War and armed conflict — Armed conflict — Definition — Prerequisites for the existence of an armed conflict — International armed conflict — Non-international armed conflict — Intensity of hostilities — Organization of non-State armed groups — Duration of hostilities

War and armed conflict — Non-international armed conflict — Participation of international forces in non-international armed conflict — Conflict intervention — Intervention on invitation — United Nations Security Council — International Security Assistance Force — Afghanistan

War and armed conflict — International humanitarian law — Notion of attack by military means — Customary international law — Geneva Conventions, 1949, and Additional Protocols to the Geneva Conventions, 1977

War and armed conflict — International humanitarian law — Individual status under international humanitarian law — Combatants — Civilians — Direct participation in hostilities — Continuous combat function — Military objectives — Civilian objects

War and armed conflict — International humanitarian law — Military attack — Precautionary measures — Proportionality — Collateral damage — Expectation — Relevant perspective

War and armed conflict — Military action in Afghanistan in 2009 — International Security Assistance Force — Airstrike — United Nations Security Council Resolution 1386 (2001) — Kunduz incident

International criminal law — War crimes — Non-international armed conflict — Nexus — Prerequisites of nexus — Indiscriminate attack — Excessive collateral damage — Intent — Feasible precautions — Relevant perspective — Whether military action or law enforcement — Domestic jurisdiction — Universal jurisdiction

International criminal law — Relationship between international criminal law and domestic criminal law — General principles of law — Jurisdiction — Justification — Notion of war crime — International humanitarian law as justification in domestic criminal law — The law of Germany