Damages — Recovery of damages for torture and extrajudicial killing — Meaning of “individual” in context of respondents to claims — Scope of potential respondents in actions for damages — Torture Victim Protection Act 1991 (“TVPA”)

Human rights — Prohibition on torture and extrajudicial killing — Actions for damages for torture and extrajudicial killing — TVPA — Scope — Whether authorizing actions against natural persons only

Relationship of international law and municipal law — United States Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1976 — TVPA — Meaning of “individual” in context of respondents to claims — Principles of interpretation — Whether ordinary usage to be favoured in absence of contrary indication — The law of the United States