Aliens — Refugees — Unlawful presence in country of refuge — Whether a bar to granting of refugee status — Significance of failure to invoke refugee status immediately upon arrival in State of refuge — Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951, Article 31

Aliens — Asylum — Entitlement to — Procedure for claiming asylum — Requirement to claim asylum immediately upon entering State of refuge — Whether failure to do so constitutes a bar to subsequent claim — Requirement of well-founded reason for delay — Spanish Constitution 1978, Article 13(4) — Ministerial Orders concerning exercise of right of asylum — The law of Spain

League of Nations — Council — Members Acting as Representatives of their States also when Serving in Committee of the Council.

League of Nations — Council — Competence in the Matter of Minorities.

Minorities — Minorities Treaties — Object of — Equality “in Law and Fact” — Function of the Council of the League — Bringing a Complaint before the Council — Bringing a Dispute before the Court — “Civil Rights” — Meaning of — Competence of the Council to Interpret Provisions of Treaties other than Minorities Treaties.

Treaties — Operation of — Law Inconsistent with Previous Treaty — Overriding Effect of Treaty.

Extradition — Procedure of — Request for Extradition — Absence of Evidence of Institution of Prosecution — Law Inconsistent with Previous Treaty — Overriding Effect of the Treaty.

Recognition — States — Criteria — Guidelines on the Recognition of New States in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union issued by the European Community and its Member States Guarantees of human and minority rights — Respect for frontiers — Democratic constitution — Bosnia-Hercegovina — Whether meeting criteria for recognition — Whether sufficient indication of wish of the peoples of Bosnia-Hercegovina to create independent State — Bosnia-Hercegovina comprising three peoples — Absence of a referendum or other act of all the peoples of Bosnia-Hercegovina

States — Criteria for statehood — Effects of recognition — Yugoslavia — Bosnia-Hercegovina — Whether meeting criteria for statehood

Territory — Conquest — Non-recognition — Annexation of Lithuania to Soviet Union — Soviet Union introducing new laws and Constitution in Lithuania — Subsequent nationalization of property, banks and large-scale industry

State succession — Continuity of States — Re-emergence of State — Lithuania — End of annexation by Soviet Union — Lithuania regaining independence — Supreme Council of Lithuania adopting Act of 11 March 1990 on the Restoration of the Independent State of Lithuania — Territory of Lithuania integral and indivisible — Act of 11 March 1990 on the Reinstatement of 12 May 1938 Constitution — Annulment of all laws introduced by Soviet Union — No re-establishment of laws in effect prior to 15 June 1940 — Validity of Chapter 8 of 1938 Constitution “National Economy” remaining — Provisional Basic Law of the Republic of Lithuania — Restitution of right to private ownership — Whether private or State ownership of property — Whether property to be restored to former owners according to prescribed laws — Whether any public interest — Whether fair compensation appropriate

Human rights — Property rights — Right to private ownership of property — Right not to be arbitrarily deprived of property — Right enshrined in international legal instruments — Nationalization of property in Lithuania upon its annexation by Soviet Union in 1940 — Restoration of independence in Lithuania in 1990 — Right of private ownership reinstated — Whether property in Lithuania belonging to State or former landowners — Law of 18 June 1991 on the Procedure and Conditions of the Restoration of the Rights of Ownership to the Existing Real Property (the “Restoration Law”) — Amended on 15 July 1993 (“law in dispute”) — Whether provisions complying with Constitution of Lithuania — Whether parts of item 3 of law in dispute amending Parts 5 and 6 of the Restoration Law contradicting Constitution of Lithuania — Whether items 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 and 19 of law in dispute by which Article 12 of the Restoration Law has been appended by items 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 and 15 complying with Constitution of Lithuania — The law of the Republic of Lithuania

State responsibility — Responsibility based on fault — Expropriation of property — Judicial award of compensation to affected party — Judgment rendered against authorities in former French overseas territory of New Hebrides prior to its accession to independence — Responsibility of French State for failure to meet obligations under judgment

State succession — Judgment of courts — Award of damages against authorities in French overseas territory of New Hebrides — Accession to independence — Whether French State liable to meet award rendered prior to independence

States — Dependent States and territories — Condominium — New Hebrides — Joint administration by France and the United Kingdom — Joint liability for payment of judicial award of compensation made against the Resident Commissioners for the two countries — The law of France

European Communities — Treaty amending certain budgetary provisions of the Treaties establishing the European Communities and of the Treaty establishing a single Council and a single Commission of the European Communities (22 April 1970) — Decision of Council of Ministers of European Communities on replacement of the financial contributions of Member States by the Communities' own resources (21 April 1970) — Whether containing clauses contrary to French Constitution — The law of France

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Constitutional limitations — French Constitution, Article 54 — International commitments containing clauses contrary to the Constitution — Ratification conditional on prior amendment of Constitution — European Communities — Treaty amending certain budgetary provisions of the Treaties establishing the European Communities and of the Treaty establishing a single Council and a single Commission of the European Communities (22 April 1970) — Decision of Council of Ministers of European Communities on replacement of the financial contributions of Member States by the Communities' own resources (21 April 1970) — Whether containing clauses contrary to French Constitution — The law of France

Recognition of Laws of Foreign States — Laws Contrary to Natural Justice — Recognition of — Strict Construction of — Absence of Extraterritorial Effect — German Anti-Jewish Legislation — The Law of the United States

Nationality — Diplomatic protection — Whether national entitled to require State to exercise right of protection — Whether Government may be required by court to make specific diplomatic representations — Threatened violations of human rights

Diplomatic relations — Diplomatic protection — Nationals of State in territory of other State — Whether State of nationality required to make diplomatic representations on their behalf — Whether presumption that nationals likely to be ill-treated

Human rights — Death penalty — Whether death penalty as such contrary to international law — Fair trial — Arbitrary deprivation of liberty — Whether international law recognizing individual has a right to protection from State of nationality

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Constitution of South Africa — Relationship to customary international law — Whether Constitution applicable outside territory of South Africa — Whether Constitution requiring South African Government to exercise right of diplomatic protection in respect of nationals abroad — Degree of discretion enjoyed by Government — The law of South Africa

States as international persons — In general — Recognition of acts of foreign States and governments — Expropriation without reasonable compensation — Effect of expropriation on assets situated outside expropriating State — Effect on assets situated within expropriating State — Principle of territoriality — Acts of foreign governments involving violations of international law — Whether municipal courts must deny recognition to such acts — Violations of public policy — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

The individual in international law — Aliens — Position of — Respect for property — Expropriation — Lack of reasonable compensation — Action for recovery of assets — Effect of expropriation on assets situated outside expropriating State — Effect on assets situated within expropriating State — Principle of territoriality — Violations of international law — Violations of public policy — Expropriation directed specifically against foreigners — Lack of legal recourse Whether municipal courts must deny recognition to such acts — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Territorial limits of jurisdiction — Expropriation of alien property — Expropriation without reasonable compensation — Action for recovery of assets by “split company” (Spaltgesellschaft) established outside expropriating State as a result of expropriation — Effect of expropriation on assets situated outside expropriating State — Effect on assets situated within expropriating State — Principle of territoriality — Acts of foreign governments involving violations of international law — Whether municipal courts must deny recognition to such acts — Violations of public policy — Expropriation directed specifically against foreigners — Lack of legal recourse — Requirement of close connection between subject matter and forum State — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

Court of Justice of the European Communities — Procedure — Intervention — Conditions for admissibility of — Statute of Court of European Coal and Steel Community, Article 34 — Effect of making application to intervene — Language in which application to be drawn.

International organization — European Goal and Steel Community — Treaty establishing Community, Articles 67 and 4 (c) — Prohibition of State subsidies — Government-sponsored shift bonus to German coal face miners — Legality of — Whether affected by coal enterprises’ obligation to pay Government contribution to miners’ welfare funds — Failure of High Authority to declare action of German Government to be in violation of Treaty — Respective competence of Authority and member States in matter of subsidies — Whether competence of Authority limited to powers conferred on it by member States — Interpretation of Articles 67 and 4 (c) by reference to intention of parties.

Sea — Jurisdiction — Unidentified pleasure craft — Reasonable suspicion that vessel of same nationality as Coast Guard — Right of Coast Guard to board to ascertain nationality — Right of approach — Geneva Convention on the Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone, 1958 — Geneva Convention on the High Seas, 1958

Sea — High seas — Jurisdiction — Boarding of unidentified vessel on high seas after flight from territorial seas — Signal to stop given immediately prior to boarding — Whether circumstances giving rise to right of approach — Whether circumstances giving rise to right of hot pursuit — Geneva Convention on the High Seas, 1958

Treaties — Interpretation — Effect — Whether treaty self-executing — Matter for court’s determination — Effect of ratification — Treaty rights to jurisdiction over high seas narrower than those customarily exercised — Whether traditional exercise of jurisdiction proscribed by treaty — Geneva Convention on the High Seas, 1958

Treaties — Violation — Effect of treaty violation on jurisdiction of court over defendant — Foreign vessel boarded and seized on high seas — Identification of vessel conclusively determined prior to boarding — No evidence to support suspicion of illegal activity — Signal to stop given immediately before boarding — Boarding not justified under doctrine of hot pursuit — Geneva Convention on the High Seas, 1958 — Violation of treaty not depriving court of jurisdiction

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Effect of ratification of treaty — Whether restrictive language of treaty limiting permissible exercise of court’s jurisdiction to instances permitted by treaty only — The law of the United States

Recognition — Entities claiming sovereign status — Order of Santa Maria Gloriosa — Whether a subject of international law — Comparison with States and sovereign entities lacking territory — Comparison with Sovereign Order of Malta — Significance of attitudes of States and other entities having dealings with Order

States — Foreign sovereign entities — Order of Santa Maria Gloriosa — Whether possessing sovereign attributes — Whether a subject of international law

State immunity — Entitlement to — Order claiming sovereign status — The law of Italy

Effects of Outbreak of War — Abrogation of Contract for Manufacture and Supply of Goods — Consequences of Abrogation.

Diplomatic and consular intercourse and privileges — Permanent diplomatic envoys — Privileges and immunities of — Consular premises — Status of — Whether part of territory of sending or receiving State — Vienna Convention on Consular Relations 1963 — Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations 1961 — Divorce obtained in consulate — Recognition of by courts of receiving State — The law of England

Occupation of Enemy Territory — Nature of Occupation Required to Constitute Inhabitants Enemy Aliens.

Trading with the Enemy — Service on Shareholders in Enemy or Enemy-Occupied Countries — Nature of Enemy Occupation Necessary to Create Enemy Character of Persons resident in Occupied Territory.

States as international persons — Composite and dependent States and territories — Nationality and citizenship — Italian territories in Africa — Distinction between Italian citizens and Italian subjects — Libya — "Italian Libyan citizens" of Arab race — Whether full Italian citizens subject to certain restrictions or merely Italian subjects — Peace Treaty with Italy, 1947 (Article 23) — Renunciation of Italian rights in and title to Libya — Absence of provisions regarding nationality — Effect on "Italian Libyan citizens" who did not acquire Libyan citizenship — The law of Italy.

Treaties — Special kinds of — Peace treaties — Treaty of Peace with Italy, 1947 (Articles 18,19 and 23) — Territories renounced by Italy — Effects on citizenship — The law of Italy.

War — In general — Effects of treaties of peace — Miscellaneous — Renunciation of territory — Effect on nationality and citizenship — Treaty of Peace with Italy, 1947 (Articles 18, 19 and 23) — Failure to acquire nationality of successor State — Effect in absence of specific treaty provision — “Italian Libyan citizens” — The law of Italy.

The individual in international law — Nationality — As affected by change of sovereignty — Libya — “Italian Libyan citizens” of Arab race — Status of — Whether full Italian citizens subject to certain restrictions — Whether merely Italian subjects — Italian Peace Treaty, 1947 (Article 23) — Renunciation of Italian rights in and title to Libya with no nationality provisions — Effect on “Italian Libyan citizens” who did not acquire Libyan citizenship — Whether stateless — Whether still “Italian Libyan citizens” or full Italian citizens — Analogy of treaty provisions regarding ceded territories — The law of Italy.

Jurisdiction — Criminal Jurisdiction over Aliens — Crimes Committed Abroad — Crimes against the Safety of the State.

Arbitration — Law Applied by Arbitral Tribunals — Arbitration between Government and Foreign Company — Law Applicable by Arbitral Tribunal in Relation to Contract between a Government and a Foreign Company — Procedure Applicable — Contract for Supply of Goods to a Government — Legal Character of Administrative Contracts — Interdependent Contracts — Unpaid Loans and Supply Agreement — Effect on Duration of Validity of Agreement — Restrictive Interpretation of Administrative Agreements — Effect of Suspension of Supply Contract During War — Force Majeure — Unforeseen Circumstances and Clausula Rebus Sic Stantibus.

Damages — For Wrong done to the Sovereignty of the State as distinguished from Material Damage.

Damages — For Costs Involved in Ascertaining the Damage.

Damages — Measure of — Material Injury Caused by Nuisance.

Individuals — Position in International Law — State Claims Arising out of Injury to Individuals — Nature of Dispute.

Arbitration — In General — Functions of — Functions de lege ferenda.

Arbitration — In General — Nature of Arbitral Proceedings Involving directly Private Rights.

Arbitration — Res judicata-Revision.

Arbitration — Award — Revision of — Essential Error and Error of Law.

State Responsibility — Injury Emanating from State Territory — Nuisance — Noxious Fumes — Measure of Damages for Material Injury Caused by Nuisance — Indirect and Prospective Damages — Damages in Respect of the Wrong done to the Sovereignty of the State Affected by the Nuisance — Cost of Investigation of — Award — Res Judicata — Essential Error and Error of Law — Conditions of Revision of Arbitral Awards — Arbitral Functions de lege ferenda.