Jurisdiction — Immunity of Foreign Sovereign State — Implied Waiver — Institution by State of Proceedings Before Another Municipal Tribunal — Set-Off

State Succession — Private Rights — Merger of Indian States in Dominion of India — Legislation Abolishing Rights under Merger Agreements — Enforcement of Obligations Contained in Merger Agreements — Act of State — The Law of India.

Jurisdictional Immunity — Foreign States — Set-Off.

Recognition of Governments — Retroactive Effect of — Confiscatory Decree by Government Subsequently Recognized — Effect of Decree on Assets Situate in Country According Recognition — Effect in Country Promulgating Confiscatory Decree — Right of Set-off — Sovereign Immunity.

Recognition — Effects of Non-Recognition — Holland and the Soviet Government — Liquidation of Russian Insurance Companies — Legality of Acts of Liquidator Outside Russia — Legislation Emanating from Unrecognised Government — Interpretation of Measures Contrary to Public Order — Extraterritorial Effects of Russian Legislation.

Treaties — Special kinds of — Most — favoured — nation clause — Effect of clause upon duty of forum to recognise status of adopted child conferred upon alien by foreign law — Public policy of forum — Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Greece and United States, 1951 — The law of the United States of America.

Treaties — Interpretation of — Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Greece and United States, 1951 — “Most-favoured-nation” clause — Effect of clause upon duty of forum to recognize status of adopted child conferred upon alien by foreign law — Public policy of forum — The law of the United States of America.

Recognition of Acts of Foreign States — Confiscatory Legislation — Extra-territorial Effect of — Foreign Bank as Mortgage Creditor — Nationalization of Foreign Bank — Discharge of Mortgage Debt by Payment to State Enterprise Substituted for Expropriated Creditor Bank — Whether Valid Discharge of Debt — Relevance of Debtor’s Good Faith.

Human rights — Fair trial — Right to have witnesses examined — Conduct of trial — Delay — Appeal taking nearly two years — Delay of nearly four years between decision of the Court of Appeal and written statement of reasons for decision — Inhuman or degrading treatment — Death penalty — “Death row” phenomenon — Prolonged judicial proceedings for men under sentence of death — Whether constituting inhuman or degrading treatment — Stay of execution not notified to convicted persons until shortly before execution due to take place — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966, Articles 7 and 14

International tribunals — Procedure — United Nations Human Rights Committee — Interim measures of protection — Request that execution not be carried out — Exhaustion of domestic remedies — Whether requirement to pursue appeal with little chance of success

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, 1994 (“TRIPS Agreement”) — India’s obligations under TRIPS Agreement — Compatibility with Indian patent law — Changes in Indian patent law — Patent Act — Legislative history — Patent Act 1970 amended in 2005 — Interpretation — Section 3(d) of Patent Act — Whether drug of pharmaceutical company having enhanced efficacy — Whether pharmaceutical company could patent drug — Whether drug satisfying test of patentability or invention under Patent Act — Whether Section 3(d) of Patent Act applicable

Treaties — Application — TRIPS Agreement — Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health 2001 — India’s treaty obligations — International developments impacting on Indian patent regime — Changes to Indian patent law — Patent Act 1970 amended in 2005 — Section 3(d) of Patent Act — Whether applicable — Whether pharmaceutical company could patent drug — Whether drug satisfying test of patentability or invention under Patent Act — Whether drug having enhanced efficacy — Whether Section 3(d) of Patent Act applicable

Economics, trade and finance — Intellectual property rights — World Trade Organization rules on intellectual property — TRIPS Agreement — Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health 2001 — Harmonization of Indian patent law — Indian Patent Act 1970 as amended in 2005 — Patent protection for pharmaceutical products — Whether pharmaceutical company could patent drug — Whether drug satisfying test of patentability or invention under Patent Act — Whether Section 3(d) of Patent Act applicable

Human rights — Right to health care — Public health concerns — TRIPS Agreement — Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health 2001 — Indian Patent Act — Whether meeting public health concerns — Whether pharmaceutical company could patent drug — Whether drug satisfying test of patentability or invention under Patent Act — Whether Section 3(d) of Patent Act applicable — The law of India

War and neutrality — War in general — Definition — Patents Act 1949 — Hostilities with "any foreign state" — Whether including unrecognised State — Korean conflict — The law of England

Recognition — Of States and Governments — Non-recognition — Effects in municipal law — Patents — Extension of on grounds of war loss — Patents Act, 1949, section 24 — Hostilities with any “foreign state” — Whether including unrecognised states with defined territories and effective government in control — Status of North Korea — Whether question of fact for court — Whether Foreign Office certificate conclusive — The law of England

States as international persons — Composite and dependent States and territories — Mandated and Trust Territories — Rights and duties of Administering Authority — French Cameroons — Trusteeship Agreement giving France full powers of jurisdiction — General Assembly Resolution terminating Trusteeship Agreement — Whether French Conseil d'État retained jurisdiction in respect of administrative decisions of French authorities taken before trusteeship terminated — The law of France.

Human rights — Right to fair trial — African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, 1981, Article 7 — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966, Article 14 — Right to legal aid and representation — Right to equal protection of the law — Whether judgment should be pronounced in open court — Right to consideration of defence evidence — Right to consideration of alleged conflict of interests of prosecutor — Whether sentence entailed a retrospective application of the law

International tribunals — African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights — Jurisdiction — Subject-matter jurisdiction — Whether Court having jurisdiction to hear the application — Admissibility — Whether application admissible

Expropriation — Definition — Taking of property — Government interference with property — Whether capable of constituting expropriation — Whether formal act of nationalization required — Nature and extent of government interference — Appointment of temporary manager — Seizure of property by workers' organization — Whether encouraged or supported by government — Whether constituting expropriation

State responsibility — Acts of private individuals — Whether imputable to the State — Whether encouraged by government — Degree of government participation — Workers' organization — Iran-United States Claims Tribunal

Human rights — Right to liberty — Internment without trial — Iraq — Whether internment compatible with European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 5(1) — Authorization by the United Nations Security Council — Whether capable of displacing obligations under Article 5(1) — United Nations Charter Articles 24, 25 and 103 — Security Council Resolution 1546 (2004) — Whether authorizing internment — Whether imposing obligation to employ internment

Human rights — Scope of application — Requirement that individual be within the jurisdiction of the respondent State — European Convention on Human Rights, Article 1 — Military operations authorized by the United Nations Security Council — Iraq — Security Council Resolution 1546 (2004) — Whether actions of United Kingdom contingent in Multi-National Force attributable to United Kingdom or United Nations

International organizations — United Nations — Security Council — Duty to maintain international peace and security — Resolutions — Interpretation — Presumption that resolution not intended to oblige State to act inconsistently with human rights obligations — United Nations Charter Articles 24, 25 and 103 — Security Council Resolution 1546 (2004)

State responsibility — Armed forces — Armed forces of State taking part in Multi-National Force authorized by United Nations Security Council — Whether actions of members of force attributable to State or to the United Nations

War and armed conflict — Belligerent occupation — Iraq — Hague Regulations, 1907, Article 42 — Duty of occupying power to maintain order — Internment — Whether occupying power required to use internment if necessary

Aliens — Position of — Right to invoke local laws — The law of Canada.

Aliens — Admission of — Alien entering on visitor's visa — Alien after entry requesting permanent admission — The law of Canada.

Jurisdiction — Territorial — Exemptions from — Foreign States Action against foreign State concerning land occupied for purposes of diplomatic mission — Foreign State registered as owner in land register — Former owner's claim for rectification of register Whether claim subject to jurisdiction of courts of receiving State The law of Germany.

Diplomatic premises — Immunity from jurisdiction — Foreign State registered in land register as owner of premises — Former owner's action for rectification of register — Whether courts of receiving State entitled to exercise jurisdiction over claim for rectification — The law of Germany.

Treatment of Aliens — Plea of Non-Discrimination — Application of So-called Valorisation to Aliens — Question of Reciprocity.

Belligerent Occupation — Judicial Functions of Occupant — Power of Occupant to Hear Appeals from Judgments Delivered before Occupation — Officer of Occupying Forces Deciding Appeal in Absence of Civil Courts — Articles 23 [h] and 43 of the Hague Regulations, 1907 — The Law of Sarawak.

Court of Justice of the European Communities — Procedure — Intervention — Conditions for admissibility of — Statute of Court of European Coal and Steel Community, Article 34 — Effect of making application to intervene — Language in which application to be drawn.

International organization — European Goal and Steel Community — Treaty establishing Community, Articles 67 and 4 (c) — Prohibition of State subsidies — Government-sponsored shift bonus to German coal face miners — Legality of — Whether affected by coal enterprises’ obligation to pay Government contribution to miners’ welfare funds — Failure of High Authority to declare action of German Government to be in violation of Treaty — Respective competence of Authority and member States in matter of subsidies — Whether competence of Authority limited to powers conferred on it by member States — Interpretation of Articles 67 and 4 (c) by reference to intention of parties.

Laws of War — Subjects of — Civilians as Authors of War Crimes — Civilians Guilty of Killing Prisoners of War.

Prisoners of War — Treatment of — Duty of Guards to Protect Prisoners against Acts of Violence — Civilians Guilty of Killing Prisoners of War.

Treaties — Related instruments — Interpretation — Unilateral suspension and abandonment — Customary law — Articles 60 to 62 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties — Approximate application — Countermeasures — Response to an internationally wrongful act — Proportionality — Unilateral action — Assumption of unilateral control of a shared resource — Distinction between a wrongful act and prior conduct of a preparatory character — Obligation to mitigate damages — Termination — Necessity not grounds for termination — Impossibility of performance — Permanent disappearance or destruction of an object indispensable for execution — Fundamental change of circumstances — Requirement that change be unforeseen — Circumstances constituting an essential basis — Stability of treaty relations — Material breach of the Treaty — Mutual repudiation of the Treaty — Reciprocal non-compliance — Termination by mutual consent — Integrity of the rule pacta sunt servanda

State responsibility — State of necessity as a ground for precluding the wrongfulness — Article 33 of the Draft Articles on State Responsibility — Essential interest — Grave and imminent peril — Act having to constitute the only means of safeguarding the interest threatened — Party having contributed to the occurrence of the state of necessity

Environment — Rivers — Effects of the Project on the environment — Emergence of new norms of environmental law — Sustainable development — Equitable and reasonable share of the resources of an international watercourse — Environmental Impact Assessment — No peremptory norms of environmental law — Treaty-based obligation to apply evolving standards to protect nature

State succession — Dissolution of Czechoslovakia — Article 12 of the Vienna Convention on Succession of States in Respect of Treaties, 1978 — Customary law — No effect on treaties creating rights and obligations attaching to territory

Damages — Ex injuria jus non oritur — Objectives of the Treaty — Purpose and intention of parties in concluding treaty prevailing over literal interpretation — Obligations overtaken by events — Recognition of positions adopted by the Parties after conclusion of the Treaty — Good faith negotiations — Joint regime — Reparation for acts committed by both Parties — Intersecting wrongs — Settlement of accounts for the construction