War — Effects of outbreak of — Treaties — Abrogation of — Treaty relating to inheritance of property — Inheritance of property by enemy alien — Failure to claim as required by Treaty and Statute — After termination of hostilities — Suspension of requirement through state of war — Trading with the enemy — Power to vest — The law of the United States of America.

War — Termination of — Inheritance of property by enemy alien — Failure to claim as required by Treaty and Statute — After termination of hostilities — Suspension of requirement through state of war — Trading with the Enemy — Power to vest — Effect of war on Treaty — Abrogation of Treaty — The law of the United States of America.

International Law — Relation to Municipal Law — Private Contracts Inconsistent with Treaty Provisions — Validity of, Under Municipal Law — Exchange Regulations — Bretton Woods Agreements.

Treaties — Operation of — Private Contracts Inconsistent with Treaty Provisions — Validity of, Under Municipal Law — Exchange Regulations — Bretton Woods Agreements.

International Organization — Specialized Agencies — International Monetary Fund — Articles of Agreement — Regulation of Currency and International Exchange — Recognition of Such Regulation by Other States — International Recognition of Exchange Control Regulations — Article VIII, Section 2 (b), of Articles of Fund — Authoritative Interpretation by the Fund.

Recognition of Acts of Foreign States and Governments — Effect of Legislation on Property situated outside Jurisdiction — Limits of Duty of One State to Respect and Recognise the Laws of Another State — Foreign Confiscatory Law contrary to Fundamental Principles of French Law.

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — Arrest and detention — Abduction — Detention incommunicado — Trial by military court — Accused not properly represented — Habeas corpus not available — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Optional Protocol — U.N. Human Rights Committee — Procedure — Right of Individual petition — Evidence — Consideration of same case by another human rights tribunal — Whether Committee barred from considering alleged violations on territory of another State

Treaties — Interpretation of — Special Terms — “Equality of Treatment” — Meaning of.

Human rights — Arrest and detention — Banishment — Freedom of movement — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966

International tribunals — Procedure — United Nations Human Rights Committee — Optional Protocol to International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Communication alleging violations of Covenant — Admissibility decision without submission from State party — Decision on merits without submission from State party — Burden of proof

Recognition of Governments — Effect of Non-Recognition upon Deportation of Subjects of State whose Government is not Recognised.

Aliens — Deportation of Subjects of State whose Government is not Recognised — Non-Recognition of Soviet Russia by the United States.

Human rights — Asylum — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 8 — Right to respect for private and family life — “Flagrant breach” of Article 8 right being so fundamental as to amount to nullification or destruction of very essence of right — “Flagrant breach” not distinct from “complete denial” and “nullification” — Article 8 rights of all persons affected by decisions to be taken into account — Article 14 — Prohibition of discrimination — Discrimination on grounds of sex — Whether aliens can claim entitlement under Convention to remain in Contracting State to escape discriminatory or arbitrary system in country of origin in exceptional circumstances — Right of States to control entry, residence and expulsion of aliens — Best interests of the child

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 8 — Sharia law — Family law — Custody of children — Lebanese automatic entitlement of father or male paternal relative to custody of children from age seven — The law of England

States as international persons — In general — Recognition of acts of foreign States and governments — Expropriation without reasonable compensation — Effect of expropriation on assets situated outside expropriating State — Effect on assets situated within expropriating State — Principle of territoriality — Acts of foreign governments involving violations of international law — Whether municipal courts must deny recognition to such acts — Violations of public policy — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

The individual in international law — Aliens — Position of — Respect for property — Expropriation — Lack of reasonable compensation — Action for recovery of assets — Effect of expropriation on assets situated outside expropriating State — Effect on assets situated within expropriating State — Principle of territoriality — Violations of international law — Violations of public policy — Expropriation directed specifically against foreigners — Lack of legal recourse Whether municipal courts must deny recognition to such acts — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Territorial limits of jurisdiction — Expropriation of alien property — Expropriation without reasonable compensation — Action for recovery of assets by “split company” (Spaltgesellschaft) established outside expropriating State as a result of expropriation — Effect of expropriation on assets situated outside expropriating State — Effect on assets situated within expropriating State — Principle of territoriality — Acts of foreign governments involving violations of international law — Whether municipal courts must deny recognition to such acts — Violations of public policy — Expropriation directed specifically against foreigners — Lack of legal recourse — Requirement of close connection between subject matter and forum State — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

Treaties — Special kinds of — Warsaw Convention of 1929 — Venue for action for damages resulting from international flight — Article 28 (1) of Convention — Interpretation by courts of United States of America.

Treaties — Interpretation of — Consideration of preparatory work — Warsaw Convention of 1929 — Venue for action for damages resulting from international flight — Limitations in Convention as referring to countries rather than geographical components of federal countries — Interpretation by courts of United States of America.

State responsibility — Responsibility based on fault — Expropriation of property — Judicial award of compensation to affected party — Judgment rendered against authorities in former French overseas territory of New Hebrides prior to its accession to independence — Responsibility of French State for failure to meet obligations under judgment

State succession — Judgment of courts — Award of damages against authorities in French overseas territory of New Hebrides — Accession to independence — Whether French State liable to meet award rendered prior to independence

States — Dependent States and territories — Condominium — New Hebrides — Joint administration by France and the United Kingdom — Joint liability for payment of judicial award of compensation made against the Resident Commissioners for the two countries — The law of France

Human rights — Prohibition of torture and inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment — Applicant serving mandatory sentence of life imprisonment in Cyprus — Meaning of life imprisonment — Whether Cyprus violating Article 3 of European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Whether life sentence compatible with Convention — Whether life sentence irreducible — Whether applicant deprived of any prospect of release — System of sentence review and release arrangements — Standards prevailing amongst Council of Europe Member States — Whether applicant’s continued detention constituting inhuman or degrading treatment — Requirement of minimum level of severity of ill-treatment — Whether suffering exceeding that inevitable in form of legitimate punishment — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 3

Human rights — Right to liberty and security of person — Applicant serving mandatory sentence of life imprisonment in Cyprus — Whether Cyprus violating Article 5(1)(a) of European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Whether continuing detention of applicant after 2 November 2002 justified — Whether applicant’s complaint under Article 5(4) of Convention falling within scope of examination — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 5

Human rights — No punishment without law — Applicant serving mandatory sentence of life imprisonment in Cyprus — Whether Cyprus violating Article 7 of European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Whether violation with regard to quality of law applicable at material time — Rule of law — Meaning of law in Article 7 — Concept of penalty — Criminal law applicable at material time — Whether sufficiently precise — Meaning of life imprisonment — Criminal Code providing that life imprisonment amounting to imprisonment for remainder of life — Prisoner Regulations providing for release after twenty years — Prisoner law repealing Prison Regulations — Whether violation with regard to retrospective imposition of heavier penalty with regard to sentence and changes in prisoner law — Criminal Code — Penalty of life sentence — Prison law repealing Prison Regulations — Whether imposition of heavier penalty on applicant than that applicable at time of commission of offence — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 7

Human rights — Prohibition of discrimination — Applicant serving mandatory sentence of life imprisonment in Cyprus — Whether Cyprus violating Article 14 of European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Differences of treatment — When discriminatory — Whether difference of treatment between applicant and other life prisoners released since 1993 discriminatory — Whether treatment between applicant and other prisoners under prison law discriminatory — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 14

Proof of Nationality — Nature of Proof — Enemy Character.

Enemy Character — Double Nationality — Nature of the Burden of Proof.

The individual in international law — Human rights and freedoms — Education — Duty of State to respect religious and philosophical convictions of parents — Compulsory sex education in State schools — Duty of State to ensure that information is presented in an objective, critical and pluralistic manner — Duty of State not to pursue policy of indoctrination — Relevance of the existence of heavily subsidised private schools and right of parents to educate children at home — Right of exemption from religious but not from sex education — Whether discrimination in regard to a protected right — European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Articles 8, 9 and 14 — First Protocol to the Convention, Article 2

Procedure of the European Court of Human Rights — Applicant wishing to withdraw application after matter referred to Court by European Commission on Human Rights

Human rights — State immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — Civil proceedings against foreign State for unfair dismissal from employment at embassy — Courts of forum State holding defendant State immune — Whether recognition of immunity involving a violation of right of access to courts — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 6

State immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — Employment — Proceedings for unfair dismissal from employment at embassy barred by State immunity — Whether contrary to human rights

Diplomatic relations — Locally employed staff — Dismissal — Whether sending State entitled to State immunity in proceedings for unfair dismissal from employment at embassy

State Succession — In Respect of Legislation — Annexed Territory Reverting to Independent Status — Re-emergence of Independent Austrian State — Non-Applicability of German Tax Laws — Concessions thereunder — Right to such Concessions after Re-emergence of Austria

Aliens — Position of — Treatment by and responsibilities of receiving State — Protection — Assaults on aliens — Political motive — Severe punishment — The Law of the People's Republic of China.

Sovereign immunity–Foreign States and state-owned corporations–Contract for construction of gas pipeline containing arbitration clause–Dispute between French contractor and state-owned corporation–Submission to arbitration–Dissolution of state-owned corporation and transfer of assets to foreign State–Whether foreign State replaces corporation as party to arbitration agreement–Whether foreign State entitled to jurisdictional immunity in arbitral proceedings–Acts iure imperii and iure gestionis–Requirement of close connection between legal relationship and the forum–The law of Switzerland as the procedural law

Jurisdiction — Territorial — Acts of torture and cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment committed abroad by foreign official — Claims for damages by victims under Alien Tort Claims Act — Whether Section 1350 of Alien Tort Claims Act establishes private right of action — The law of the United States

State responsibility — Nature of — In general — Responsibility for consequences of starting war — Restitution Law applied in Federal Republic of Germany — Whether starting of war by Germany in 1939 is a" default" of the Reich within Restitution Law — Responsibility of Reich for acts of United States military authorities in Germany prior to German surrender.

State responsibility — Nature of — For wrongs unconnected with contractual obligations — Acts of rioters and private individuals — Relevance of encouragement of private acts by agencies of Government — Relevance of negligence by Government in not anticipating or preventing private acts — Imputability — The law of Germany.