Jurisdiction — Executive — Executive’s powers to carry out law enforcement operations abroad — Whether political branches having power to override principles of territorial sovereignty — Transborder abduction — United States agents kidnapping Mexican national Alvarez in Mexico and transporting to United States to stand trial — Whether United States agents having authority to make warrantless arrest outside United States borders — Whether giving rise to claims under Federal Tort Claims Act (“FTCA”) and Alien Tort Statute (“ATS”)

Claims — Claims for damages for tort of false arrest and arbitrary arrest and detention in violation of law of nations — Alvarez making claims under Federal Tort Claims Act and Alien Tort Statute — Scope of FTCA and ATS — Whether United States liable to Alvarez for damages under FTCA for tort of false arrest — Whether Mexican kidnapper Sosa liable to Alvarez for damages under ATS for violation of law of nations — Whether damages payable to Alvarez under United States law

State immunity — Federal Tort Claims Act — Scope — Whether United States liable for tort of false arrest under FTCA — Waiver of sovereign immunity in Section 1346(b)(1) of FTCA — Limits to waiver of sovereign immunity — Whether “foreign activities” exception in Section 2680(k) of FTCA applicable — “Headquarters doctrine” — Whether applicable — Whether “international tort” exception in Section 2680(h) applicable

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Alien Tort Statute — Scope — Whether Mexican kidnapper Sosa liable to Alvarez for damages under ATS — Section 1350 of ATS — Whether violation of law of nations — Whether ATS creating new causes of action — Whether federal courts precluded from recognizing claim under law of nations — Judicial caution — Whether law of nations adaptable to private rights — Interaction between ATS at time of its enactment and ambient law of era — Whether international norm prohibiting arbitrary arrest and detention — Treaties — Human rights instruments — Customary international law — Whether Alvarez having claim under ATS

Terrorism — Global war on terrorism context — Relevance — Foreign policy — Role of Congress and executive branches — National security — Whether non-justiciable political question — The law of the United States