International Court of Justice — Provisional measures — Conditions for the indication of provisional measures — Prima facie basis for jurisdiction — Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations, and Consular Rights, 1955, between Iran and the United States of America — Whether acts of which Iran complained falling within material scope of the 1955 Treaty — Article XX, 1(c) and 1(d) of the 1955 Treaty — Whether Article XX restricting the Court’s jurisdiction — Plausibility of rights asserted — Whether Article XX making Iran’s asserted rights not plausible — Whether rights invoked by Iran arising under the 2015 Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action — Defence available to United States of America — Link between measures requested and rights whose protection Iran seeking — Real and imminent risk of irreparable prejudice — Evidence of irreparable prejudice — Continuing character of irreparable prejudice — Urgency in the circumstances — Humanitarian concerns — Non-aggravation and non-extension of the dispute — Binding character of provisional measures

Economics, trade and finance — Economic sanctions — Sanctions imposed by the United States of America against Iran — Territorial extent — Whether capable of affecting rights under the Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations, and Consular Rights, 1955, between Iran and the United States of America — Provisional measures jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice

International Court of Justice — Advisory jurisdiction — Article 65(1) of Statute of Court — Competence of General Assembly — United Nations Charter, 1945, Article 96(1) — Whether question submitted to Court of legal character — Alleged lack of clarity of terms of request — Whether having effect on legal nature of question — Whether depriving Court of jurisdiction

International Court of Justice — Advisory jurisdiction — Discretion to decline to give opinion — Requirement of compelling reasons for Court to decline to give opinion — Whether questions raising complex and disputed factual issues unsuitable for determination — Whether Court having sufficient information and evidence — Requesting organ to determine whether opinion required — Whether advisory opinion would reopen findings of Arbitral Tribunal — Res judicata — Relevance of United Kingdom lack of consent to judicial settlement — Principle of consent to judicial settlement of disputes — Whether Court would be deciding a bilateral dispute

States — Decolonization — Independence — Separation of the Chagos Archipelago from Mauritius — Whether process of decolonization of Mauritius lawfully completed — Relevant period — Applicable law — Right of self-determination — Whether self-determination customary law during relevant period — Territorial integrity — Whether detachment of Chagos Archipelago unlawful

International organizations — United Nations — General Assembly — Decolonization — Functions of the General Assembly regarding decolonization — Non-self-governing territories — Free and genuine will of people of a non-self-governing territory — Mauritius

Human rights — Self-determination — United Nations Charter, 1945 — General Assembly Resolution 1514 (XV) 1960 — Right erga omnes — Chagos Archipelago — Mauritius — Continued administration of Chagos Archipelago by United Kingdom — Consequences under international law arising from continued administration by United Kingdom of Chagos Archipelago — Whether continued administration constituting a wrongful act — Whether responsibility of United Kingdom engaged under international law — Whether United Kingdom obliged to put an end to any internationally wrongful act — Obligations upon all States under United Nations Charter and international law

International tribunals — International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea — Jurisdiction — Advisory jurisdiction — Whether Tribunal having jurisdiction to give Advisory Opinion requested by Sub-Regional Fisheries Commission — Statute of Tribunal — Article 21 of Statute — Rules of Tribunal — Whether prerequisites for exercise of advisory jurisdiction satisfied — Article 138 of Rules — Advisory opinion

Sea — Treaties — United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982 (“UNCLOS”) — Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing activities within exclusive economic zone — Obligation of flag State — Liability and responsibility — Obligation to take necessary measures — Articles 58(3), 62(4), 92, 94(6) and 192 of UNCLOS — Obligation of due diligence — Obligation of cooperation

International organizations — International fisheries agreements — Fishing licence — Violation of coastal State legislation — Liability of international organization — Request for information on responsible party — Article 6(2) of Annex IX to UNCLOS

Environment — Marine environment — Conservation — Sustainable management of shared stocks and stocks of common interest — Rights and obligations of coastal State — Articles 61(2), 63(1) and 64(1) of UNCLOS — Exchange of scientific information — Due diligence obligations to seek to agree and cooperate

Economics, trade and finance — European Monetary Union — Fiscal sovereignty — Public debt — Monetary policy — Economic policy — European Union — Asset purchase programme — Quantitative easing — Central banks — European Central Bank — European System of Central Banks — Bundesbank

Treaties — Treaty-making powers — Constitutional limitations on treaty-making powers — Transfers of powers by States to intergovernmental and other transnational authorities — Whether compatible with constitutional prerogatives of national parliament — Overall budgetary responsibility — Basic Law of Germany

International organizations — European Union — Powers — Member States as masters of the treaties — Principle of conferral — Whether Union having competence to determine or extend its own powers — Principle of subsidiarity — Court of Justice of the European Union

Relationship of international law and municipal law — European Union law — Interpretation — Application — Judgment of Court of Justice of the European Union — Weiss — Principle of proportionality — Whether application of EU law having absolute primacy — Whether German Federal Constitutional Court having absolute duty to follow judgment of Court of Justice of the European Union — Compatibility with Basic Law of Federal Republic of Germany — Openness of German Basic Law to European integration — Whether purchase programme ultra vires — Whether ultra vires acts applicable in Germany — Whether having binding effect in relation to German constitutional organs

Jurisdiction — European Union institutions — Whether jurisdiction of German Federal Constitutional Court extending to Court of Justice of the European Union and European Central Bank — Whether acts of EU institutions subject to national constitutional review — Ultra vires review — Review of core identity of national constitution — Whether application of EU law having absolute primacy — Whether absolute duty to follow judgment of Court of Justice of the European Union — The law of Germany

Economics, trade and finance — World Trade Organization — Obligations of Russian Federation in relation to its accession to World Trade Organization — Obligation to amend system of non-contractual collective management of copyright and related rights — Russian law — Article 1244(3) of Civil Code of Russian Federation — Whether Constitutional Court may examine compliance of provisions of federal law with provisions of international law — Whether Constitutional Court may decide the question of implementation of obligations under international law

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — Russian Federation acceding to World Trade Organization — Obligations of Russian Federation — Constitution of Russian Federation — Article 15(4) of Constitution — International law forming part of Russian legal system — Provision of international agreement prevailing in case of inconsistency with domestic provision — Civil Code of Russian Federation — Article 1244(3) of Civil Code not amended in accordance with international obligation — Constitutionality of Article 1244(3) of Civil Code — Applicant court requesting Constitutional Court to review whether Article 1244(3) of Civil Code complying with Article 15(4) of Constitution — Whether international obligation directly applicable — Mode of implementation — Whether Constitutional Court having competence to decide — The law of the Russian Federation

Human rights — Peaceful assembly and association — Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948, Article 20(1) — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966, Article 21 — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 11 — Restrictions on right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association — Review of constitutionality of Article 212.1 of Criminal Code of Russian Federation — Whether criminalizing a breach of rules on the organization and holding of a public event compatible with the right of peaceful assembly

Human rights — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966, Article 14(7) — Protocol No 7 to 1950 European Convention on Human Rights, 1984, Article 4(1) — Non bis in idem — Review of constitutionality of Article 212.1 of the Criminal Code of Russian Federation — Whether criminalizing multiple breaches of rules on the organization and holding of a public event compatible with the principle non bis in idem

Human rights — Fair trial — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 6 — Review of constitutionality of Article 212.1 of the Criminal Code of Russian Federation — Whether facts established in judgments imposing administrative liability can be given prejudicial character in criminal proceedings — The law of the Russian Federation

Human rights — Liberty and security of person — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 5 — Stateless persons — Deprivation of liberty of a person against whom action being taken with a view to deportation or extradition — Judicial protection — Article 31.7 and Article 31.9 of Code of Administrative Offences of the Russian Federation — Whether in compliance with Article 5 of Convention — Whether in compliance with Article 22 of Constitution of the Russian Federation

Nationality — Stateless persons — Conviction of offence — Liability to deportation — Absence of State willing to accept deportee — Continued detention — Human rights — The law of the Russian Federation

Human rights — Rights of persons with disabilities — United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, 2006, Article 19 — Distinction between categories of disabled persons — Connection of benefit payments to functional need and level of impairment — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 14 — Relationship with Social Security (Personal Independence Payment) (Amendment) Regulations 2017 — Discrimination against classes of disabled people — Whether measure objectively justified — Whether measure manifestly without reasonable foundation — Whether domestic regulations breaching international treaties — Whether domestic regulations unlawful

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, 2006 — Domestic regulations making distinction with respect to psychological distress — Less favourable treatment of those suffering from psychological distress — Whether domestic regulations in breach of international treaties — Whether domestic regulations unlawful — Whether duty to consult — The law of England

Diplomatic relations — Diplomatic privileges and immunities — Inviolability of diplomatic correspondence and archives — Admissibility in courts of the receiving State of illegally obtained diplomatic documents — Document emanating from United States Embassy in United Kingdom — Document probably obtained unlawfully from United States electronic storage facilities in United States — Document already subject of public discussion — Whether United Kingdom court should treat as inadmissible — Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961, Articles 24 and 27

Environment — Marine environment — Marine protected area (“MPA”) — Nature of MPA — Effect on rights of other States — Chagos Islands — Proclamation by United Kingdom of MPA around Islands — Rights of Mauritius — Fishing rights — Consultation exercise — Whether flawed because of failure to raise issue of fishing rights

Human rights — Right of abode — Chagos Islands — Separation from Mauritius in 1965 — Removal of population — Policy of no resettlement on the Islands — Establishment of marine protected area — Whether actuated by desire to prevent resettlement

Territory — Colony — Dependency of colony — Separation of dependency from colony prior to independence of colony — Removal of population of dependency — The law of the United Kingdom

Diplomatic relations — Diplomatic immunity — Family of diplomatic agent — Child protection — Children Act 1989 — Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961, Articles 31, 32 and 37 — Treaty interpretation — Relevance of human rights agreements — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989 — Human Rights Act 1998

Treaties — Interpretation — Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961, Articles 31 and 37 — Diplomatic immunity — Exceptions to diplomatic immunity — Whether to read in exception to diplomatic immunity to protect children at risk

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — Interpretation — Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961 — Human Rights Act 1998 — Whether Vienna Convention could be read to include exception to diplomatic immunity to protect children at risk — Role of Parliament — Whether proposed exception violating plain and natural meaning of Vienna Convention — Reciprocity — Principle of diplomatic immunity — The law of England