Human rights — Fair trial — Right to have witnesses examined — Conduct of trial — Delay — Appeal taking nearly two years — Delay of nearly four years between decision of the Court of Appeal and written statement of reasons for decision — Inhuman or degrading treatment — Death penalty — “Death row” phenomenon — Prolonged judicial proceedings for men under sentence of death — Whether constituting inhuman or degrading treatment — Stay of execution not notified to convicted persons until shortly before execution due to take place — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966, Articles 7 and 14

International tribunals — Procedure — United Nations Human Rights Committee — Interim measures of protection — Request that execution not be carried out — Exhaustion of domestic remedies — Whether requirement to pursue appeal with little chance of success

Jurisdiction — Immunity of Foreign Sovereign State — Implied Waiver — Institution by State of Proceedings Before Another Municipal Tribunal — Set-Off

States as international persons — Sovereignty and independence — Conduct of foreign relations — Conclusiveness of statements of Executive — Inability of forum to apply foreign law made by persons not recognised by Executive as Government of independent State — Relevance of recognition of such laws by de jure sovereign of that country — Laws of Government of German Democratic Republic — Application by English court — Whether Government of German Democratic Republic acts as agent of U.S.S.R — The law of England.

States as international persons — Recognition — Of Governments Consequences of non — recognition — Application of laws of nonrecognized State in control of country not recognized as State by forum — Laws of Government of German Democratic Republic Application by English courts — Whether Government of German Democratic Republic acts as agent of U.S.S.R. — Relevance of status of U.S.S.R. as de jure sovereign — The law of England.

Warfare on land — Occupation of enemy territory — Legislative functions of Occupant — Delegation of legislative power — Germany — Position of authorities of U.S.S.R. — Status of German Democratic Republic.

States as international persons — Recognition — Of Governments — Consequences of non-recognition — Application of laws of non-recognized State in control of country not recognized as State by forum — Laws of Government of German Democratic Republic — Application by English courts — Whether Government of German Democratic Republic acts as agent of U.S.S.R. — Relevance of status of U.S.S.R. as de jure sovereign — The law of England.

Jurisdictional Immunity — Foreign States — Set-Off.

Recognition of Governments — Retroactive Effect of — Confiscatory Decree by Government Subsequently Recognized — Effect of Decree on Assets Situate in Country According Recognition — Effect in Country Promulgating Confiscatory Decree — Right of Set-off — Sovereign Immunity.

Expropriation — Definition — Taking of property — Government interference with property — Whether capable of constituting expropriation — Whether formal act of nationalization required — Nature and extent of government interference — Appointment of temporary manager — Seizure of property by workers' organization — Whether encouraged or supported by government — Whether constituting expropriation

State responsibility — Acts of private individuals — Whether imputable to the State — Whether encouraged by government — Degree of government participation — Workers' organization — Iran-United States Claims Tribunal

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Conduct of foreign relations — Power to declare war — United States Constitution granting Congress the power to declare war — Deployment of United States forces following Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait — Whether President entitled to order military operations against Iraq without prior congressional declaration of war — Whether justiciable question — Political question doctrine

International organizations — United Nations — Security Council — Powers under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations — Security Council resolutions regarding Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait

War and armed conflict — War — Definition — Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait — Threat of military action by the United States — Whether military operations by United States forces against Iraq would constitute war — United Nations Security Council Resolution 678 (1990) — The law of the United States

The individual in international law — Extradition — In general — Quantum of evidence necessary for allowing extradition — Test of evidence sufficient to put fugitive on trial — Decision of the extradition judge on the weight of the evidence — Whether and when reviewable — Limits of the review — The law of Canada

Jurisdiction — Executive — Consequences of illegal arrest — Defendant detained in foreign country and returned to England — No attempt at extradition — Whether deportation from foreign country a disguised form of extradition — Whether circumstances of defendant’s return to England deprives English courts of jurisdiction — Whether courts possess discretion not to hear charges against defendant

Extradition — Conditions — Return of fugitive offender other than by extradition — Disguised extradition — The law of England

States as international persons — In general — Sovereignty and independence — Waiver of rights — Estoppel — As a principle of substantlve law — Nature of principle — Whether Party estopped by official maps issued under influence of error in Award Map Whether Party on whose maps Award Map based responsible for error — Whether under legal duty to inform other Party or Arbitrator of error — Whether Party precluded by statements in diplomatic correspondence — Relevance of object of correspondence, state of geographical knowledge — Necessity that Parties be ad idem as to terms used.

Disputes — Arbitration — Evidence — The "critical date" — Meaning of — Whether the same for all purposes.

Disputes — Arbitration — The Award — Scope and Binding Force of — Error — Geographical error — Effect of — Extent to which boundary settled by A ward and Demarcation — Whether error effects a total rupture — Competence of Mixed Boundary Commission to settle boundary — Whether decision invalidated by error in own maps Interpretation of Award — Intention of Arbitrator — Relevance of preparatory work and subsequent acts of parties — " Interpretation and fulfilment " — Meaning of phrase — Whether referring to fulfilment by Parties or by Court — Interpretation of direction that boundary follow river — Whether it must follow major channel Historical and scientific evidence of major channel — Scientific criteria — Whether necessary to follow river to source when description affected by error.

State Territory — Parts of — Boundaries — Land boundaries — Determination by Arbitral Award — Effect of geographical error Fulfilment of Award by Parties — Estoppel — Part of boundary line following named river — Identification of river — Effect of division of river into two channels — Criteria for selection of appropriate channel.

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Conduct of foreign relations — Treaty-making power — United Kingdom — Whether exercise of treaty-making power subject to judicial review — Treaty on European Union, 1992 (“Maastricht Treaty”) — Extent to which Crown’s treaty-making power can be fettered by Parliament — European Communities Act 1972, Section 2(1) — European Parliamentary Elections Act 1978, Section 6 — European Communities (Amendment) Act 1993

Treaties — Effect in municipal law — Treaty on European Union, 1992 — Ratification by United Kingdom — Protocols — Whether ratification of Treaty automatically involving ratification of Protocols — Evidence from practice of other signatory States — European Communities (Amendment) Act 1993, Section 1(2)

Treaties — Conclusion and operation — Constitutional limitations — Treaty on European Union, 1992 — Protocol on social policy — Ratification by United Kingdom — Exclusion of applicability to United Kingdom by European Communities (Amendment) Act 1993, Section 1(2) — Possible indirect effect of Protocol under domestic law — Whether requiring parliamentary approval

Treaties — Conclusion and operation — Constitutional limitations — Treaty on European Union, 1992 — Extension of powers of European Community — Establishment of common foreign and security policy — Whether constituting abandonment or transfer of Crown’s prerogative powers — Whether requiring municipal legislation

International organizations — EEC — Powers — Institutions — Extension of powers by treaty — Treaty on European Union, 1992 — Protocol on social policy — Common foreign and security policy — The law of England

State Succession — Private Rights — Merger of Indian States in Dominion of India — Legislation Abolishing Rights under Merger Agreements — Enforcement of Obligations Contained in Merger Agreements — Act of State — The Law of India.

International Canals — Suez Canal — Constantinople Convention, 1888 — Article tO — Measures Necessary for Safety and Defence of Egypt — Seizure of Goods which Strengthen War Effort of a Country at War with Egypt — The Law of Egypt — Egypt and Israel.

Contraband — Conception of — Goods Consigned to Enemy Territory — Goods which Strengthen War Effort of Enemy — Seizure at Suez — Constantinople Convention, 1888 — The Law of Egypt — Egypt and Israel

Jurisdiction — Extraterritorial — Nationality principle — Offence committed outside prosecuting State — Offence committed by national in diplomatic premises of prosecuting State in foreign country — Territorial jurisdiction — Whether harmful effects sustained in prosecuting State sufficient to found jurisdiction

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Exercise of criminal jurisdiction by State over offences committed by nationals abroad — Requirement that international law rule be incorporated into domestic law by statute

Diplomatic relations — Premises — Whether embassy buildings constitute territory of sending or host State — The law of Zimbabwe

Aliens — Treatment — Access to consul — Whether alien possesses a right to have consul informed of his arrest — Whether failure to inform consul renders criminal proceedings a nullity

Consular relations — Position and functions of consul — Access to nationals under arrest — The law of Italy

Aliens — Deportation of — Right of Government to Select Place to which Deportation is Made — Conclusiveness of Administrative Ruling.

Treaties — Termination of — Unilateral denunciation — Effect of — Whether courts of co-contracting State obliged to apply foreign exchange legislation of Party in breach — Agreements between Netherlands and Indonesia concluded at Round Table Conference, 1949 — The law of the Netherlands.

Recognition of acts of foreign States and Governments — Exchange control legislation — Application limited by earlier inter-governmental agreement — Effect of unilateral abrogation of agreement — Whether courts of co-contracting State obliged to apply foreign exchange legislation — Agreements between Netherlands and Indonesia concluded at Round Table Conference, 1949 — Netherlands.

Aliens — Treatment of — Distribution of decedents' estates — Right of national of foreign State to legacy in forum State — Effect of exchange rate in foreign State on distribution there of proceeds held in forum State — Probate law of State of New York — The law of the United States of America.

British Empire — Treaty Making Power of the Dominions — Meaning of Term “Australian National”

Nationality — Tests of — Nationality in Self-Governing Dominions — Meaning of Term “Australian National”.

Treaties — Conclusion of — Self-governing Dominions.

Treaties — Operation of — Self-Governing Dominions — Commonwealth Legislative Power to Implement Treaty Binding on Australia.

Federal States — Operation and Enforcement of Treaties — Australia — Legislative Power of Commonwealth to Implement Treaties Binding on Australia — Proper Subjects of International Agreement — Conduct of Foreign Affairs and Federal Constitution — Meaning of Term “External Affairs” — Convention for Regulation of Aerial Navigation, 1919 — Meaning of Term “Australian National” — Tests of Nationality — British Commonwealth of Nations — British Dominions — Treaty Making Power of Dominions

State Territory — Acquisition of Territorial Sovereignty — Cession — Acquisition by Greece of Sovereignty over Mainland Territories and Islands of Aegean Sea — Examination of Treaties — Critical Dates — Retroactive Effect of Treaty of Athens, 1913 — Peace Treaties of 1919-1923 — Treaty of Lausanne, 1923.

State Responsibility — Prescription — Extinctive Prescription — Of Debts — Before International Tribunals — Implied Exclusion by Terms of Arbitration Compromis — Exclusion Implied by History of Relation between the Parties.

State Responsibility — Claims — Interest — Interest on Sums Awarded to Parties — Whether Interest Payable — Relevance of Intention of Parties — Refusal to Award Interest for Period Down to Date Fixed for Execution — Award of Interest from Date Fixed for Execution.

Individual in International Law — State Acting on Behalf of Commercial Firm in International Arbitration.

Peace Treaties — Peace Treaties of 1919-1923 — Treaty of Lausanne, 1923 — Effect of, on Transfer of Sovereignty over Certain Territories to Greece

Peace Treaties — Retroactive Effect of — Treaty of Athens, 1913

Arbitration — Procedure — Reference to Earlier Arbitration on Related Matter.

Arbitration — Procedure — Plea of Prescription — Rejection of — Implied Exclusion by Terms of Compromis — Exclusion Implied by History of Relations between the Parties.

Arbitration — Procedure — Practice — Re-grouping and Analysis of Claims in Historical Order and According to Points of International Law Raised.

Arbitration — The Award — Appointment of Experts — Competence of Tribunal to Give Lump Sum Judgment Ex Aequo et Bono — Necessity for Request from Parties — Time for Execution of Award.

Arbitration — The Award — Currency and Mode of Payment — Changes in Currency After Signing of Award.

Arbitration — In General — The Compromis — Procedure — Regrouping and Analysis of Claims in Historical Order and According to Points of International Law Raised — Reference to Earlier Arbitration on Related Matter — State Succession — Succession to Rights and Obligations — Two Successive Succession States — Effective Date of Subrogation — Relevance of Dates of Coming into Force of Peace Treaties — International Nature of Arbitration Where One Party is a Government Acting on Behalf of a Commercial Firm — Plea of Prescription — Rejection of — Implied Exclusion by Terms of Compromis — Exclusion Implied by History of Relations between the Parties — The Award — Competence to Give Lump Sum Judgment ex aequo et bono — Necessity for Request from Parties — Execution of Award — Time Ordered — Appointment of Experts — Currency and Mode of Payment — Changes in Currency After Signing of Award — Interest on Sums Awarded to Parties — Whether Payable — Relevance of Intention of Parties — Refusal to Award Interest for Period Down to Date Fixed for Execution — Award of Interest from Date Fixed for Execution.

International Law — Relation to Municipal Law — Binding Force of Rules of International Law Not Expressly Reproduced in National Code.

Jurisdiction — In Ports — With Regard to Offences on Foreign Vessels — The Law of Argentina — Binding Force of — Rules of International Law Not Expressly Reproduced in Argentinian Code.