International law in general — Relation to municipal law — Definition of war — Whether the same in international law and common law

States as international persons — In general — Sovereignty and independence — Conclusiveness of statements of the Executive — Statement concerning existence of state of war — Whether conclusive in international arbitration under International Chamber of Commerce Rules — Whether conclusive if arbitrator applies municipal law

International organization and administration — The United Nations — Legal nature of the United Nations — Obligations of membership — Armed conflict between members — Whether capable of amounting to war — Presumption against existence of state of war between members of the United Nations

Disputes — Arbitration — In general — The law applied by arbitral tribunals — Arbitration under International Chamber of Commerce Rules — Conclusiveness of Executive statements

War and neutrality — In general — Effects of outbreak of war — On private contracts — Arbitration clause in bank guarantee

War and neutrality — In general — Termination of war — Armistice agreement and agreement to restore normal relations — Whether terminating war — Intention of parties

War and neutrality — In general — Definition and technical meaning of war — Whether one definition of war exists for all purposes Distinction between war and armed conflict not amounting to war — Whether objective or subjective — Animus belligerendi — Evidence of — Broadcast by Head of State — Relevance of parties' membership of the United Nations — Presumption against the existence of a state of war — Declaration of war — Hostilities between India and Pakistan in September 1965 — Whether amounting to war

Termination of war — Whether war can be terminated by armistice agreement — Effects of Tashkent Declaration, 1966

Effects of outbreak of war — On private contracts — Arbitration clause

Arbitration — International commercial arbitration under International Chamber of Commerce Rules — Role of arbitrator — Whether statement by Executive that a State was at war conclusive in international arbitration — Whether statement conclusive if arbitrator is applying municipal law.

Warfare on land — Occupation of enemy territory — Nature and effects of — Applicability of local law to members of occupying forces — Local law relating to formalities of marriage — Applicability to member of forces associated with and under control of occupying forces — Status of Polish Army in Germany in 1945 — Whether Polish forces were in belligerent occupation of Germany — The law of England.

International law — Relation to municipal law — United Nations Charter and law of nations as part of law of State — Statutes as declaratory of international law — The law of the United States of America.

Treaties — Interpretation of — Consideration of preparatory work Article 105 of United Nations Charter — Immunities of employees of United Nations — Charge of espionage against employee Relationship between diplomatic immunities and immunities of employees of United Nations — The law of the United States of America.

International officials — Employee of United Nations — Immunities of — Charge of espionage — Article 105 of United Nations Charter — Customary international law — Headquarters Agreement between United Nations and United States — International Organizations Immunities Act of United States and other United States legislation — Relationship between diplomatic immunities and immunities of employees of United Nations — Interpretation of treaties — Consideration of preparatory work — Proper forum of decision — The law of the United States of America.

Diplomatic and consular intercourse and privileges — Right to privileges and immunities — Officials of United Nations — Charge of espionage — Article 105 of United Nations Charter — Customary international law — Headquarters Agreement between United Nations and United States of America — International Organizations Immunities Act of United States and other United States legislation — Relationship between diplomatic immunities and immunities of employees of United Nations — Interpretation of treaties — Consideration of preparatory work — Proper forum for decision — The law of the United States of America.

Permanent Court of International Justice — Jurisdiction of — Optional Clause of Article 36 of the Statute — Limitation ratione temporis — Meaning of the Words “in any disputes which may arise after the ratification of the present declaration with regard to situations or facts subsequent to such ratification” — Situation Extending beyond the Date of Ratification — Alleged Unlawful Acts Leading to that Situation and Preceding the Ratification — Alleged Continued Denial of Justice Subsequent to Ratification.

State immunity — State agency — Commercial activity — Implied waiver of immunity — Claim for breach of contract and repayment of debt against foreign State and State agency — Application for security for costs — State entity established by decree to manage assets on insolvency of business based in that State — State entity participating in litigation relating to insolvency in United States courts without raising defence of State immunity — Whether an implied waiver — Whether liquidation and management of assets a commercial activity — Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1976 — Whether act of State doctrine applicable — The law of the United States

International law in general — Relation to municipal law — Whether international law part of municipal law — Whether judicial notice should be taken of international law — Whether international law needs to be established by evidence — Jurisdiction — Territorial limits of jurisdiction — Whether the Court has jurisdiction to determine rights of fishing in foreign territorial waters — Whether Court has jurisdiction to pass judgment which it cannot enforce — The law of South Africa

Jurisdiction — Immunity from — Foreign State acting as Trustee of Private Property.

Arbitration — Arbitration agreement — Function of arbitral tribunal — Boundary dispute — Whether tribunal's task one of demarcation of existing boundary or delimitation — Law applicable to arbitration

Arbitration — Concept of arbitration — Distinction between arbitration and political settlement — Boundary dispute — Dependent States — Trucial States — Reference of dispute to British official — Consent of Rulers of the Trucial States — Whether obtained by coercion — Whether decision of official based upon law — Whether decision of official legally binding upon successor States

Territory — Boundaries — Land boundaries — Arbitration of boundary dispute — Critical date — Acquisition of title — Prescription — Protest — Desert areas — Allegiance of tribes — Exercise of jurisdiction — Significance in establishing title to territory

Sea — Maritime boundaries — Delimitation — Adjacent States — Equity — Harbour works — Use as part of base lines — Equidistance method — Special circumstances — Islands — Whether island should be given half effect — Effect of island's entitlement to a territorial sea

Claims — Nationality of — Claims by Insurance Companies in Respect of Losses Suffered by Nationals of the Defendant State.

Extradition — Conditions of — Principle of Double Criminality — Sufficiency of Evidence — Extradition Treaty between the United States and Italy.

International organizations — Staff — Appeals mechanism — International Labour Organization Administrative Tribunal — Provision for challenge to judgment of the Tribunal by request to International Court of Justice for advisory opinion — Request for suspension of execution of judgment pending opinion — Admissibility of request — Powers of the Tribunal in the absence of express provisions in statute — Impossibility of tribunal assessing soundness of its own judgments — Imbalance in rights of the parties

International Court of Justice — Advisory jurisdiction — International staff cases — Challenge to judgment of International Labour Organization Administrative Tribunal — Stay of execution of judgment pending opinion

State Responsibility — Acts of Revolutionary de facto Governments — Considerations to be Taken into Account by an Equity Tribunal.

Jurisdiction — Territorial — Taxation of Aliens — “Due Process of Law.”

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Customary international law — Doctrine of incorporation — Primacy of statute over rule of customary international law — State immunity

State immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — Claim against State for torture allegedly committed by State officials — Acts of torture allegedly committed in Kuwait and United Kingdom by agents of Kuwaiti Government — Whether English courts have jurisdiction in respect of torture committed in Kuwait being acts in violation of international law — State immunity governed by statute — Whether explicit provision required in statute to establish exception to immunity — Tortious acts committed within jurisdiction — Standard of proof required to establish exception to immunity — Balance of probabilities — State Immunity Act 1978, Sections 1 and 5 — The Law of England

Sovereign immunity — Foreign States and State-owned corporations — Attachment and execution — Pre-judgment attachment of property belonging to foreign State or its agencies and instrumentalities — Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1976 — Whether express waiver of immunity required for pre-judgment attachment — Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights, 1955, between United States and Iran — Whether amounting to waiver — Iranian Assets Control Regulations — Scope and nature — The law of the United States

Extradition — In General — Expulsion in Lieu of Extradition — Detention as Preliminary to Expulsion.

Extradition — Political Offences — Expulsion in Lieu of Extradition — Detention as Preliminary to Expulsion.

Aliens — Expulsion of — Extradition — Extradition Act — Aliens Act — The Law of India.

Human rights — International law — Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951, Article 33(2) — Non-refoulement principle — Relationship with wider human rights obligations — Effect in national law — Constitution of Kenya

Aliens — Refugees — Non-refoulement — Exceptions for national security and crime — Whether exceptions to be construed restrictively — Relationship between Article 33(2) of the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951 and human rights instruments — Requirement of individual assessment — The law of Kenya

Human rights — Treaties — American Convention on Human Rights, 1969 — Right to personal liberty — Right to a fair trial — Right to humane treatment — Right to judicial protection — Whether Ecuador violating Articles 7, 8, 5 and 25 of Convention — Whether Ecuador acting in violation of its domestic laws — Whether urgent measures necessary to protect physical and moral integrity of victim and his family

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — American Convention on Human Rights, 1969 — Ecuador State Party to Convention — Article 1 of Convention obliging Ecuador to respect rights in Convention — Whether Ecuador breaching Article 2 of Convention in failing to give domestic legal effect to Convention rights — Ecuadorean municipal laws — Ecuadorean Political Constitution — Ecuadorean Criminal Code — Ecuadorean Law on Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances — Article 114 bis of Criminal Code disapplying its provisions to persons charged under Law on Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances — Whether violating Article 2 of Convention

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Reparations — Applicable law — American Convention on Human Rights, 1969, Article 63(1) — International law governing scope, nature, modality and determination of beneficiaries of reparations — Whether subject to alteration by municipal law — Whether new Ecuadorean law constituting appropriate measure to fulfil judgment on the Merits

International tribunals — Role of Inter-American Court of Human Rights — Ecuador requesting dismissal of petition — Seriousness of crime of drug-trafficking — Whether impairing peace and security of State and health of its population — Admissibility of request — Inter-American Court of Human Rights not usurping role of domestic courts — Ecuador's criminal tribunals to decide on individual's responsibility for crimes — Innocence or guilt of victim unrelated to merits of present case — Whether Ecuador having international responsibility for violations of Convention — American Convention on Human Rights, 1969

State responsibility — Imputability — Human rights violation — Whether State responsible — Whether unlawful act imputable to State — Whether State having duty to make reparations

Damages — For human rights violations — Whether Ecuador having duty to make proper reparation — Entitlement to fair compensation — Compensatory damages — Pecuniary damages — Moral damages — Whether apology from Ecuador necessary — Ecuador having duty to repair consequences of violations — Costs and expenses — Mode of compliance — American Convention on Human Rights, 1969, Article 63(1)

Extradition — In General — Absence of Treaty of Extradition — Reciprocity — The Law of Venezuela.

The individual in international law — Nationality — Acquisition of — As affected by change of sovereignty — Cession of territory — Whether Willstatt ceded in 1805 by Elector of Baden to Napoleon I — Whether persons born in Willstatt acquired French nationality — The law of France.

Treaties — Interpretation of — Agencies of — Whether municipal courts may interpet diplomatic treaties — Whether official Government interpretation must be adopted — The law of France.

State territory — In general — Acquisition of territorial sovereignty — Cession — Whether Willstatt ceded in 1805 by Elector of Baden to Napoleon I — Whether persons born in Willstatt acquired French nationality — The law of France.