Extradition — Conditions of — Extraditable Offences — Criminal Nature of the Act according to the Law of the Requested State — The Law of Venezuela.

Human rights — Freedom of movement — Passport — Refusal of State to issue passport to national resident abroad — Freedom to leave country — Nature of right — Whether imposing obligation on State of nationality to grant passport — Restrictions on freedom of movement — When justified — Issue of travel documents by State of residence — Whether relieving State of nationality of obligation to issue passport — Enforcement and remedies — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966, Articles 12 and 19

International tribunals — United Nations Human Rights Committee — Jurisdiction — Individual petition — Requirement that petitioner be subject to the jurisdiction of the respondent State — National of respondent State resident abroad — Whether subject to jurisdiction of respondent State for these purposes — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966, Optional Protocol

Nationality — Proof of — Passport — National resident abroad — Whether entitled to passport

Act of State — International Bodies — Reparation Commission — Legal Status of the French Agents of the Commission — Lack of Competence of the French Courts

International law — Relation to Municipal law — Whether courts will examine validity under international law of public act of foreign sovereign committed within own territory expropriating foreign property without adequate compensation — Competence of municipal courts to determine and apply international law Nature of customary international law standard governing State's responsibility for taking of foreign property without adequate compensation — Act of State doctrine — Nature of and policies underlying — Applicability of doctrine when foreign State's acts alleged to violate customary international law — International law as understood by courts in United States — The law of the United States of America.

Jurisdiction — Territorial — Expropriation of alien property — Expropriation by Cuba of sugar properties within Cuba indirectly owned by United States residents — Challenge to validity of expropriation in United States court — Action by Cuban governmental instrumentality to recover value of such properties after alleged conversion of sugar in United States — Whether expropriation in violation of customary international law — Relevance of failure of Cuba to pay adequate compensation — Relevance of retaliatory purpose of expropriation and discriminatory application to United States citizens — Nature of customary international law standard governing State's responsibility for taking of foreign property without adequate compensation — Application of Act of State doctrine in United States courts — International law as understood by courts in United States — The law of the United States of America.

Recognition of acts of foreign States and Governments — Expropriation of foreign-owned property situate within expropriating State — Expropriation by Cuba of sugar properties indirectly owned by United States residents — Suit by Cuban governmental instrumentality in United States Court to recover value of properties after alleged conversion of sugar in United States — Whether Court can examine validity of expropriation to determine whether instrumentality acquired title to sugar properties — Act of State doctrine — Nature of and policies underlying — Applicability of doctrine when foreign State's acts alleged to violate customary international law — Nature of customary international standard governing State's responsibility for taking of foreign property without adequate compensation — Whether recognized foreign Government may resort to United States courts — International law as understood by courts in United States — The law of the United States of America.

Treaties — Special kinds of — Carriage by air — Warsaw Convention, 1929 — Place where action for damages resulting from international flight may be brought — Interpretation by courts of United States of America.

Treaties — Interpretation of — Principles and rules of interpretation — Liberal interpretation in view of purpose of treaty — Warsaw Convention on International Air Transport, 1929 — Where action must be brought — Interpretation by courts of United States of America.

Corporations — Nationality of — Siège Social Article 231 of the Treaty of Trianon.

States as international persons — Sovereignty and independence — Conclusiveness of statements of Executive — As to status of territory — Protectorate of Northern Rhodesia — Whether foreign territory for purpose of issue of writ of habeas corpus by, English High Court.

Jurisdiction — Territorial limits of — Jurisdiction of English High Court to issue writ of habeas corpus into protectorate — Whether writ will issue to protect British national in foreign State — Trespass on sovereignty of foreign State — Principle of effectiveness.

States as international persons — Dependent States — Protectorates — Relationship to protecting State — Northern Rhodesia — Whether a “foreign dominion” of British Crown — Whether foreign territory for purpose of issue of writ of habeas corpus by English High Court — Sovereignty — Divisibility of — Variable nature of protectorates — Compared with colony or territory acquired by conquest.

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For taking of, or interference with, property — Gradual expropriation — Joint venture company established by State and foreign corporations — State progressively treating company as a State corporation — Expropriation of shareholding

State responsibility — Damages — Award of damages in general — Expropriation — Measure of damages — Basis of assessment Breach of contract — Assessment of damages

State responsibility — Damages — Indirect damages and damages for loss of profits — Entitlement to profits from joint venture

State responsibility — Interest — Rate of interest — ICSID arbitration — Power to fix rate ex aequo et bono — Rate of interest requested in Government counterclaim taken as point of reference

Disputes — Arbitration — In general — The law applied by arbitral tribunals — ICSID arbitration — Applicable law — Power of tribunal to rule ex aequo et bono

Disputes — Arbitration — In general — Appointment and withdrawal of arbitrators — ICSID arbitration — Appointment of president of Tribunal — Resignation of president

Disputes — Arbitration — Procedure — Competence — Competence to determine jurisdiction — ICSID arbitration — Claim of lis pendens Other challenges to jurisdiction — Jurisdiction over counterclaim

Disputes — Arbitration — Procedure — ICSID arbitration — Failure of State party to file pleadings within time limits — Whether party in default — Whether delay excused by political upheaval in State Counterclaim — Discretion of Tribunal to admit counterclaim — Costs — Whether party responsible for delay should bear other party's costs — Valuation of property — Expert report commissioned by Tribunal

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For other breaches of contractual obligations — Contract between State and foreign company — Joint venture agreement — Financial guarantees — Failure of State to honour undertakings in agreement — Interference in affairs of venture — Expropriation of foreign company's shareholding in joint venture — Applicable law — Compensation — Convention for the Settlement of Investment Disputes between State and Nationals of Other States, 1965

Damages — Measure of damages — Basis of valuation — Valuation by expert appointed by Tribunal

Arbitration — Arbitration between State and foreign company — ICSID arbitration — Procedure — Alleged default by one party Conduct amounting to a default — Extension of time-limits — Delay attributable to political upheaval in State — Jurisdiction — Lis pendens — Counterclaim — Admissibility — Power of Tribunal to rale ex aequo et bono — Expert report commissioned by Tribunal — Costs of proceedings

State immunity — Jurisdiction — Property — Whether State immune from jurisdiction of courts in respect of real property — Property used as diplomatic mission by Russian Federation — Whether Russian Federation immune from proceedings in Czech courts — Whether Russian Federation acting as sovereign public authority — Whether subject to jurisdiction of Czech courts — Act on Private and Procedural Law 1963, Section 47(1) and (3) — Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961, Article 31 — Applicability

Diplomatic relations — Immunity — Property in Czech Republic being used as diplomatic mission by Russian Federation — Whether Russian Federation immune from proceedings in Czech courts — Whether proceedings conflicting with inviolability of mission premises or performance of mission’s functions — Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961, Articles 22(1) and 25 — The law of the Czech Republic

State succession — Treaties — Joint Declaration of Government of the People’s Republic of China and Government of the Portuguese Republic on question of Macau, 1987 — People’s Republic of China (“PRC”) assuming sovereignty over Macau from 20 December 1999 — Application of PRC’s treaties to Macau after assumption of sovereignty — Rights of third parties

Treaties — Interpretation — Application — Agreement between Government of the People’s Republic of China and Government of the Lao People’s Democratic Republic concerning the encouragement and reciprocal protection of investments, 1993 (“the PRC–Laos BIT”) — Whether PRC–Laos BIT applying to Macau — “Moving treaty frontier” rule — Vienna Convention on the Succession of States in respect of Treaties, 1978, Article 15 — Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1969, Article 29 — Exceptions — Whether a different intention appearing from treaty — Whether otherwise established that treaty was not meant to apply to Macau — Applicable standard of proof to be met under international law — Applicability of critical date doctrine to court’s assessment of evidence

Arbitration — Jurisdiction — Whether arbitral tribunal possessing jurisdiction to hear claims — Whether protection of PRC–Laos BIT extending to Macanese investors — Whether subject matter of claim falling within scope of dispute resolution clause in Article 8(3) of PRC–Laos BIT — Jurisdiction — Whether interpretation and application of PRC–Laos BIT justiciable before Singaporean courts — Jurisdiction — Standard of review — Whether Singaporean courts obliged to accord special deference to tribunal’s findings

Economics, trade and finance — Bilateral investment treaties — PRC–Laos BIT — People’s Republic of China assuming sovereignty over Macau from 20 December 1999 — Whether PRC–Laos BIT applying to Macau — Whether protection of PRC–Laos BIT extending to Macanese investors — Whether interpretation and application of PRC–Laos BIT justiciable before Singaporean courts — The law of Singapore

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — Effect in municipal law — National legislation implementing treaties — Interpretation — Legislation not implementing all provisions of relevant article of Treaty — Presumption that Congress intended to legislate in a manner which fulfilled treaty obligations of the United States

Jurisdiction — Principles — Territorial principle — Protective principle — Nationality principle — Passive personality principle — Extraterritorial jurisdiction — Presumption against extraterritorial effect of legislation — Whether extraterritorial jurisdiction can be inferred from statute

Treaties — Effect in municipal law — Implementing legislation — United States legislation implementing the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons, 1973, Article 3 — Legislation not implementing all provisions of relevant article of Treaty — The law of the United States

International organizations — International administrative tribunals — United Nations Administrative Tribunal — Committee on Applications for Review of Administrative Tribunal Judgments — Role of Tribunal — Role of International Court of Justice

International organizations — Officials — Terms and conditions of employment — United Nations — Official on temporary contract — Official seconded from government service — Meaning of secondment — Whether legal impediment to consideration of official for permanent post — Whether official entitled to reasonable consideration of application for permanent post — United Nations General Assembly Resolution 37/126 — Whether reasonable consideration entails formal procedure for consideration of application — Discretion of Secretary-General — Whether Secretary-General had unreasonably fettered own discretion

International organizations — Officials — Independence — Relationship between official and State of nationality — Official seconded from government service — Official seeking asylum — Whether official may be given permanent appointment without consent of State of nationality — Whether lack of consent a factor in case

International Court of Justice — Advisory jurisdiction — Scope — Applications for review of judgments of the United Nations Administrative Tribunal — Proper function of Court — Formulation of questions put to Court — Whether Court entitled to reformulate questions

War — Termination of — Invalidation of Looted Bonds — Board for the Validation of German Bonds in the United States — Decisions of — Review in Municipal Courts Pursuant to Treaty — Scope of Review — The Law of the Federal Republic of Germany and of the United States of America.

War — Occupation of Enemy Territory — Respect for Private Property — Looted Bonds — Invalidation of — Board for the Validation of German Bonds in the United States — Decisions of — Review in Municipal Courts Pursuant to Treaty — Scope of Review — The Law of the Federal Republic of Germany and of the United States of America

Arbitration — The Award — Appeal and Revision — Board for the Validation of German Bonds in the United States — Decisions of — Review in Municipal Courts Pursuant to Treaty — Scope of Review — The Law of the Federal Republic of Germany and of the United States of America.

Aliens — Deportation — Asylum — Criteria for grant of — Nature of “well-founded fear of persecution” — Homosexual acts subject to criminal penalties in State of nationality — Whether amounting to persecution — United Nations Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status — As instrument of interpretation of refugee law — Whether homosexuals a social group within meaning of Geneva Convention on the Status of Refugees, 1951

Treaties — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 8 — Aliens — Deportation — State of nationality allegedly in breach of obligations under European Convention on Human Rights — Whether State Party to European Convention precluded from deporting alien to State of nationality — The law of England

International organization — International officials — Scope of authority of — Secretary — General of United Nations — Authority to institute legal proceedings — The law of Canada.

International organization — The United Nations — The Secretary-General — Authority to institute proceedings on behalf of United Nations — Action for recovery of money — The law of Canada.

State Responsibility — Limits of State Responsibility for Damaǵes Suffered by Foreiǵners in Times of Revolution, Rebellion, Civil War, Insurrection, etc. — Meaninǵ of the Conception of Revolution as Distinct from Rebellion, etc. — Determination of Persons or Groups of Persons whose Wronǵful Acts Give Rise to Responsibility of the State

International organization and administration — North Atlantic Treaty Organization — NATO Status of Forces Agreement, 1951 (Article 8 (5)) — Claims for compensation arising out of acts or omissions of members of NATO forces — Provision for settlement in accordance with laws of receiving State with respect to claims against armed forces of receiving State — Claims arising out of acts of American forces stationed in France — Liability of French State — Whether limited to liability based on fault — The law of France.

Diplomatic relations — Diplomatic representatives — Immunities and privileges — Whether dependent upon notification of appointment to authorities of receiving State — Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961, Article 39 — Immunity from criminal prosecution — The law of England

State Succession — Treaties — Absorption of One of the Parties — Treaties Concluded by German Länder — Extinction of International Personality of Länder in 1934 — Tacit Renewal of Validity of Treaties — Actual Application of Treaty.

International Arbitration — Evidence — Boundary Disputes — History of the Controversy — Practical Construction by the Parties.

Boundaries — Water Boundaries — Boundary Disputes — Evidence.