public — Right to trial without undue delay — Accused not properly represented or informed of charges — Allegations of torture — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Optional Protocol — U.N. Human Rights Committee — Procedure — Right of individual petition directly to Committee — Whether Covenant and Protocol applicable only to States — Evidence — Consideration of same case by another human rights tribunal

The individual in international law — Nationality — Naturalization — Conscientious objectors — Eligibility for citizenship — Citizenship Act 1970 — The law of Canada