Relationship of international law and municipal law — Act of State and justiciability — United States act of State doctrine — United States bombardment of Libya — Use of bases in the United Kingdom by aircraft involved in bombardment — Whether action of United Kingdom Government in allowing use of bases an act of State

State immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — Immunity of Head of Government of foreign State — Determination to allow immunity by Executive conclusive — Torts — Whether United Kingdom entitled to immunity in respect of decision to allow use of United Kingdom territory for mounting military operations against Libya — Immunity of President of the United States for acts as commander-in-chief — Immunity of officials — Immunity of United States before its own courts

War and armed conflict — Self-defence — Reaction to terrorist attacks — Aerial bombardment — United States bombardment of Libya — Whether an illicit act of war — The law of the United States